1.

Colligative Properties
a)Relative lowering of vapour pressure
b)Elevation in BP
c)Depression in freezing point
d)Osmotic pressure

2.Numericals based on above concepts

3.Reverse osmosis and application

4.Dissociation and association of solutes .

5. Van’t hoff factor

Properties that depend on
the number of solute
particles irrespective of
their nature relative to the
total number of particles
present in the system.
Pure Solvent with more Presence of nonvolatile
vapour pressure . solute decreases the
vapours and hence less
vapour pressure.

p0A pA

Non volatile
solute is
added to
prepare a
solution
Relative lowering of vapour pressure is
directly proportional to the
mole fraction of non volatile solute
present in the solution .

p0A – pA
RLVP = = xB
p0A
 Pure solvent Solution
T0b Tb
Less vapour
pressure and
higher BP

Pure solvent Solution with

nonvolatile solute
Boiling point of a solution is higher than pure solvent.
Boiling point of solution > Boiling point of solvent
Tb T0 b

The difference in boiling point ∆Tb = Tb - T0b

∆Tb ∝ molality [for dilute solutions]

∆Tb = Kb .m
∆Tb = Kb . WB x 1000
MB x WA(g)
Kb is Molal elevation constant or
ebullioscopic constant.
Que1:The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a
certain temperature is 0.850 bar .A non-volatile,
non electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when added
to 39 g of benzene ,Vapour pressure of the
solution is 0.845 bar .[Molarmass:benzene 78]
What is the molar mass of the solid substance?
p0A – pA WB x MA
=

p0A MB x WA

0.850 bar – 0.845 bar = 0.5g x 78 gmol-1

0.850 bar MB x 39 g
MB = 170 g mol-1
Que : Vapour pressure of
pure water at 298 K is
23.8mm Hg .50 g of urea
(NH2CONH2) is added
to 850 g of water .Calculate
the vapour pressure of this
solution and its relative
lowering .
 Solvent A is water , Solute B is Urea
Given mass of solute urea, WB = 50 g
Molar mass of urea NH2CONH2 = 14x2+4+12+16
Solute Urea MB = 60 g mol-1
Solvent water MA = 2+ 16 = 18 gmol-1 , WA = 850 g
Vapour pressure of pure solvent, p0A = 23.8mmHg
Vapour pressure of solvent in soln ,pA =?

p0A – pA = WB x MA
p0A MB x WA
23.8 – pA = 50 g x 18 g mol-1
23.8 60 gmol-1 x 850 g
pA = 23.38 mm Hg
RLVP = P0A – PA
P 0A

= 23.80- 23.38
23.80

= 0.018
At normal boiling point of a liquid its vapour pressure
becomes equal to 1 atm .

B
D

A
C
The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K.
When 1.80 g of a non volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of
benzene,the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K . Calculate the
molar mass of the solute ,
Kb = 2.53 Kkgmol-1.
WB = 1.80 g
WA = 90 g
ΔTb = 354.11 – 353.23= 0.88 K
∆Tb = Kb WB x 1000
MB x WA(g)
0.88 K = 2.53 x1.8 x 1000
MB x 90
MB = 57.5 gmol-1
Boiling point of water at
750 mm Hg is 99.630C.
How much sucrose [C12H22O11] is to be added to 500 g of water so that
it boils at 100 0C ?
Kb for water = 0.52 Kkgmol-1
 Boiling point of pure solvent = 99.630C
Boiling point of solution = 100 0C
Molar mass of sucrose C12H22O11=342 gmol-1
∆Tb = Tb - T0b
= 100 – 99.63 = 0.370C
∆Tb = Kb WB x 1000
MB x WA(g)
0.37 = 0.52 x WB x 1000
342 x 500
WB = 121.67 g
Given mass of solute sucrose = 121.67 grams
Solvent Solution
T0f Tf
Solution has
lesser
freezing point
Freezing point of pure solvent = T0f

Freezing point of solution = Tf

[After adding nonvolatile solute]

Depression in freezing point

∆Tf = T0f - Tf

∆Tf ∝ m (For dilute solution)

∆Tf = Kf . m

∆Tf = Kf . WB x 1000
MB x WA(g)

Kf is Molal depression constant or

cryoscopic constant.
Que.1gram of a non electrolyte
solute dissolved in 50 gram of
benzene lowered the freezing point
of benzene by 0.40 K.
Kf=5.12 K Kg mol-1
Find the molar mass of solute .
Calculate the mass of ascorbic
acid to be dissolved in 75 g of
acetic acid to lower its melting
point by 1.5 C .
o

Kf = 3.9 KKgmol-1.
Ascorbic acid C6H8O6
Molar mass =176 gmol -1
MB =176gmol-1 WB=? WA=75g,

∆Tf = 1.50C {lowering mp and

lowering point are same }

∆Tf = Kf x WB x 1000
MB x WA(g)

1.5 = 3.9 x WB x 1000

176 x 75
WB = 5.076 g
 If a semipermeable membrane is placed between the solvent and solution
as shown in the figure, the solvent molecules will flow through the
membrane from pure solvent to the solution.
The phenomenon of flow
OSMOSIS of solvent through

a semipermeable from a
rommembrane
pure solvent to solution
Salt
solution Fresh
Semipermeable water is called osmosis.’
membrane
Osmotic pressure (∏)
The pressure
that must be applied to
Direction of flow of water a solution to prevent osmosis.
Osmosis: Solvent flows to Reverse osmosis:Solvent flows
solution from solution to pure solvent

∏ ∏ +P ∏
Reverse osmosis
The direction of osmosis can be reversed when a
pressure greater than osmotic pressure is
applied to the solution side.
Pure solvent flows out of solution through
semipermeable membrane .
Practical application of reverse osmosis
Desalination of sea water

∏ +p
Water flows
Que : Derive an expression for molar mass of a solute MB by osmotic
pressure method

Ans : Osmotic pressure(∏) is proportional to the molarity (C) of the solution

at a given temperature T for dilute solutions.

∏ =CRT

∏ = nB. RT
V
∏ V = nB RT

∏ V = WB. RT
MB
MB = WB .RT
∏V

MB = Molar mass of solute, WB = Given mass of solute

R = Universal gas constant , T = Temperature

Thus, knowing the quantities WB, T,∏ and V we can

calculate the molar mass .
Substitute the quantities according to the units of R
1).R = 8.314 JK-1mol-1

∏ in pascal , T in kelvin , V in m3

2).R = 0.0821 LatmK-1mol-1

∏ in atm , T in kelvin , V in L

3).R = 0.0831 LbarK-1mol-1

∏ in bar , T in kelvin , V in L
1) 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g
of the protein .The osmotic pressure of such a solution at 300
K is found to be 2.57 x 10 -3 bar.
Calculate the molar mass of the protein.
Ans: Osmotic pressure, ∏ = 2.57x10-3 bar
 0
-1 -1
.
 The best example of this situation is the way your
fingers prune after you go swimming.
The concentration of salts and other solvents in your
skin cells is higher than the water of the lake or
pool, so water moves into those cells, causing them
to swell and wrinkle.
For plants, osmosis is responsible for the movement
of water into the root system,
which allows the plant to grow and survive.
When we soak resins in water they swell up and this
is all that happens due to osmosis.
Water travels from high concentration to low
concentration and keeps moving by osmosis until
the equilibrium is reached, that is when the
concentration of both solutions is the same.
We usually feel thirsty after eating salty food;
because salt is a solute and after consuming lots of
salt, our cells become concentrated with salt, which
triggers the process of thirst. So, our cells absorb
water and we feel thirsty, and hence, we start
drinking water.
In case you have a sore throat, cells and tissues
surrounding the throat are swollen because of the
excess of water. The salt water which we use for
gargles has a lower concentration of water than the
cells of the throat. So, water molecules move from
the swollen cells of the throat to the salt water;
reducing pain and swelling.
.

6
 Kidneys are the vital organ of our body, which
helps in the removal of waste and toxic materials.
Osmosis occurs to recover water from waste
material. Kidney dialysis is an example of osmosis.
0.9% solution of NaCl is isotonic with human
blood cells(RBC).In this solution corpuscles
will neither shrink nor swell.
Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution

Water flows in Water flows

and cell may out and cells
No osmosis burst shrink.
Association of solute particles:
Some solute molecules undergo association in
certain solvents and form bigger molecules.

Eg:2CH3COOH (CH3COOH)2 [in solvent benzene]

Acetic acid Dimer of acetic acid.
MB = 60 gmol-1 MB = 120 gmol-1
[ABNORMAL MOLAR MASS ]

Molecules of ethanoic acid undego

dimerisation due to hydrogen bonding.
Molecules of ethanoic acid undego dimerisation
due to hydrogen bonding.

(i) The total number of molecules in the solution

becomes less.
(ii) Molar masses become higher than predicted by
Raoult’s law.
Some solutes undergo dissociation in solvents
to give two or more particles.

Eg: KCl dissociates into two ions K+ and Cl-

KCl K+ + Cl-
MB = 74.5 MB =37.25
Normal molar mass Abnormal molar mass

ABNORMAL MOLAR MASS

Molar masses that is greater than or lesser than the
expected normal values is termed as abnormal
molar mass.
Van’t Hoff introduced a factor (i) known as
van’t Hoff factor to account for the association or
dissociation of solute.

i = Normal molar mass

Abnormal molar mass

i = Observed colligative property

Calculated colligative property

i = Total number of particles after association or dissociation

Total number of particles before association or dissociation
 p0A – pA
RLVP = = i xB
p0A

∆Tb = i Kb . WB x 1000
MB x WA(g)

∆Tf = i Kf . WB x 1000
MB x WA(g)

∏ = i CRT
 For association
i < 1

For dissociation

i >1

For no dissociation no association

i=1
 Kf = R M A Tf 2

1000 x ∆fusH

Kb = R M A Tb 2

1000 x ∆vapH