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2
Chapter 2: Solutions

Solutions

SECTION A

Q.1.
i. (C) MgCl2 [1 Mark]
ii. (B) 12 atm [1 Mark]
 = MRT
π1 T1
π2 T2
π1T2 6 atm 600 K
π2 = 12 atm
T1 300 K
iii. (D) 1 mole of solute in 1 kg of solvent [1 Mark]
iv. (C) Boiling point [1 Mark]
Q.2.
i. Pressure has no effect on the solubilities of solids and liquids as they are incompressible. [1 Mark]
ii. Raoult’s law: It states that, “the partial vapour pressure of any volatile component of a solution is
equal to the vapour pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution”.
[1 Mark]
iii. The difference between the freezing point of pure solvent and that of the solution containing a
nonvolatile solute is called depression in freezing point.
Tf = Tf0 – Tf
where, Tf0 = freezing point of pure solvent and Tf = freezing point of solution. [1 Mark]

SECTION B

Attempt any Four

Q.3. i. In boiling point elevation and freezing point depression, we deal with the systems whose temperature
is not constant.
ii. We cannot express the concentration of solution in molarity because it changes with temperature
whereas molality is temperature independent.
Hence, while considering boiling point elevation and freezing point depression a solution concentration is
expressed in molality and not in molarity. [2 Marks]
Q.4. Solution:
Given: Volume = V = 1 L
Mass of substance = W2 = 1.8 g
Temperature = T = 300 K
Molar mass of substance = M2 = 60 g mol1
To find: Osmotic pressure ()
W2 RT
Formula: =
M2V
Calculation: R = 0.08205 dm3 atm K1 mol1, Volume = V = 1 L = 1 dm3
W2 RT
=
M2V
1.8 0.08205 300
=
60  1
= 0.74 atm
Ans: The osmotic pressure of the solution is 0.74 atm. [2 Marks]
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Chemistry (Vol. I)

Q.5. i. Statement: Henry’s law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
pressure of the gas over the solution.
Thus.
S  P or S = KHP
where, S is the solubility of the gas in mol L –1, P is the pressure of the gas in bar over the solution.
KH, the proportionality constant is called Henry’s law constant and its unit is mol L–1 bar–1.
ii. When P = 1 bar, KH = S. Thus, KH is the solubility of the gas in a liquid when its pressure over the
solution is 1 bar. [2 Marks]
Q.6. i. The given diagram represents a plot of vapour pressure vs mole fraction for a nonideal solution
showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
ii. The solutions in which solute-solvent intermolecular attractions are weaker than those between solute-
solute molecules and solvent-solvent molecules, exhibit positive deviations.
iii. The vapour pressures of such solutions are higher than those of pure components as shown in the
diagram.
e.g. The solutions of ethanol + acetone, carbon disulphide + acetone show positive deviations from the
Raoult’s law. [2 Marks]
Q.7. i. At the boiling point of a liquid, its vapour pressure is equal to 1 atm.
ii. In order to reach boiling point, the solution and solvent must be heated to a temperature at which their
respective vapour pressures attain 1 atm.
iii. At any given temperature the vapour pressure of solution is lower than that of pure solvent. Hence, the
vapour pressure of solution needs higher temperature to reach 1 atm than that needed for vapour
pressure of solvent.
Therefore, vapour pressure lowering causes rise in boiling point of solution. [2 Marks]
Q.8. i. For very dilute solutions, the osmotic pressure follows the equation,
n 2 RT
π= ….(1)
V
W2
ii. If the mass of solute in V litres of solution is W2 and its molar mass is M2, then n2 = .
M2
iii. Substituting the value of n2 in equation (1), we get
W2 RT
=
M2 V
W2 RT
  M2 =
V
This formula can be used for the calculation of molar mass of a nonionic solutes (i.e., nonelectrolyte) by
osmotic pressure measurement. [2 Marks]

SECTION C

Attempt any Two

Q.9. Solution:
Given: Mass of sulphur = W2 = 3.795 g
Mass of solvent = W1 = 100 g
Boiling point of solution = Tb = 319.81 K
Boiling point of pure solvent = Tb0 = 319.45 K
Molal elevation constant = Kb = 2.42 K kg mol1
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 u
To find: Molecular formula of sulphur in solution
1000 K b W2
Formula: M2 =
Tb W1

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Chapter 2: Solutions
Calculation: For solution of sulphur in CS2 (solvent),
Tb = Tb – Tb0 = (319.81 – 319.45) K = 0.36 K
From formula,
1000 K b W2
M2 =
Tb W1
1 1
1000 g kg 2.42 K kg mol 3.795 g
= = 255.1 g mol1
0.36 K 100 g
Now, atomic mass of S = 32 u
Molar massof sulphur
 Number of Sulphur atoms in a molecule =
Atomic mass of sulphur
255.1
= = 7.97  8
32
 Molecular formula of sulphur in CS2 = S8
Ans: Molecular formula of sulphur in CS2 solution is S8. [3 Marks]
Q.10. i. Two or more solutions having the same osmotic pressure are said to be isotonic solutions.
ii. If two solutions have unequal osmotic pressures, the more concentrated solution with higher osmotic
pressure is said to be hypertonic solution.
iii. If two solutions have unequal osmotic pressures, the more dilute solution exhibiting lower osmotic
pressure is said to be hypotonic solution. [3 Marks]
Q.11. i. a. The freezing point depression (Tf) is directly proportional to the molality of solution. Thus,
   f = Kf m ….(1)
b. Suppose we prepare a solution by dissolving W2 g of solute in W1 g of solvent. Moles of solute
W2
in W1 g of solvent =
M2
where, M2 is the molar mass of solute.
W1 g W1
Mass of solvent = W1 g = = kg
1000 g/kg 1000
c. The molality is expressed as,
Moles of solute
m=
Mass of solvent in kg
W2 /M 2 mol
m=
W1 / 1000 kg
1000W2
m= mol kg–1 ….(2)
M 2 W1
d. Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get,
1000W2
Tf =K f
M 2 W1
Hence,
1000 K f W2
M2 =
Tf W1
ii. Cryoscopic constant is the depression in freezing point produced by 1 molal solution of a nonvolatile solute.
[3 Marks]

SECTION D
Attempt any One

Q.12. i. Solubility: The solubility of a solute is its amount per unit volume of saturated solution at a specific
temperature.
ii. a. Generally, the compounds with similar chemical character are more readily soluble in each
other than those with entirely different chemical characters. The ‘like dissolves like’ principle
guides to predict the solubility of a solute in a given solvent. Thus, substances having similar
intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Chemistry (Vol. I)

b. Generally polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents. This is because in these, solute-solute, solute-
solvent and solvent-solvent interactions are all of similar magnitude.
e.g. NaCl dissolves in water. The strong ion-dipole interactions of Na+ and Cl– ions with water
molecules, hydrogen bonding between water molecules and ion-ion attractions between Na+ and
Cl– ions are comparable.
c. Nonpolar organic compounds like cholesterol dissolves in nonpolar solvent such as benzene.
d. Sugar dissolves in water because the dissolution of sugar in water is due to intermolecular
hydrogen bonding between sugar and water. [4 Marks]
Q.13. i. The van’t Hoff factor is defined as the ratio of colligative property of a solution of electrolyte divided
by the colligative property of nonelectrolyte solution of the same concentration.
ii.
Given: Molality of solution (m) = 0.1 m = 0.1 mol kg1
Degree of dissociation () = 1.35% = 0.0135
Temperature = 25 °C = 25 °C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
Molarity of solution (M) = 0.1 M
To find: a. Freezing point of solution b. Osmotic pressure of solution
i 1
Formulae: a.  = b. ΔTf = iKfm c.  = i MRT
n 1
Calculation: The van’t Hoff factor can be calculated using formula (a),
i 1
= = i  1 because n = 2
n 1
 i = 1 +  = 1 + 0.0135 = 1.0135
Now, using formula (b),
ΔTf = iKfm = 1.0135  1.86 K kg mol1  0.1 mol kg1 = 0.189 K = 0.189 °C
Now, ΔTf = Tf0 – Tf
 Tf = Tf0 – ΔTf = 0 °C – (0.189 °C) = – 0.189 °C
Now, using formula (c),
 = i MRT = 1.0135  0.1 mol dm–3  0.08205 dm3 atm K1 mol1  298.15 K = 2.48 atm
Ans: a. The freezing point of the solution is – 0.189 °C.
b. The osmotic pressure of solution at 25 °C is 2.48 atm. [4 Marks]