CO QAH + MELC LW

Course Outline & Quality Assured HANDOUT No. 5

Handouts paired with MELC- Based in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Learner’s Worksheet

MELC:
12. Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute in a
solution (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117)
13. Calculate molar mass from colligative property data (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-118)
14. Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-119)

Semester: 2 Week No. 5 Day: 1-4

LESSON 1: CALCULATING BOILING POINT ELEVATION AND FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

Boiling Point Elevation

A solution boils at a higher temperature than the pure solvent. The boiling point (boiling temperature,
T b) of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external pressure. The vapor pressure
of a solution is lower than the external pressure at the solvent’s boiling point because the vapor pressure of a
solution is lower than that of the pure solvent at any temperature. A higher temperature is needed to raise the
solution’s vapor pressure to equal the external pressure.
We can see this boiling point elevation ( ΔT b ) by superimposing a phase diagram for the solution on
a phase diagram for the pure solvent, as shown below:
Like
the
vapor

pressure lowering, the magnitude of the boiling point elevation is proportional to the concentration of solute
particles.
ΔT b ∝ m∨ΔT b=K b m
where m is the solution molality, K b is the molal boiling point elevation constant, and ΔT b is the boiling point
elevation. Typically, ΔT b is a positive value, so we subtract the lower temperature from the higher; that is, we
subtract the solvent T b from the solution T b:
ΔT b =T b (solution )−T b(solvent )
Molality is the concentration term used because it is related to the mole fraction and thus to particles of solute.
It also involves mass rather than volume of solvent, so it is not affected by temperature changes. The
constant K b has units of degrees Celsius per molal unit (˚C/m ) and is specific for a given solvent.

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 Notice that the K b for water is only 0.512 ˚C/m , so the changes in boiling point are quite small: if you
dissolved 1.00 mol of glucose (180.0g; 1.00 mol of particles) in 1.00 kg of water, or 0.500 mol of NaCl (29.2g;
a strong electrolyte, so also 1.00 mol of particles) in 1.00 kg of water, the boiling points of the resulting at 1
atm would be only 100.512˚C instead of 100.00˚C

Freezing Point Depression

Only solvent molecules can vaporize from the solution, so molecules of the nonvolatile solute are left
behind. In many cases, only solvent molecules can solidify, again leaving solute molecules behind to form a
more concentrated solution. the freezing point of a solution is the temperature at which its vapor pressure
equals that of the pure solvent. At this temperature, the two phases- solid solvent and liquid solution- are in
equilibrium. Because the vapor pressure of the solution is lower than that of the solvent at any temperature,
the solution freezes at a lower temperature than the solvent. In other words, the number of solvent particles
leaving and entering the solid per unit time become equal at a lower temperature.
The freezing point depression ( ΔT f ) has a magnitude proportional to the molal concentration of
solute:
ΔT f ∝m∨ΔT f =K f m
where K f is the molal freezing point depression constant, which also has units of ˚C/ m . ΔT f is considered a
positive value, so we subtract the lower temperature from the higher; in this case, however, it is the solution
T f from the solvent T f .
ΔT f =T f (solvent ) −T f (solution )
Because the K f value for water is small – only 1.86˚C/ m , the overall effect in aqueous solution is quite small.
Thus, 1m glucose, 0.5m NaCl, and 0.33m K2SO4, all solutions with 1 mol of particles per kilogram of water,
freeze at -1.86˚C at 1 atm instead of 0.00˚C.

Determining the Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression of a Solution

Sample Problem:
You add 1.00kg of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to your car radiator, which contains 4450g of
water. What are the boiling and freezing points of the solution?
Plan:
To find the boiling and freezing points of the solution, we first find the molality by converting the given
mass of solute (1.00kg) to amount (mol) and dividing by mass and of solvent (4450g). Then we calculate ΔT b
and ΔT f using the given equations and the constants from the table. We add ΔT b to the solvent boiling point
and subtract ΔT f from the solvent freezing point.
Solution:
Calculating the molality:
3
10 g 1 mol C2 H 6 O 2
moles of C 2 H 6 O2=1.00 kg C 2 H 6 O 2 × × =16.1mol C 2 H 6 O 2
1 kg 62.07 g C 2 H 6 O 2
mol solute 16.1 mol C 2 H 6 O2
Molality= = =3.62 mC 2 H 6 O2
kg solvent 1 kg
4450 g H 2 O × 3
10 g
Finding the boiling point elevation and T b (solution ) , with K b = 0.512˚C/m :
0.512˚ C /m
ΔT b = × 3.62m=1.85˚ C
m
T b (solution )=T b (solvent )+ ΔT b=100.00 ˚ C+1.85 ˚ C=101.85 ˚ C

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Finding the freezing point depression and T f ( solution) , with K f = 1.86˚ C/m :
1.86 ˚C
ΔT f = × 3.62m=6.73˚ C
m
T f ( solution)=T f (solvent ) −ΔT f =0.00 ˚ C+6.73 ˚ C=−6.73 ˚ C
Check:
The changes in boiling and freezing point should be in the same proportion as the constants used. That is
ΔT b / ΔT f should equal K b / K f . 1.85/6.73=0.275=0.512 /1.86 . These answers are only approximate because
the concentration far exceeds that of dilute solution, for which Raoult’s law is most useful.

LESSON 2: CALCULATE MOLAR MASS FROM COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY DATA

Using Colligative Properties to Determine Molar Mass

For nonelectrolyte solutions, molar masses can be determined through their colligative properties.
Theoretically, any of the four properties can be used. In practice however, only freezing point depression and
osmotic pressure are used because they show the most noticeable changes. The procedure is as follows.
From experimentally determined freezing point depression or osmotic pressure, we can calculate the molality
or molarity of the solution. Knowing the mass of the solute, we can readily determine its molar mass.

Sample Problem:
A 7.85g sample of a compound with the empirical formula C5H4 is dissolved in 301g of benzene. The
freezing point of the solution is 1.05˚ C below that of pure benzene. What are the molar mass and molecular
formula of this compound?
Plan
Solving problem requires three steps. First, we calculate the molality of the solution from the
depression in freezing point. Next, from the molality we determine the number of moles in 7.85g of the
compound and hence its molar mass. Finally, comparing the experimental molar mass with the empirical
molar mass enables us to write the molecular formula.
Solution:
The sequence of conversions for calculating the molar mass of the compound is:
Freezing-point depression  molality  number of moles  molar mass
Our first step is to calculate the molality of the solution.
ΔT f 1.05 ˚ C
molality = = =0.205m
K f 5.12˚ C /m
Because there is 0.205 mole of the solute in 1 kg of solvent, the number of moles of solute in 301 g, or 0.301
kg, of solvent is
0.205 mol
0.301 kg × =0.0617 mol
1kg
Thus, the molar mass of the solute is
grams of compound 7.85 g
molar mass= = =127 g /mol
moles of compound 0.0617 mol
Now, we can determine the ratio
molar mass 127 g/mol
= ≈2
empirical molar mass 64 g/mol
Therefore, the molecular formulas is (C5H4)2 or C10H8 (naphthalene).

LESSON 3: LABORATORY PROCEDURES IN DETERMINING CONCENTRATION OF

SOLUTIONS

Titration
Titration is the process of determining the volume of the titrant needed to react with the analyte
(substance of interest) in the solution. A titrant is a solution that has a known amount of concentration.
Volumetric analysis, or volumetric titrimetry, is a set of analytical methods wherein the amount of target
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analyte in the sample is determined from the volume of the titrant needed to completely react with the target
analyte in the solution. The data obtained from the titration process help determine the amount of the analyte
or the unknown substance present in the sample.
A common titration setup requires the following materials: iron stand, burette clamp, burette, and
Erlenmeyer flask. The burette is filled up with the titrant while the flask is where the solution with the analyte is
poured into. A few drops of indicator are usually added into the solution with the analyte before mixing it with
the titrant. The indicator helps determine the endpoint, which is any physical change that results from the
addition of the titrant. And normally coincides with the equivalence point, or the point where the titrant
completely reacts with the analyte. Ideally, the concentration of titrant is chemically equivalent to the
concentration of the analyte. Often, it is a color change of the solution with the analyte that signals the
endpoint.
An example of a simple titration is an experiment involving the determination of citric acid
concentration from a fruit juice. A sodium hydroxide solution is used as a titrant and citric acid being the
analyte. In addition, phenolphthalein is used as an indicator and is added to the fruit juice sample and will give
a colorless solution. The endpoint is determined when the color of the indicator changes when the titrant is
added. This is due to the pH dependence of the indicator (from acidic to basic or vice-versa). A pale pink color
change indicates that the equivalence point has been reached.
The total acidity, in percentage, of the citric acid can be determined from the given concentration and
volumes of the sodium hydroxide that was consumed at the equivalence point and the volume of fruit juice
sample.

REFERENCES
Apodaca, Dahlia del Castillo, ”General Chemistry 2 (DIWA Senior High School Series). DIWA LEARNING
SYSTEM INC”, 2017, pp. 54-82

Ayson, Marissa, “General Chemistry 2 Textbook for Senior High School”, Vibal Group, Inc., 2016, pp. 49-58

Chang, Raymond, “Chemistry 10th Edition”. McGraw-Hill, 2010, pp. 526-540

Silberberg, Martin. “Principles of General Chemistry”, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2010, pp. 416-425
http://www.sliderbase.com/spitem-1143-7.html

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 CO QAH + MELC LW
LEARNING WORKSHEET No. 5
Course Outline & Quality Assured Handouts paired with MELC-
Based Learning Worksheet in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: _________________________

Teacher: _______________________________ Date Submitted: __________________________

MELC12: Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a solute
in a solution (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-117)
Lesson 1: Calculate Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
Semester: 2 Week No. 4 Day: 1-4

Worksheet No.: 1 Title: Calculate Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Day: 1

Directions: Read and analyze the problem. Refer to page 2 of handout number 5 for your guide.

Problem: Ethylene glycol (EG), C2H6O2, is a common automobile antifreeze. It is water soluble and fairly
nonvolatile (boiling point of 197˚C). Calculate the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation of a
solution containing 651g of this substance in 2505g of water. The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01g.

MELC13: Calculate molar mass from colligative property data (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-118)

Lesson 2: Calculate Molar Mass from Colligative Property Data

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Worksheet No.: 2 Title: Calculate Molar Mass from Colligative Property Data Day: 2

Directions: Read and analyze the problem. Refer to page 3 of handout number 5 for your guide.

Problem: A solution of 0.85g of an organic compound in 100.0g of benzene has a freezing point of 5.16˚C.
What is the molality of the solution and the molar mass of the solute?

MELC14: Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of solutions (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-

119)
Lesson 3: Laboratory Procedures in Determining Concentration of Solutions

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 Worksheet No.: 3 Title: Titration Day: 3

Directions: Listed below are the basic steps in titration distributed inside different boxes. Arrange the
procedure in chronological order by labeling each box with numbers 1 to 8 in the space provided.

Prepared by: BRINELL C. VALENCIANO

CCNHS

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Answers Key:

Worksheet no. 1: ΔT f =7.79˚C ; ΔT b =2.2˚C

Worksheet no. 2: m = 0.101 ; molar mass = 8.4 g/mol

Worksheet no. 3: