Chapter 15

Homework 15A Page 484: 48-53, 66-68

48. What is the difference between solute and solvent? A solute is the substance being dissolved. The solvent is the substance in which the solute dissolves. 49. What determines whether a solute will be soluble in a given solvent? the polarity of the solute and solvent (like dissolves like), temperature, and (for gases) pressure.

50. Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated solutions. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute under a given set of conditions. An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount. 51. What does it mean if two liquids are said to be miscible? Two liquids are miscible when they are soluble in each other in any proportion (ratio).

52. What are three ways to increase the rate of solvation? increase the temperature of the solvent, increase the surface area of the solute, agitation (stirring) 53. Why are gases less soluble at higher temperatures? An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the gas particles. More gas particles escape the surface of the solution.

66. The solubility of a gas is 2.0 g/L at 50.0 kPa of pressure. How much gas will dissolve in 1 L at a pressure of 10.0 kPa?

S1 S2 P2S1 (10.0kPa)( 2.0 g/L) ! p S2 ! ! ! 0.40g/L P 1 P2 P1 50.0kPa

67. The solubility of a gas is 4.5 g/L at a pressure of 1.0 atm. At what pressure will there be 45 g of gas in 1.0 L of solution?
1

P1

P2

p P2 !

P1
1

(1.0 atm)(45 g/L) ! ! 10. atm 4.5 g/L

68. The partial pressure of CO2 inside a bottle of soft drink is 4.0 atm at 25C. The solubility of CO2 is 0.12 mol/L. When the bottle is opened, the partial pressure drops to 3.0 x 10-4 atm. What is the solubility of CO2 in the open drink? Express your answer in grams per liter.

P2 1 ! p 2! P1 P2 P1
1 2

CO2 = 44.0 g/mol

S2 !

2 1 1

(3.0E - 4atm)(0.12 mol/ ) ! ! 9.0E - 6 mol/ 4.0 atm

9.0 E - 6

mol

44.0 g x ! 4.0E - 4g/ 1.0 mol

Chapter 15
Homework 15B Page 484: 69-75 Page 485: 76-79 (part a)

69. Calculate the percent by mass of 3.55 g NaCl dissolved in 88 g water. percent by mass = (g solute/g solution) x 100 3.55g NaCl x 100 ! 3.9%m/m 3.55g NaCl  88g H2O 70. Calculate the percent by mass of benzene in a solution containing 14.2 g of benzene in 28.0 g of carbon tetrachloride. 14.2g Benzene 14.2g 6 6  28g l4 x 100 ! 33.6 m/m

71. What is the percent by volume of 25 mL of methanol (MeOH) in 75 mL of water?

25mL MeOH x 100 ! 25 v/v 25mL MeOH  75mL H2O

72. A solution is made by adding 1.23 mol KCl to 1000.0 g of water. What is the percent by mass of KCl in this solution? KCl = 39.1 + 35.5 = 74.6 g/mol
74.6 g 1.23mol KCl x ! 91.8g KCl 1mol 91.8g KCl x 100 ! 8.41 m/m 91.8g KCl  1000.0g 2

73. What mass of water must be added to 255.0 g NaCl to make a 15.00 percent by mass aqueous solution?
15.00g NaCl Invert to cancel NaCl 15.00% m/m ! 100.g solution 100.g solution x 255.0 g NaCl ! 1700.g solution 15.00g NaCl

1700.g solution 255.0g NaCl = 1,445g H2O

74. The label on a 250-mL stock bottle reads 21.5% alcohol by volume. What volume of alcohol does it contain?
21.5mL alcohol 21.5% v/v ! 100.g solution 21.5mL alcohol x 250 mL solution ! 54mL alcohol 100.mL solution

2 sig figs!

75. A 14.0 percent by mass solution of potassium iodide dissolved in water has a density of 1.208 g/mL. How many grams of KI are in 25.0 mL of the solution? 1.208g 25.0mL solution x ! 30.2g solution 1mL 14.0g KI 14.0 % m/m ! 100.g solution 14.0g KI 30.2g solution x ! 4.23g KI 100.g solution

76. What is the molarity of the following solutions? a. 2.5 mol KCl in 1.0 L of solution 2.5mol KCl ! 2.5M 1.0L solution 77. What is the molarity of the following solutions? a. 0.96 g MgCl2 in 500 mL of solution MgCl2 = 24.3 + 2(35.5) = 95.3 g/mol 1mol 0.96g MgCl2 x ! 0.010mol MgCl2 95.3g 0.010mol MgCl2 1L ! 0.02M 500mL x ! 0.5L 0.5L solution 1000mL

78. How many moles of solute are contained in the following solutions? a. 15.25 mL 2.10M CaCl2 2.10M = 2.10mol/ 1 15.25m x 1000m ! 0.01525

2.10mol 0.01525L x ! 0.0320mol CaCl2 1L

79. How many grams of solute are contained in the following solutions? a. 64.3 mL 0.0238M KOH 0.0238M = 0.0238mol/L 1L 64.3mL x ! 0.0643L 1000mL KOH = 39.1 + 16.0 + 1.0 = 56.1 g/mol 0.0238mol 56.1g 0.0643L x ! 0.0859g KOH x 1L 1mol

Chapter 15
Homework 15C Page 485: 80-85

80. How many milliliters of 2.55M NaOH is needed to make 125 mL 0.75M NaOH solution? C1 = 2.55M; V1 = ???; C2 = 0.75M; V2 = 125mL C2V2 (0.75M)(125mL) ince C1V1 ! C2V2; V1 ! ! ! 37mL C1 2.55M 81. How many milliliters of 0.400M H r solution can be made from 50.0 mL of 8.00M H r solution? C1 = 8.00M; V1 = 50.0; C2 = .400M; V2 = ???mL C1V1 (8.00M)(50.0mL) ince C1V1 ! C2V2; V2 ! ! ! 1000mL C2 0.400M (Or, 1.00 x 103 mL)

82. What is the molarity of each resulting solution when the following mixtures are prepared? a. 500.0 mL H2O is added to 20.0 mL 6.00M HNO3 500.0mL + 20.0mL = 520.0mL C1 = 6.00M; V1 = 20.0mL; C2 = ???M; V2 = 520.0mL C1V1 (6.00M)(20.0mL) Since C1V1 ! C2V2; C2 ! ! ! 0.231M V2 520.0mL

82b. 30.0 mL 1.75M HCl is added to 80.0 mL 0.450M HCl (tricky! Mixing two solutions of different concentrations!) 1L 1L 30.0mL x ! 0.0300L 80.0mL x ! 0.0800L 1000mL 1000mL 0.0300L + 0.0800L = 0.1100L
(1.75mol) 0.0300L x ! 0.0525mol 1L
(0.450mol) 0.0800L x ! 0.0360mol 1L

(0.0360mol  0.0525mol) ! 0.805 0.110L

83. Calculate the molality of the following solutions. a. 15.7 g NaCl in 100.0 g H2O Molality moles solute/Kg solvent: NaCl = 58.5 g/mol

1mol 15.7g NaCl x ! 0.268mol NaCl 58.5g 1 g 100.0g H2O x ! 0.1000 g H2O 1000g 0.268 mol ! 2.68m 0.1000 g

83. Calculate the molality of the following solutions. b. 20.0 g CaCl2 in 700.0 g H2O Molality moles solute/Kg solvent: CaCl2 = 111.1g/mol

1mol 20.0g CaCl2 x ! 0.180mol CaCl2 111.1g 1 g 700.0g H2O x ! 0.7000 g H2O 1000g 0.180 mol ! 0.257 m 0.7000 g

83. Calculate the molality of the following solutions. c. 3.76 g NaOH in 0.850 L H2O Molality moles solute/Kg solvent: NaOH = 40.0g/mol

1mol 3.76g NaOH x ! 0.0940mol NaOH 40.0g 1.00 g 0.850 H2O x ! 0.850 g H2O 1 0.0940 mol ! 0.111m 0.850 g

Since the density of water = 1.00g/mL, this is the same ratio as 1.00Kg/L - (multiplied top and bottom by 1000)

84. Calculate the mole fraction of NaCl, CaCl2, and NaOH in the solutions listed in the previous problem. a. 15.7 g NaCl in 100.0 g H2O Mole fraction = moles solute/total moles
1mol 15.7g NaCl x ! 0.268mol NaCl 58.5g 1mol 100.0g H2O x ! 5.56 mol H2O 18.0g 0.268 mol X! ! 0.0460 0.268 mol  5.56 mol

(mole fraction has NO units!)

84. Calculate the mole fraction of NaCl, CaCl2, and NaOH in the solutions listed in the previous problem. b. 20.0 g CaCl2 in 700.0 g H2O Mole fraction = moles solute/total moles
1mol 20.0g CaCl2 x ! 0.180mol CaCl2 111.1g 1mol 700.0g H2O x ! 38.9 mol H2O 18.0g 0.180 mol ! ! 0.00461 0.180 mol  38.9 mol

84. Calculate the mole fraction of NaCl, CaCl2, and NaOH in the solutions listed in the previous problem. c. 3.76 g NaOH in 0.850 L H2O Mole fraction = moles solute/total moles
1mol 3.76g NaOH x ! 0.0940mol NaOH 40.0g

1000m 1.00g 1mol 0.850 H2O x x ! 47.2mol H2O x 1m 18.0g 1

0.0940 mol ! ! 0.00199 0.0940mol  47.2mol

(Density of water = 1.00g/m )

85. What are the molality and mole fraction of solute in a 35.5 percent by mass aqueous solution of formic acid (HCOOH)?
35.5g HCOOH % = parts out of 100, so: 35.5% m/m ! 100g solution

100g solution 35.5g solute = 64.5g water! Molality = moles solute /Kg solvent. Formic acid (F/A) = 2(1.0) + 2(16.0) + 12.0 = 46.0 g/mol
1mol 35.5g F/ x ! 0.772mol F/ 46.0g 1 g 64.5g H2O x ! 0.0645 g H2O 1000g

0.772mol ! 12.0m 0.0645Kg

85. What are the molality and mole fraction of solute in a 35.5 percent by mass aqueous solution of formic acid (HCOOH)?
35.5g HCOOH % = parts out of 100, so: 35.5% m/m ! 100g solution

100g solution 35.5g solute = 64.5g water! Mole fraction = moles solute/total moles
1mol 35.5g F/A x ! 0.772mol F/A 0.772mol 46.0g ! 0.177 0.772mol  3.58mol 1mol 64.5g H2O x ! 3.58mol H2O 18.0g

Chapter 15
Homework 15D Page 485: 86-89

86. Using the information in Tables 15-4 and 15-5, calculate the freezing point and boiling point of 12.0 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 50.0g H2O. Find molality, then multiply by Kf and Kb of water: Molality = moles solute /Kg solvent. Glucose (G) = 6(12.0) + 12(1.0) + 6(16.0) = 180.0 g/mol
1mol 12.0g G x ! 0.0667mol G 0.0667mol 180.0g ! 1.33m 0.0500 g 1 g 50.0g H2O x ! 0.0500 g H2O 1000g 1.86rC (Tf H2O ! f x molality ! x 1.33m ! 2.47rC molal

Freezing point = 0.00rC - 2.47 = -2.47 rC

0.512rC (Tb H2O ! Kb x molality ! x 1.33m ! 0.681rC molal

Boiling point = 100.000rC + 0.681 = 100.681 rC

Note: glucose is a non-electrolyte! (i = 1) Had this been an electrolyte, the molality would have been 2,3,4 or more times higher.

87. Using the information in Tables 15-4 and 15-5, calculate the freezing point and boiling point of each of the following solutions. a. 2.75m NaOH in water (NaOH is an electrolyte) (i = 2): NaOH Na+1 + OH-1, so the particle molality = (2)(2.75m) = 5.50m
(Tf H2O !
f

1.86rC x molality ! x 5.50m ! 10.2rC molal

Freezing point = 0.00rC 10.2 = -10.2rC

0.512rC (Tb H2O ! b x molality ! x 5.50m ! 2.82rC molal

Boiling point = 100.00rC + 2.82 = 102.82 rC

87. Using the information in Tables 15-4 and 15-5, calculate the freezing point and boiling point of each of the following solutions. b. 0.586m of water in ethanol (EtOH) (i = 1): water is NOT an electrolyte! so the particle molality =(1)(0.586m) = 0.586m
(Tf EtOH !
f

1.99rC x molality ! x 0.586m ! 1.17rC molal

Freezing point = -114.1rC 1.17 = -115.3rC

1.22rC (Tb EtOH ! b x molality ! x 0.586m ! 0.715rC molal

Boiling point = 78.5rC + 0.715 = 79.2 rC

87. Using the information in Tables 15-4 and 15-5, calculate the freezing point and boiling point of each of the following solutions. c. 1.26m of naphthalene (C10H8) in benzene (C6H6) (i = 1): NOT an electrolyte: so the particle molality =(1)(1.26m) = 1.26m
(Tf C6H6 !
f

5.12rC x molality ! x 1.26m ! 6.45rC molal

Freezing point = 5.5rC 6.45 = -1.0rC

2.53rC (Tb C6H6 ! b x molality ! x 1.26m ! 3.19rC molal

Boiling point = 80.1rC + 3.19 = 83.3 rC

88. A rock salt (NaCl), ice, and water mixture is used to cool milk and cream to make homemade ice cream. How many grams of rock salt must be added to water to lower the freezing point 10.0C? Find the molality of particles, then the molality of the NaCl that is needed, then the grams of NaCl
Since (Tf H2O !
f

x m; m !

(Tf H2O
f

5.38 mol particles are needed per Kg water!

10.0rC ! ! 5.38m 1.86 rC m

Since i for NaCl = 2, 1NaCl 5.38m particles x ! 2.69m of NaCl 2 particles 2.69mol NaCl 58.5 g 157g x ! NaCl 157g NaCl needed for 1 Kg 1 mol Kg each Kg of water!

89. Calculate the freezing point and boiling point of a solution that contains 55.4 g NaCl and 42.3 g KBr dissolved in 750.3 mL H2O. Find the moles of each, and the moles of particles of each!
1mol 2 particles 55.4g NaCl x x ! 1.89mol particles 58.5g NaCl 1mol 2 particles 42.3g KBr x x ! 0.711mol particles 119.0g KBr

1.89mol + 0.711mol = 2.60 total moles of particles

1.00g 1 g 750.3m x x ! .7503 g 1m 1000g 2.60 mol ! 3.47 m .7503 g

(Tf H2O !

1.86rC x molality ! x 3.47 m ! 6.45rC molal

Freezing point = 0.00rC 6.45 = -6.45 rC

0.512rC (Tb H2O ! b x molality ! x 3.47 m ! 1.78rC molal

Boiling point = 100.00rC + 1.78 = 101.78 rC