Colligative

Properties of
Solutions
Colligative Property – property
that depend on the number of
particles of solute present but
not on the kind and nature of
solute
1. Vapor Pressure Reduction
The fast moving molecules of a liqiod
overcome their attractive forces and escape into
the gaseous state in a process called vaporization.
In an open container, the process continues and
the water level decreases.
In closed container, these molecules that have
escaped can also return back into liquid state
called condensation
When the rate of condensation becomes
equal to the rate of vaporization, an
equilibrium is reach.
The vapor pressure of the solution
becomes lower than that of pure solvent.
The greater the concentration of solute
present, the greater the vapor pressure
reduction is.
2. Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point is the temperature at which the
vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
atmospheric pressure
If a liquid has a high vapor pressure it means
that the molecule evaporate faster and it takes a
shorter time to equalize the vapor pressure of
the liquid and the atmospheric pressure.
Therefore the boiling point of the liquid is low.
The boiling point of a solution is greater
than the boiling point of a pure solvent
Boiling point elevation( Tb) is the amount by
which the boiling point temperature of a
solvent is raised.
- it is the difference between the boiling
point of the solution and the boiling point of
a pure solvent.
In the case of water, its boiling point is
increased by 0.513oC for every 1 mol of a
non electrolyte solute dissolve in 1 kg of
water or 1 mol solute/kg sovent which is 1
molal solution. This is called molal boiling
point constant ( Kb)
BP for 1 molal aqueous solution = 100oC +
0.513oC = 100.513oC
If 2 moles of solute dissolved in 1kg water, then the
boiling point of the solution is: BP for 2 molal
aqueous solution
100oC + 2m(o.513oC)
1m
100oC + 1.03oC = 101. 03oC
The amount by which the BP is elevated is,
therefore, equal to Kb x molality
Tb = Kb x m
Sample Problem
1. Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing
3.5 g sugar (MM= 342 g) dissolved in 150g of water.
Solution
Step 1: Solve for molality of the solution, the unit of
which is mole solute/kg solvent. Using the
dimensional analysis, the first factor converts mass to
mole, then divide with the mass of solvent, and the
last factor converts the mass in grams to kilogram
Molality = mole solute
kg solvent
m = 3.5g sugar x 1 mole x 1 mole x 1000g
342g 150 g water 1kg
m = 3500 mole = 0.068 mole/kg
51300 kg
Step 2. Solve for BP elevation

0.513oC x 0.068m = 0.035oC

1m
Step 3 . Solve for BP of the solution
BP of solution =BP of solvent +
100oC + 0.035 = 100.035oC
Problem 2:
What is the molality of a solution dissolved in
chloroform that boils at 62. 8oC? BP of chloroform is
61.2oC? Kb chloroform 3.63 oC/ m
Problem 3
What is the molecular mass of an organic
compound if 16.00 g of the compound is
dissolved in 225.0g of CCl4 raising the BP to
85.36oC? BP of CCl4 is 76.72 oC, Kb for CCl4
is 5.03 oC/m