VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING

COLLIGATIVE BOILING POINT ELEVATION

PROPERTIES
OF SOLUTIONS FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
PURE WATER SEA WATER
 VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
Expressed by Raoult’s Law

P1 = X1 P1
ΔP = P1- P1
ΔP : Vapor Pressure Lowering
P1 : Vapor Pressure of solution
P1 : Vapor Pressure of solvent
X1 : mole fraction of the solvent
Sample Problem 1:
Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by
dissolving 82.4g of NaCl(molar mass= 58.44g/mol) in
212g of water(molar mass= 18.01g/mol) at 35C. What
is the vapor pressure lowering if the vapor pressure of
water at 35C is 42.18mmHg?
Formula:
Given: P1 = X1 P1
Mass of solute= 82.4g NaCl ΔP = P1- P1
Molar mass of solute= 58.44g/mol
Mass of solvent= 212g water Required:
Molar mass of solvent= 18.01g/mol ΔP = Vapor
Vapor Pressure of solvent at 35 C= 42.18mmHg Pressure Lowering
Given:
Mass of solute= 82.4g NaCl Formula: Required:
Molar mass of solute= 58.44g/mol
Mass of solvent= 212g water
P1 = X1 P1 ΔP = Vapor
Molar mass of solvent= 18.01g/mol ΔP = P1- P1 Pressure Lowering
Vapor Pressure of solvent at 35 C= 42.18mmHg

Solution:
1. Solve for X1 2. Solve for P1
1mol
P1 = X1 P1
nNaCl = 82.4g x 58.44g = 1.41mol

1mol P1 = (0.89) 42.18mmHg = 37.54mmHg

nwater= 212g x 18.01g = 11.77mol

X1 = Xsolvent 3. Solve for ΔP

moles solvent

moles solution
ΔP = P1- P1
Xsolvent = 11.77 mol
ΔP = 42.18mmHg – 37.54mmHg = 4.64mmHg
1.41 mol + 11.77 mol
 WATER WITH
PURE WATER SOLUTE
 BOILING POINT ELEVATION

The difference in the boiling point of the solution from the solvent.

ΔTb = Kb m
Tb solution= Tb solvent + ΔTb

ΔTb : Boiling Point Elevation

Kb : Molal boiling point elevation constant
m : molal concentration of the solution
Note: For nonelectrolytes solution only
 BOILING POINT ELEVATION

The difference in the boiling point of the solution from the solvent.

ΔTb = iKb m
Tb solution= Tb solvent + ΔTb

ΔTb : Boiling Point Elevation

Kb : Molal boiling point elevation constant
m : molal concentration of the solution
Note: For electrolytes solution only
Sample Problem 2:
Calculate for the boiling point elevation of a 2.0
molal solution of water and urea, a nonvolatile,
nonelectrolyte solute. What is the boiling point of the
solution?
Given:
Molal concentration of solution= 2.0m
Kb of water = 0.52C/m Required:
ΔTb = Boiling
Point Elevation
Formula: Tb solution
ΔTb = Kb m
Tb solution= Tb solvent + ΔTb
Given: Formula: Required:
Molal concentration of solution= 2.0m ΔTb = Kb m ΔTb = Boiling
Kb of water = 0.52C/m Point Elevation
Tb solution= Tb solvent + ΔTb
Tb solution

Solution:
1. Solve for ΔTb 2. Solve for Tb solution

C
Tb solution= Tb solvent + ΔTb
m
ΔTb = 0.52 (2.0m) = 1.04C
Tb solution = 100C + 1.04C = 101.04C
 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

ΔTf = Kf m
Tf solution= Tf solvent - ΔTf

ΔTf : Freezing Point Depression

Kf : Molal freezing point depression constant
m : molal concentration of the solution
Note: For nonelectrolytes solution only
 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

ΔTf = iKf m
Tf solution= Tf solvent - ΔTf

ΔTf : Freezing Point Depression

Kf : Molal freezing point depression constant
m : molal concentration of the solution
Note: For electrolytes solution only
Sample Problem 3:
What will be the freezing point of a 2.5 molal urea
solution? Note that the Kf of water is 1.86C/m

Given:
Molal concentration of solution= 2.5m
Kf of water = 1.86C/m Required:
ΔTf = Freezing
Point Depression
Formula: Tf solution
ΔTf = Kf m
Tf solution= Tf solvent - ΔTf
 Formula: Required:
Given:
ΔTf = Kf m ΔTf = Freezing
Molal concentration of solution= 2.5m
Kf of water = 1.86C/m Tf solution= Tf solvent - ΔTf Point Depression
Tf solution

Solution:
1. Solve for ΔTf 2. Solve for Tf solution

C
Tf solution= Tf solvent - ΔTf
m
ΔTf = 1.86 (2.5m) = 4.65C
Tf solution = 0C – 4.65C = - 4.65C
Inside of the stem Outside of the stem
 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

The pressure that is required to be applied

to the solution to stop osmosis.
 = MRT
 : Osmotic Pressure
M : Molar concentration of the solution
R : Universal gas constant (0.0821 L.atm/mol.K)
Note: For nonelectrolytes solution only T : Absolute Temperature
 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

The pressure that is required to be applied

to the solution to stop osmosis.
 = iMRT
 : Osmotic Pressure
M : Molar concentration of the solution
R : Universal gas constant (0.0821 L.atm/mol.K)
Note: For nonelectrolytes solution only T : Absolute Temperature
Sample Problem 4:
Calculate the osmotic pressure of a 1.5M benzene
solution at 21C.

Given:
Molar concentration of benzene solution=1.5M
Temperature= 21C Required:
 = Osmotic Pressure

Formula:
 = MRT
Given:
Molar concentration of benzene Formula: Required:
solution=1.5M  = MRT  = Osmotic Pressure
Temperature= 21C+273= 294K

Solution:
Solve for 

p = MRT

mol L.atm
(
 = 1.5 L
)( 0.0821 mol.K )(294K) = 36.20atm
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