Colligative Properties
Calculate the boiling point  The higher the concentration of
 Properties of solutions
 They are dependent on the
number of solute particles that
are dissolved in a given quantity
of the solvent and not in their
identity.
1. Vapor Pressure Lowering
 The presence of a solute lowers
the vapor pressure of the solvent
 The presence of the solute with
exert attraction on the solvent
molecules, thus decreasing their
rate of escape
 Higher concentration of the
solute added, the greater is
decrease of vapor pressure
2. Boiling Point Elevation
 The boiling point of the solution
is higher than the boiling point of
a pure solvent
 The addition of a solute
increases the boiling point of the
solution
 To bring the solution to its
boiling point more heat is
needed
Boiling point of a liquid
 Is the temperature at which the
vapor pressure of the liquid and
its atmospheric pressure are
equal
 Boling point is directly
proportional to the amount of
solute added
Tb = Kbm b.
elevation the solution the higher is the
Tb = boiling point elevation Tb = Kbm osmotic pressure
= (0.52oC/m) (0.058m) Osmosis
Kb = boiling point elevation constant = 0.03oC  A Greek word meaning “push”
(0.512oC/m)  A process in which the solvent
c. Calculate the boiling point moves through a semipermeable
m = molal concentration Tb = boiling point of water + Tb membrane into the solution
= 100oC + 0.03oC
3. Freezing point depression = 100.03oC Semipermeable membrane
 The presence of solute  Allows certain types of molecules
lowers the freezing point of Freezing point elevation to pass through while preventing
the solvent a. Calculate the molality the passage of other species in
mole of solute solution.
m=
Tf = Kfm kg of solvent
Tf = freezing point elevation 4g
m=
0.2 kg
Kf = freezing point constant m = 0.058 m
(1.86oC/m)
b. Calculate the freezing point
m = molal concentration elevation
Tf = Kfm
Sample Problem for boiling point = (1.86oC/m) (0.058m)
elevation and freezing point depression = 0.11oC
Find the boiling point and freezing point c. Calculate the freezing point
of a solution containing 4 g sucrose Tf = freezing point of water + Tf
o o
(C12H22O11) dissolved in 200 g of H2O. = 0 C + 0.11 C
= -0.11oC
Boiling point elevation
a. Calculate the molality 4. Osmotic pressure
mole of solute  The pressure needed to prevent
m=
kg of solvent osmosis from the pure solvent to
the solution
4g  Related to the molar concentration
m=
0.2 kg of the solution
m = 0.058 m