DMK10023

BASIC PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY SESSION 1
2021/2022

LAB REPORT 04

TOPIC: ACID-BASE TITRATION

IDAH BINTI NAME

HANIDA @ AMODA: A'

CLASS : DF O 1 A

GROUP : F

LECTURER : PU AN JUNAINAH BINTI MUSTAFA

SUBMISION DATE : 21 /10/2021

 PRACTICAL 4

1.0 AIM: ACID-BASE TITRATION

2.0 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, students should be able to;

1. Describe a chemical reaction using chemical symbol for the reactants and products.
2. Calculate the molarity of solution using titration method.

3.0 THEORY

Solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent where the quantity of the solvent is usually
more than quantity of the solute in mixture.

Concentration is defined as the amount of solute in a certain volume of a solution. It can be

expressed as:

(a) Molar concentration or molarity (M)

= number of moles of solute (mol) found in Litres (l or dm3) of solution.

Molarity = Number of moles of solute (mol) Volume

of solution (l)

RMM H2S04 = 98.08 g/mol

= 0.5 mol
1l
Mass = 49.04 g
= 0.5 M

(b) Normality (M)

= number of equivalent weights of a solute in 1 litre(l) of solution

One normal is one equivalent weight of a solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution

N: number of equivalent weights of solute

Volume of solution

1 equivalent weight: RMM

Valence
 For ionic compounds the valence can be found from the number of
cations or anions in the formula of the compound, whichever is higher.

Example: H2SO4

Cation Anion
H+ SO42-
No. of H+ :1 No. of SO42- :2

Example 1
Calculate the normality of LiOH solution that contains 24g LiOH in 1 of solution

RMM LiOH = (7+16+1) g/mol [ Li0H Li+ + OH- =1

1 equivalent weight = RMM 24 = 24g
Valence 1

24 g
Number of equivalent weights in 24 g LiOH =
24 g
=1

normality(N) number of equivalent weights

volume of solution

1
= 1 =1 N

Example 2

What is the normality of sulphuric acid (H2S04) solution obtained by dissolving 0.98g in 2L
of solution?

RMM of H2SO4=(2[1]+32+4[16]) =98

H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- This means valence =2
98
Equivalent weight = 2 =49
No. of equivalent weights in 0.98g =0.98 = 0.02
49
Normality (N) = Number of Equivalent weights = 0.02
Volume of solution 2L
= 0.01N
Concentration can be expressed in physical units such as:
A. Weight percentage (% w/w)

= percentage of quantity of solute (in weight unit) in a solution(weight unit)

% w/w= mass of solute x 100 mass of

solution

• mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

• mass of solution can also be determined using the relationship between volume of
solution and density.
 • To change volume to mass:
mass of solution = volume of solution x density of solution

Example: Calculate percentage in Weight for a solution prepared by dissolving 10 g calcium

nitrate in 650 g water.

mass of calcium nitrate

%w/w = x ×100
mass of solution
10 g
= 10+650 100=1.5 %

Remember: Volume of solution is NOT same as volume of solvent.

B. Percentage of weight per volume (% w/v)

= percentage of quantity of solute (in weight unit) in a volume of solution (volume unit)

% w/v = mass of solute x 100 volume

solution

Example: Concentration of aqueous calcium nitrate is 25 % w/w. If the density of the

solution is 1.2 g/cm 3, what is the concentration of solution in % w/v?

%w/w = mass calcium nitrate x 100 = 25 % mass of

solution

mass solution
density of solution = volume of solution =1.2 g /cm3

If the mass of solution is 100 g, then

25× mass of solution 25 ×100

Mass of calcium nitrate = = =25 g
100 100

mass of solution 100

Volume of solution = density of solution = 1.2 =83.3 cm3

mass of calcium nitrate 25

%w/v = ×100= ×100=30 %
volume of solution 83.3

c. Percentage of volume per volume (%v/v) = percentage of quantity of solute (volume

unit)

volume of solute
%v/v = volume solution ×100

Volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent

Example: Calculate percentage by volume for a solution prepared by dissolving 23 cm3

ethanol 250 cm3 water.

volume of ethanol
%v/v = volume of solution ×100
 25
= 25+250 × 100=9.1%

D. Parts per Million (PPM)

1 ppm is 1 part in 1 million (100000).

mass of solute (g)

Ppm= mass of solution(g) ×1000000
*Concentration measured in mg/L is equivalent to ppm.
Example: You add 11mg of sulphuric acid to 2,000 grams of water. What is the resulting
concentration of sulphuric acid, in pmm?

11
11mg = 1000 g = 0.011g
0.011 g ×1000000
=5.5 ppm
Concentration of sulphuric acid = ( 2000+0.011 ) g

A chemical solution can be prepared by using a solute that is either in the form of a solid or
a liquid.

A. Preparation of solutions of solid solutes.

A solution can be made using a solid solute by direct weighing. The amount of solute
required must first be calculated, using the formula:

Mass of = volume of solution to x Concentration of solution x Relative Molecular

Solute (g) be prepared (dm3) to prepared (M) Mass (RMM)

Note: 1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1000ml = 1000 cm3

Example

Prepare 1dm3 of 0.5M sodium thiosulphate solution. (RMM of sodium thiosulphate is

158)

Step 1 Calculate the amount of solute required

Mass of sodium thiosulphate required = I dm3 x 0.5 M x158

= 74 g

Step 2 Prepare the solution

Weigh 74 g solid sodium thiosulphate in a beaker. Dissolve in a little

distilled water and transfer completely to a clean 1 dm3 volumetric flask. Make
up to 1 dm3 solution by carefully adding distilled water until the level of solution
exactly reaches the calibration mark on the flask. Close the flask, shake
thoroughly, and label the flask clearly.

B. Preparation of dilute solutions from liquid solutes (usually supplied as

concentrated solutions)
 Most acid and alkali such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanoic acid, ethanoic
acid, ammonium hydroxide and other organic substances such as formalin and
ethanol do not exist in solid state but in concentrated solution. Dilute solutions
of such substances can be prepared by measuring the volume of the
concentrated solution, and not by weighing the solution. Use the following
formula to prepare a dilute solution from the concentrated solution.

Volume of Mass of 1 mole substance (g) Volume of Molarity of

Concentrated Specific gravity X % of concentrated solution required solution
Solution Of concentrated solution (dm3) required (M)
Needed (cm3) Solution (S.G) 100

Note: 1 dm3 = 1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 cm3

Example
A bottle of concentrated sulphuric acid carries a label with the following information:

M.W (relative molecular mass) =98

S.G (specific gravity) =1.84
Concentration =97%

From the acid provided, prepare 500cm3 of 2M sulphuric acid solution.

Step 1 Calculate the amount of solute required

98 1
Volume of (cm3) = [ 1.84 ×97 /% × 2 ×2 ] cm3
Concentrated acid
Required

98 × 0.5 ×2
= = [ 1.84 ×97 /% ] cm3

= 54.9 cm3

Step 2 Prepare the solution

Prepare about 100cm3 distilled water in a clean beaker. Using the pipette, measure
54.9 cm3 concentrated sulphuric acid and release slowly while stirring, into the distilled
water. Transfer all the solution to a clean 500cm 3 volumetric flask. Add distilled water to
reach the calibration mark exactly, making Vdm solution. Close the flask, shake thoroughly
and label it clearly.

CAUTION:
When diluting concentrated acid, add concentrated acid slowly to distilled water while
stirring. DO NOT add water to concentrated sulphuric acid; spattering of the acid will occur
due to sudden heat build-up.

The following are the several examples of concentrated acid is used in the chemistry
laboratory:
 M.W S.G Concentration
Concentrated sulphuric acid. 98 1.84 97%
Concentrated hydrochloric acid. 36.46 1.19 37%
Concentrated nitric acid. 63 1.42 72%
Concentrated ethanoic acid. 60 1.048 99.5%
Concentrated ammonium 17 0.91 25%
hydroxide
Formaldehyde 30 1.075 37%

HCl
M=36.46 g/mol Fuming Hydrochloric acid 37%
1l=1.19 kg
4.0
MATERIALS DAN SAMPLES

4.1 Concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4

4.2 Sodium chloride, NaCl
4.3 Distilled water

5.0 APPARATUS

5.1 100 cm3 and 250 cm3 beakers

5.2 dropper
5.3 graduated pipettes and filler
5.4 spatula

6.0 PROCEDURE

A. Concentration sulphuric acid, H2SO4

1. Determine the concentration and amount of solution required for the

experiment.
2. Calculate the amount of stock solution or liquid required to prepare the desired
solution.
3. About 1.1 ml of the sulphuric acid was putted into the volumetric flask.
4. Measure 50 ml distilled water and mix it up with sulphuric acid.
5. Then, shake the mixture well.
6. Add distilled water until 100cm3 and shake it up.

B. Concentration Sodium Chloride, NaCl

1. Determine the concentration and amount of solution required for the experiment.
2. Calculate the amount of stock solution or liquid required to prepare the desired
solution.
3. At the first, about 2.98 g of sodium chloride was measured into the beaker and
putted into the volumetric flask.
4. Then, measure 50 ml distilled water and mix with sodium chloride.
5. Shake the mixture until well mixed.
6. Add distilled water until 100cm3 and shake it up.
7.0 RESULT

Solute needed Molarity Volume solution

(cm3)
H2SO4 1.1 ml 0.2 100
NaCl 2.9 g 0.5 100

Calculation:

1) H2SO4

H = 1.01, S = 32.06, O = 16

Molar mass = (1.01×2) + (32.06) + (16×4)

=98.08
98.08
Volume of (cm3) = [ 1.84 ×98.3 /100 ×0.1 × 0.2]
Concentrated acid
Required =1.08 @ 1.1 ml

2) Nacl

Na = 22.99, Cl = 35.45

Molar mass = 23 + 35.5

= 58.5

Mass of = volume of solution to x Concentration of solution x Relative Molecular

Solute (g) be prepared (dm3) to prepared (M) Mass (RMM)

= 0.1 × 0.5 × 58.5

= 2.9 g

8.0 DISCUSSION

In the experiment, we learn how to calculate the quantity of chemical substance either solid or
liquid that is required to prepare a solution. Secondly, we learn how to prepare solution of a known
concentration using a solid chemical substance or liquid. Other than that, we are also able to learn
that for many purposes, the exact value of concentration is not critical, in other cases, the
concentration of the solution and its method of preparation must be as accurate as possible. From this
experiment, we are also able to learn that professional quality solutions are possible when high
quality and fresh chemicals and solvents are used, and meticulous procedures are followed. We are
also able to calculate the concentration of a solution in molarity, normality, and percentage (%).

9.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we gain new knowledge about how to calculation of concentration and preparation of
solution. In this experiment, we learn how to measure the samples very well. As we can see, even
missing small details in our procedure can cause errors in our calculation and affect an accuracy in our
conclusion. In addition, we learn how to use graduated pipettes and filler. Last but not least, we be able
to calculate concentration of sulphuric acid and sodium chloride.

10.0 REFERENCE

1. https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-the-Concentration-of-a-Solution
2. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/
Chem_1402%3A_General_Chemistry_1_(Kattoum)/Text/4%3A_Stoichiometry
%3A_Quantitative_Information_about_Chemical_Reactions/
4.5%3A_Measuring_Concentrations_of_Solutions
3. https://youtu.be/4VTTE_oWs58
NAME: A’IDAH BINTI HANIDA@AMODA
REGISTRATION NUMBER: 33DFO21F1018
CODE & COURSE: DMK10023-BASIC PHYSICALLY CHEMISTRY
Competent
Learning
Skills / Aspects
Domain (LD) 5 4
Exhibits an extremely conscientious and
A. Attitude spirited desire to learn the material and
enhance the learning of others in the class.
Work is consistently complete and of
B. Quality of Work high quality of accuracy, skill, and
neatness.
Student is unfailingly consistent, dependable,
LD 2 Practical and responsible in following the instructions
C. Reliability
Performance with good safety habit and good punctuality.
shows desire and motivation for
D. Motivation
learning.
Works as part of a team, mentors others in the Works well as part of a group, sometimes
team and assists in understanding the
E. Co-Operation
materials. Leads and follows eagerly and
appropriately.
A. Procedures and
Excellent technique was used throughout the
Techniques
lab procedure. Procedures were well-
planned and well-executed.
B. Data Data and observations were recorded
Collection And accurately, descriptively, and
Observations completely, with no serious errors.
Calculations and data analyses were
performed clearly, concisely, and
C. Calculations,
accurately, with correct units. Graphs or
Data Analysis Or
diagram, if necessary, were drawn
Tabulation
accurately and neatly and were clearly
labeled.
LD2 Practical
Report
Students recognized the connections between
their observations and the related concepts in
D. Discussion
fat and oil processing; this understanding was
expressed clearly and
completely in the report.
E. Conclusion All conclusions are written with full
attention to task/laboratory objective.
All reputable background sources were
F. References
used, quoted correctly and attached
together.
H. Formatting All particulars are clearly written according to Almost all particulars are clearly written
the task/laboratory sheet.
Checked By,
( Lecture's Name & Date )
Towards Competency
Seems interested in learning and makes an Seems interested in learning and makes an
above average effort to gain the most out of above average effort to gain the most out of
the learning experience.
Work is consistently complete and of
good quality of accuracy, skill, and
neatness.
Student is unfailingly consistent,
dependable, and responsible in following
the instructions with lack of safety habit
practices and punctuality.
Student shows desire and motivation for
learning but inconsistently.
takes a leadership role, shares group duties,
and sometimes mentors others in the group.
No errors in technique were observed during
the lab procedure. Procedures were well-
planned and were carried out in an organized
fashion.
Data and observations were recorded
accurately, descriptively, and
completely, with only minor errors.
Calculations and data analyses were
performed accurately, with correct units and
properly worked-out calculations, but the
work may have been slightly unclear or
disorganized. Graphs or diagram, if
necessary, were drawn accurately and neatly.
Students effectively expressed their
recognition of the connections between their
observations and the related concepts in fat
and oil processing.
Reasoning was good in the report.
Almost all conclusions are written with full
attention to task/laboratory objective.
Almost all reputable background sources
were used, quoted correctly and attached
together.
according to the task/laboratory sheet.
CLASS: DFO 1A
DATE: 26/11/2021
LABORATORY REPORTS: 3
Satisfactory Performance Towards Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Performance
Maximum
TOTAL MARKS
3 2 1 Marks
Shows little evidence of desire to be in the
Shows a complete lack of desire for learning.
class to learn the materials. The motive of
Contributes nothing to their own or other’s 10 ..... /5x10 =........
this individual present in class is
the learning experience. learning.
questionable
Produces work at unsatisfactory
Produces work at satisfactory value, done to a
value, done to a minimal degree of Work is uncompleted and of poor quality. 10 ..... /5x10 =........
minimal degree of quality.
quality.
Student is usually reliable but cannot be Student is often late. Student can be Student is often late. Student cannot be
15 ..... /5x15 =........
completely depended upon. relied on to carry out certain task only. relied on to carry out with any task.
Student sometimes shows excitement and Student shows lack of interest in
Student shows no interest in learning. 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
enthusiasm. learning.
Often works independent from the
Works well in a group, discusses issues, Lacks involvement in group activities and
group and does other things when
and assumes an equal share of the group shows complete apathy towards group 10 ..... /5x10 =........
his/her part of the assignment is
“duties.” activities.
completed.
POINTS (A) 50
11 y c» icw eiiuis HI Lcuiiiiique vvei e Several serious errors in technique were
Only minor errors in technique were
observed during the lab procedure, but observed during the lab procedure.
observed during the lab procedure. Procedures were not well- planned and 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
they may have been significant.
Procedures were carried out well but may were carried out in a dicnrnani7Pd fashion
Procedures may not have been well-
have been slightly disorganized.
Data and observations were recorded Data and observations were recorded Most data and observations were
accurately, with only minor errors or adequately, with some errors or recorded adequately, but with several 5 .... /5 x 5= .....
omissions. omissions. significant errors or omissions.
Calculations and data analysis were Calculations and data analysis were
Calculations and data analysis were
performed accurately, but some minor errors performed accurately, but minor errors
performed inaccurately, but correct
were made either in calculations or in were made both in calculations
units were used most of the time. Graphs or 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
applying correct units. Graphs or diagram, if and in applying correct units. Graphs or
diagram, if necessary, were drawn
necessary, were drawn accurately and neatly. diagram, if necessary, were drawn
adequately.
adequately.
Students satisfactorily expressed their between their observations and the related
recognition of the connections between their concepts in fat and oil processing, but this Students may not have recognized
observations and the related concepts in fat understanding was very weakly expressed connections between their observations and
15 ..... /5x15 =........
and oil processing. in the report. the related concepts in fat and oil
Reasoning was occasionally weak in the Reasoning was generally weak processing; no expression of
report, but only in a few places. throughout the report. understanding was evident in the report.
Conclusion is generally written with attention Conclusion witten out of the 10 ..... /5x10 =........
to task/laboratory objective. Partially conclusion were concluded . task/laboratory objective.
A few reputable background sources are
used and quoted correctly. Most reputable background sources are Un reputable background sources are
5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
Information is translated using student's used, quoted incorrectly and no used, quoted incorrectly and no
own words. attachment. attachment.
Some particular are clearly written according Few particulars are incomplete. 5 .... ,/5 x 5 = ....
to the task/laboratory sheet. Most particulars are incomplete.
POINTS (B) 50
TOTAL POINTS (A+B)