1) Freezing point depression – is defined as the decrease in freezing

point
over that of a pure solvent (water) at a given temperature .

Freezing point depression describes the phenomenon that the

freezing
point of a liquid (solvent) will be lower when another compound is
added.
It is determined using the formula:

∆Tf = - m Kf

Where: ∆Tf = freezing point depression

Kf = constant for molal freezing point depression
m = molal concentration ( mole/kg solvent )

And the relation between the freezing point depression to that of solution
and
that of the solvent is:

∆Tf = t solution – t pure solvent

Sample Problem: What are the boiling and freezing point of a solution
containing
4.27 grams of sucrose and 50.0 grams of water. Kf of water = 1.86 oC/m ;
Kb of water = 0.52 oC/m
Solution:

molality of sucrose = moles solute . = 4.27 g x ( 1 mol C12H22O11

)
Kg solvent 50 g H2O ( 1 kg ) 432 g
C12H22O11
(1000 g)

m = 0.25 (moles C12H22O11 /kg H2O)

∆Tf = - m Kf = - (0.250 m) ( 1.86 oC/m ) = - 0.464 oC

The freezing point of the solution will be:

∆Tf = t solution – t pure solvent

t solution = t pure solvent + ∆Tf

= 0 oC + ( - 0.464 oC )

t solution = - 0.464 oC

In solving for boiling point of the solution, get first the value for ∆Tb

∆Tb = m Kb

= ( 0.25 m ) ( 0.52 oC/m )

= 0.13 oC

The boiling point of the solution will be :

∆Tb = t solution – t pure solvent

t solution = t pure solvent + ∆Tb

= 100 oC + 0.13 oC

2) Osmotic Pressure –
Osmosis – is a process through whichma solvent flows through a
semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution to a
more concentrated one. Or it can be said as; the passage of solvent
molecules but not the solute particles through a semipermeable
membrane

Semi-permeable membrane is a porous material thatnis, it allows

certain materials to pass through it.

Osmotic Pressure – is the amount of pressure required to stop

osmosis.

The formula for Osmotic Pressure :

π = i M RT

Where:

π = ( pi ) the osmotic pressure

i = Van’t Hoff factor
M = molar concentration ( moles/L )
R= universal gas constant ( 0.0821 L-atm )
mol-K
 T = temperature in K

Note:
For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water, the Van 't Hoff factor is essentially
1.

For most ionic compounds dissolved in water, the Van 't Hoff factor is equal to the
number of discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance.
This is true for ideal solutions only, as occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution.

Example:
One mole of table salt is dissolved in one litre of water. At a temperature of 27oC,
what would be the osmotic temperature of this solution?

Solution:
Solve for the molarity or molar concentration of table salt :

M = moles/ liter os solution

= 1 mole/L

Since the NaCl dissociates into two ions , the Van’t Hoff factor = 2

Convert the given temperature into K

K = oC + 273
= 27 oC + 273
K = 300 K

Substituting to the formula: π = i M RT

π = (2) ( 1 mol/L ) (0.0821 L-atm ) ( 300 K )
mol-K

π = 49.26 atm

Therefore the osmotic pressure of the solution is = 49.26 atm