DMK10023

BASIC PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

SESSION 1 2021/2022

LAB REPORT 03

TOPIC: CALCULATION OF CONCENTRATION AND

PREPARATION OF SOLUTION

NAME A'IDAH BINTI HANIDA @ AMODA

: A'

CLASS FO 1 A
: DF

GROUP : F

LECTURER : PU
PUAN JUNAINAH BINTI MUSTAFA

SUBMISION DATE 29/10/2021

: 21
 PRACTICAL 3

1.0 AIM: CALCULATION CONCENTRATION AND PREPARATION OF SOLUTION

2.0 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, students should be able to;

1. Calculate the quantity of chemical substance either solid and liquid required to prepare a
solution.
2. Prepare solution of a known concentration using the solid chemical substance or liquid
3. Calculate concentration of a solution in molarity, normality and percentage (%).

3.0 THEORY

Solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent where the quantity of the solvent is usually
more than quantity of the solute in mixture.

Concentration is defined as the amount of solute in a certain volume of a solution. It can be

expressed as:

(a) Molar concentration or molarity (M)

= number of moles of solute (mol) found in Litres (l or dm3) of solution.

Molarity = Number of moles of solute (mol) Volume

of solution (l)

RMM H2S04 = 98.08 g/mol

= 0.5 mol
1l
Mass = 49.04 g
= 0.5 M

(b) Normality (M)

= number of equivalent weights of a solute in 1 litre(l) of solution

One normal is one equivalent weight of a solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution

N: number of equivalent weights of solute

Volume of solution

1 equivalent weight: RMM

Valence
 For ionic compounds the valence can be found from the number of
cations or anions in the formula of the compound, whichever is higher.

Example: H2SO4

Cation Anion
H+ SO42-
No. of H+ :1 No. of SO42- :2

Example 1
Calculate the normality of LiOH solution that contains 24g LiOH in 1 of solution

RMM LiOH = (7+16+1) g/mol [ Li0H Li+ + OH- =1

1 equivalent weight = RMM 24 = 24g
Valence 1
24𝑔
Number of equivalent weights in 24 g LiOH = 24𝑔 =1

normality(N) number of equivalent weights

volume of solution

1
=1 = 1𝑁

Example 2

What is the normality of sulphuric acid (H2S04) solution obtained by dissolving 0.98g in 2L
of solution?

RMM of H2SO4=(2[1]+32+4[16]) =98

H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- This means valence =2
98
Equivalent weight = 2 = 49
No. of equivalent weights in 0.98g =0.98 = 0.02
49
Normality (N) = Number of Equivalent weights = 0.02
Volume of solution 2L
= 0.01N
Concentration can be expressed in physical units such as:
A. Weight percentage (% w/w)

= percentage of quantity of solute (in weight unit) in a solution(weight unit)

% w/w= mass of solute x 100 mass of

solution

• mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

• mass of solution can also be determined using the relationship between volume of
solution and density.

• To change volume to mass:

mass of solution = volume of solution x density of solution
 Example: Calculate percentage in Weight for a solution prepared by dissolving 10 g calcium
nitrate in 650 g water.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

%w/w = x × 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
10𝑔
= 100 = 1.5%
10+650

Remember: Volume of solution is NOT same as volume of solvent.

B. Percentage of weight per volume (% w/v)

= percentage of quantity of solute (in weight unit) in a volume of solution (volume unit)

% w/v = mass of solute x 100 volume

solution

Example: Concentration of aqueous calcium nitrate is 25 % w/w. If the density of the

solution is 1.2 g/cm 3, what is the concentration of solution in % w/v?

%w/w = mass calcium nitrate x 100 = 25 % mass of

solution
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
density of solution =𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.2𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

If the mass of solution is 100 g, then

25 ×𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 25×100

Mass of calcium nitrate = 100
= 100
= 25𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 100

Volume of solution = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.2
= 83.3 𝑐𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 25

%w/v = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 100 = 83.3 × 100 = 30%

c. Percentage of volume per volume (%v/v) = percentage of quantity of solute (volume

unit)

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
%v/v = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 100

Volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent

Example: Calculate percentage by volume for a solution prepared by dissolving 23 cm 3

ethanol 250 cm3 water.

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
%v/v = × 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

25
= 25+250 × 100 = 9.1%

D. Parts per Million (PPM)

1 ppm is 1 part in 1 million (100000).

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)

Ppm= × 1000000
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔)
*Concentration measured in mg/L is equivalent to ppm.
Example: You add 11mg of sulphuric acid to 2,000 grams of water. What is the resulting
concentration of sulphuric acid, in pmm?

11
11mg =1000 𝑔 = 0.011g
0.011𝑔 ×1000000
Concentration of sulphuric acid = (2000+0.011)𝑔
= 5.5𝑝𝑝𝑚

A chemical solution can be prepared by using a solute that is either in the form of a solid or
a liquid.

A. Preparation of solutions of solid solutes.

A solution can be made using a solid solute by direct weighing. The amount of solute
required must first be calculated, using the formula:

Mass of = volume of solution to x Concentration of solution x Relative Molecular

Solute (g) be prepared (dm3) to prepared (M) Mass (RMM)

Note: 1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1000ml = 1000 cm3

Example

Prepare 1dm3 of 0.5M sodium thiosulphate solution. (RMM of sodium thiosulphate is

158)

Step 1 Calculate the amount of solute required

Mass of sodium thiosulphate required = I dm3 x 0.5 M x158

= 74 g

Step 2 Prepare the solution

Weigh 74 g solid sodium thiosulphate in a beaker. Dissolve in a little

distilled water and transfer completely to a clean 1 dm3 volumetric flask. Make
up to 1 dm3 solution by carefully adding distilled water until the level of solution
exactly reaches the calibration mark on the flask. Close the flask, shake
thoroughly, and label the flask clearly.

B. Preparation of dilute solutions from liquid solutes (usually supplied as

concentrated solutions)

Most acid and alkali such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanoic acid, ethanoic
acid, ammonium hydroxide and other organic substances such as formalin and
ethanol do not exist in solid state but in concentrated solution. Dilute solutions
of such substances can be prepared by measuring the volume of the
concentrated solution, and not by weighing the solution. Use the following
formula to prepare a dilute solution from the concentrated solution.
 Volume of Mass of 1 mole substance (g) Volume of Molarity of
Concentrated Specific gravity X % of concentrated solution required solution
Solution Of concentrated solution (dm3) required (M)
Needed (cm3) Solution (S.G) 100

Note: 1 dm3 = 1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 cm3

Example
A bottle of concentrated sulphuric acid carries a label with the following information:

M.W (relative molecular mass) =98

S.G (specific gravity) =1.84
Concentration =97%

From the acid provided, prepare 500cm3 of 2M sulphuric acid solution.

Step 1 Calculate the amount of solute required

98 1
Volume of (cm3) = [1.84 × 97/% × 2 × 2] cm3
Concentrated acid
Required

98 × 0.5 × 2
= = [1.84 × 97/% ] cm3

= 54.9 cm3

Step 2 Prepare the solution

Prepare about 100cm3 distilled water in a clean beaker. Using the pipette, measure
54.9 cm3 concentrated sulphuric acid and release slowly while stirring, into the distilled
water. Transfer all the solution to a clean 500cm3 volumetric flask. Add distilled water to
reach the calibration mark exactly, making Vdm solution. Close the flask, shake thoroughly
and label it clearly.

CAUTION:
When diluting concentrated acid, add concentrated acid slowly to distilled water while
stirring. DO NOT add water to concentrated sulphuric acid; spattering of the acid will occur
due to sudden heat build-up.

The following are the several examples of concentrated acid is used in the chemistry
laboratory:

M.W S.G Concentration

Concentrated sulphuric acid. 98 1.84 97%
Concentrated hydrochloric acid. 36.46 1.19 37%
Concentrated nitric acid. 63 1.42 72%
Concentrated ethanoic acid. 60 1.048 99.5%
Concentrated ammonium 17 0.91 25%
hydroxide
Formaldehyde 30 1.075 37%

HCl
M=36.46 g/mol Fuming Hydrochloric acid 37%
1l=1.19 kg
4.0 MATERIALS DAN SAMPLES

4.1 Concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4

4.2 Sodium chloride, NaCl
4.3 Distilled water

5.0 APPARATUS

5.1 100 cm3 and 250 cm3 beakers

5.2 dropper
5.3 graduated pipettes and filler
5.4 spatula

6.0 PROCEDURE

A. Concentration sulphuric acid, H2SO4

1. Determine the concentration and amount of solution required for the

experiment.
2. Calculate the amount of stock solution or liquid required to prepare the desired
solution.
3. About 1.1 ml of the sulphuric acid was putted into the volumetric flask.
4. Measure 50 ml distilled water and mix it up with sulphuric acid.
5. Then, shake the mixture well.
6. Add distilled water until 100cm3 and shake it up.

B. Concentration Sodium Chloride, NaCl

1. Determine the concentration and amount of solution required for the experiment.
2. Calculate the amount of stock solution or liquid required to prepare the desired
solution.
3. At the first, about 2.98 g of sodium chloride was measured into the beaker and
putted into the volumetric flask.
4. Then, measure 50 ml distilled water and mix with sodium chloride.
5. Shake the mixture until well mixed.
6. Add distilled water until 100cm3 and shake it up.
7.0 RESULT

Solute needed Molarity Volume solution

(cm3)
H2SO4 1.1 ml 0.2 100
NaCl 2.9 g 0.5 100

Calculation:

1) H2SO4

H = 1.01, S = 32.06, O = 16

Molar mass = (1.01×2) + (32.06) + (16×4)

=98.08
98.08
Volume of (cm3) = [1.84 × 98.3/100 × 0.1 × 0.2]
Concentrated acid
Required =1.08 @ 1.1 ml

2) Nacl

Na = 22.99, Cl = 35.45

Molar mass = 23 + 35.5

= 58.5

Mass of = volume of solution to x Concentration of solution x Relative Molecular

Solute (g) be prepared (dm3) to prepared (M) Mass (RMM)

= 0.1 × 0.5 × 58.5

= 2.9 g

8.0 DISCUSSION

In the experiment, we learn how to calculate the quantity of chemical substance either solid or
liquid that is required to prepare a solution. Secondly, we learn how to prepare solution of a known
concentration using a solid chemical substance or liquid. Other than that, we are also able to learn
that for many purposes, the exact value of concentration is not critical, in other cases, the
concentration of the solution and its method of preparation must be as accurate as possible. From
this experiment, we are also able to learn that professional quality solutions are possible when high
quality and fresh chemicals and solvents are used, and meticulous procedures are followed. We are
also able to calculate the concentration of a solution in molarity, normality, and percentage (%).
9.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we gain new knowledge about how to calculation of concentration and preparation of
solution. In this experiment, we learn how to measure the samples very well. As we can see, even
missing small details in our procedure can cause errors in our calculation and affect an accuracy in our
conclusion. In addition, we learn how to use graduated pipettes and filler. Last but not least, we be able
to calculate concentration of sulphuric acid and sodium chloride.

10.0 REFERENCE

1. https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-the-Concentration-of-a-Solution
2. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Chem_1402%3A_Gen
eral_Chemistry_1_(Kattoum)/Text/4%3A_Stoichiometry%3A_Quantitative_Information_about_
Chemical_Reactions/4.5%3A_Measuring_Concentrations_of_Solutions
3. https://youtu.be/4VTTE_oWs58
NAME: A’IDAH BINTI HANIDA@AMODA
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 33DFO21F1018
CODE & COURSE: DMK10023-BASIC PHYSICALLY CHEMISTRY
Competent
Learning
Skills / Aspects
Domain (LD) 5 4
Exhibits an extremely conscientious and
A. Attitude spirited desire to learn the material and
enhance the learning of others in the class. out of the learning experience.
Work is consistently complete and of
B. Quality of Work high quality of accuracy, skill, and
neatness.
Student is unfailingly consistent,
LD 2 Practical dependable, and responsible in following
C. Reliability
Performance the instructions with good safety habit and
good punctuality.
shows desire and motivation for
D. Motivation
learning.
Works as part of a team, mentors others in
the team and assists in understanding the
E. Co-Operation
materials. Leads and follows eagerly and
appropriately.
A. Procedures Excellent technique was used throughout
and Techniques the lab procedure. Procedures were well-
planned and well-executed.
B. Data Data and observations were recorded
Collection And accurately, descriptively, and
Observations completely, with no serious errors.
Calculations and data analyses were
performed clearly, concisely, and
C. Calculations,
accurately, with correct units. Graphs or
Data Analysis Or
diagram, if necessary, were drawn
Tabulation
accurately and neatly and were clearly
labeled.
LD2 Practical
Report
Students recognized the connections
between their observations and the related
D. Discussion
concepts in fat and oil processing; this
understanding was expressed clearly and
completely in the report.
E. Conclusion All conclusions are written with full
attention to task/laboratory objective.
All reputable background sources were
F. References
used, quoted correctly and attached
together.
H. Formatting All particulars are clearly written according Almost all particulars are clearly written
to the task/laboratory sheet.
Checked By,
( Lecture's Name & Date )
CLASS: DFO 1A
DATE: 26/11/2021
LABORATORY REPORTS: 3
Towards Competency Satisfactory Performance Towards Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Performance
Maximum
TOTAL MARKS
3 2 1 Marks
Shows little evidence of desire to be in
Seems interested in learning and makes Seems interested in learning and makes Shows a complete lack of desire for
the class to learn the materials. The
an above average effort to gain the most an above average effort to gain the most learning. Contributes nothing to their own 10 ..... /5x10 =........
motive of this individual present in class
out of the learning experience. or other’s learning.
is questionable
Work is consistently complete and of Produces work at unsatisfactory
Produces work at satisfactory value, done
good quality of accuracy, skill, and value, done to a minimal degree of Work is uncompleted and of poor quality. 10 ..... /5x10 =........
to a minimal degree of quality.
neatness. quality.
Student is unfailingly consistent,
dependable, and responsible in Student is usually reliable but cannot be Student is often late. Student can be Student is often late. Student cannot be
15 ..... /5x15 =........
followingthe instructions with lack of completely depended upon. relied on to carry out certain task only. relied on to carry out with any task.
safety habit practices and punctuality.
Student shows desire and motivation for Student sometimes shows excitement Student shows lack of interest in
Student shows no interest in learning. 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
learning but inconsistently. and enthusiasm. learning.
Works well as part of a group, sometimes Often works independent from the
Works well in a group, discusses Lacks involvement in group activities and
takes a leadership role, shares group group and does other things when
issues, and assumes an equal share of shows complete apathy towards group 10 ..... /5x10 =........
duties, and sometimes mentors others in his/her part of the assignment is
the group “duties.” activities.
the group. completed.
POINTS (A) 50
11 y c» icw eiiuis HI Lcuiiiiique vvei e Several serious errors in technique were
No errors in technique were observed Only minor errors in technique were
observed during the lab procedure, but observed during the lab procedure.
during the lab procedure. Procedures observed during the lab procedure.
they may have been significant. Procedures were not well- planned and 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
were well-planned and were carried out in Procedures were carried out well but may
Procedures may not have been well- were carried out in a dicnrnani7Pd
an organized fashion. have been slightly disorganized. fashion
Data and observations were recorded Data and observations were recorded Data and observations were recorded Most data and observations were
accurately, descriptively, and accurately, with only minor errors or adequately, with some errors or recorded adequately, but with several 5 .... /5 x 5= .....
completely, with only minor errors. omissions. omissions. significant errors or omissions.
Calculations and data analyses were
Calculations and data analysis were Calculations and data analysis were
performed accurately, with correct units Calculations and data analysis were
performed accurately, but some minor performed accurately, but minor
and properly worked-out calculations, but performed inaccurately, but correct
errors were made either in calculations or errors were made both in calculations
the work may have been slightly unclear units were used most of the time. Graphs 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
in applying correct units. Graphs or and in applying correct units. Graphs or
or disorganized. Graphs or diagram, if or diagram, if necessary, were drawn
diagram, if necessary, were drawn diagram, if necessary, were drawn
necessary, were drawn accurately and adequately.
accurately and neatly. adequately.
neatly.
Students satisfactorily expressed their between their observations and the
Students effectively expressed their recognition of the connections between related concepts in fat and oil Students may not have recognized
recognition of the connections between their observations and the related processing, but this understanding was connections between their observations
15 ..... /5x15 =........
their observations and the related concepts in fat and oil processing. very weakly expressed in the report. and the related concepts in fat and oil
concepts in fat and oil processing. Reasoning was occasionally weak in the Reasoning was generally weak processing; no expression of
Reasoning was good in the report. report, but only in a few places. throughout the report. understanding was evident in the report.
Almost all conclusions are written with
Conclusion is generally written with
full attention to task/laboratory objective. Conclusion witten out of the 10 ..... /5x10 =........
attention to task/laboratory objective. Partially conclusion were concluded . task/laboratory objective.
A few reputable background sources
Almost all reputable background sources are used and quoted correctly. Most reputable background sources are Un reputable background sources are
5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
were used, quoted correctly and attached Information is translated using student's used, quoted incorrectly and no used, quoted incorrectly and no
together. own words. attachment. attachment.
Some particular are clearly written Few particulars are incomplete. 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
according to the task/laboratory sheet. according to the task/laboratory sheet. Most particulars are incomplete.
POINTS (B) 50
TOTAL POINTS (A+B)