CONTENT

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Types of colligative properties
5. Elevation in boiling point
6. Experiment

 Aim
 Materials required
 Observation
 Result
 Discussion and
sources of error
 Bibliography
 Introduction
All the properties depend on the number
of solute particles irrespective of their
nature relative to the number of particles
present in the solution. Such properties
are called Colligative Properties.

It means that two solutions having

different components but same mole
fraction of solute can have identical
colligative properties.

Types of colligative properties

1. Relative lowering in vapor pressure
2. Elevation in boiling point
3. Depression in freezing point
4. Osmotic properties
 Elevation in boiling point
The temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid becomes equal to
the external pressure is called the boiling
point.
The vapor pressure of the solution
decreases upon addition of non-volatile
salute, according to Raoult’s law. Hence
boiling point of the solution increases.
The increase in boiling point of a liquid
when a nonvolatile solute is added in it is
called boiling point elevation.
The vapor pressure of a liquid increases
with the temperature. The boiling point of
a solution is always higher than that of
the pure solvent in which the solution is
prepared. Similarly, to the lowering vapor
pressure, elevation of boiling point also
depends on the number of the solute
molecules rather than their nature.
 ΔTb the boiling elevation, is
defined as,

Tb(solution)-Tb(solvent)

It depends upon the number of

moles of the added non-volatile
solute

For dilute solutions the elevation of boiling

point(ΔTb) is directly proportional to the
molal concentration of the solute in the
solution.
ΔTb α m
 Or ΔTb = Kb × m
‘m’ is molality of the solute (no. of moles
of the solute dissolved in 1 kg of
solvent).
Kb = Ebullioscopic constant or
molal elevation constant, which
depends on the solvent.
Unit of Kb is K kg\mol
If W2 gram of solute of the molar mass M2 is
dissolved in W1 gram of solvent, then molality, m
of the solution is given by the expression:

m= (W2\M2) ÷ (W1\1000) = (1000× W2) ÷ (M2 \ W1)

 ΔTb the boiling
elevation, is defined
as Tb (solution) - Tb (pure solvent)
It depends upon the number of moles of the added
non-volatile solute.
For dilute solutions the elevation of boiling
point(ΔTb) is directly proportional to the molal
concentration of the solute in the solution.

ΔTb α m
Or ΔTb = Kb × m
‘m’ is molality of the solute (no. of moles of the solute
dissolved in 1 kg of solvent).

Kb = Ebullioscopic constant or molal elevation

constant, which depends on the solvent.
Unit of Kb is K kg\mol
If W2 gram of solute of the molar mass M2 is
dissolved in W1 gram of solvent, then molality, m
of the solution is given by the expression:

m= (W2\M2) ÷ (W1\1000) = (1000× W2) ÷ (M2 \ W1)

ΔTb = (Kb × 1000×W2)÷(M2×W1)

M2 = (1000 ×W2×Kb )÷(ΔTb ×W1)

 EXPERIMENT

AIM:
To study the effects of various solutes on the
elevation of boiling point.
Materials Required:
1.Bunsen Burner
2.Tripod Stand
3.Wire Mesh
4.250mL Flask
5.Glass Stirrer
6.Beckmann’s Thermometer
7.Solutes Under Investigation
8.Tap water
PROCEDURE

1. Set up the apparatus using a 250mL beaker

containing 200mL of the experimental solution.
2. Put the beaker on the tripod stand with a wire
mesh and use the Bunsen Burner to heat the
solution.
3. A celestial thermometer calibrated up to 110
degree Celsius is immersed in the solution in the
beaker with the help of a clamp stand.
4. The initial temperature taken before starting the
experiment was considered as the room
temperature.
5. At first find the boiling point of the tap water.
This temperature is taken as the standard
boiling point of the solution.
6. Now, prepare three different concentrations of
glucose and boil 250mL of each one by one in
the beaker.
7. Take the readings of the temperatures after
every 20 seconds.
8. After 90 seconds, take the readings after every
10 seconds in order to easily find out the concurrent
result.
Discussion and Sources of Error
Due to non-availability of distilled water, tap
water was used. Moreover, due to prolonged
heating, some of the solution evaporated
bringing a change in the actual
concentrations. So, it can be suggested that
increases in the boiling point is dependent
only on the number of moles of solute.
The difference between theoretical predictions
and experimentally found values can be
attributed to experimental errors as
experiment was not conducted in controlled
laboratory conditions.
It is proved that when a non-volatile solute is
added to volatile solvent, the boiling point of
the solvent increases. Also, this increase in
boiling point is not dependent on the nature
of the solute but depends only on the number
is moles of the solute. Thus, this elevation in
boiling point is a colligative property.
 Bibliography
□Chemistry textbook for class XII, part-1, NCERT
□Chemistry Laboratory Manual for class XII, NCERT
□www.wikipedia.org