Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SESSION-2023-2024
Made By-
Ankur Kumar Mishra
Class Roll No – 21
Board Roll No-
• Satyam Patel
Class Roll No – 33
Board Roll No-
• Alok Kumar
Class Roll No – 17
Board Roll No-
Guided By -
Mr. R.N.Tripathi (PGT CHEMISTRY)
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Certificate
This is to certify that Master Ankur Kumar
MIshra, Master Satyam Patel & Master Alok
Kumar of class-XII (science) of Jawahar Navodaya
Vidyalaya, Basti has successfully completed the
Signature of Principal:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to them
whose encouragement and cooperation has been a
source of inspiration. It’s an honor to thank our
incharge Principal Mr.Rakesh Sharma , Jawahar
Navodaya Vidyalaya, Basti for providing me the
opportunity to make this project and learn through it.
I would like to thank Mr.Ramanand Tripathi
(PGTChemistry) for providing us the right
direction and for his cooperation and help in
successful completion of our project.
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CONTENTS:-
What is colligative property?
Types of colligative property
Lowering Vapour Pressure (∆P) of
solutions.
Boiling point elevation.
Freezing point depression
Osmotic pressure of the solution.
WHAT IS COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY?
In chemistry, colligative properties are properties
of solutions that depend upon the ratio of the number of
solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a
solution, and not on the type of chemical species
present. The number ratio can be related to the various units
for concentration of solutions. The independence of the
nature of solute particles is exact for ideal solutions, and
approximate for dilute real solutions.
Here we consider only those properties which result because
of the dissolution of nonvolatile solute in a volatile liquid
solvent. They are independent of the nature of the solute
because they are due essentially to the dilution of the solvent
by the solute. The word colligative is derived from the
Latin colligatus meaning bound together.
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1. Lowering Vapour Pressure (∆P) of solutions:
Roult’s law:-
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the
vapour pressure of the solution decreases.
According to Roult’s Law, the vapour pressure of a solvent
(P1) in a solution containing a non-volatile solute is given
by
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2. Boiling point elevation (ΔTB ):-
The exact relation between the boiling point of the solution
and the mole fraction of the solvent is rather complicated,
but for dilute solutions the elevation of the boiling point is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of the
solute:
OR ΔTb = Kb.Cm
Kb = Ebullioscopy constant, which is 0.512°C kg/mol
for the boiling point of water.
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with an increase in
temperature. When vapour pressure of the liquid becomes
equal to the atmospheric pressure (or) external pressure,
then liquid starts boiling. The temperature at which the
vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the external
pressure is known as its boiling point.
At any temperature, the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is less than that of the pure
solvent.
The temperatures at which the vapour pressure of the
solvent and the solution become equal to the atmospheric
pressure are Tb0 and Tb.
Tb-Tb0 =∆Tb
Thus, it can be seen that the boiling point of a solution is
greater than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
The boiling point of a solvent changes as the concentration
of the solute in the solution changes, but it does not depend
on the identity of the solute particles.
The elevation of the boiling point depends upon the
concentration of the solute in the solution and is directly
proportional to molality (m) of the solute in the solution.
ΔTb = Tb - Tb°
Tb > Tb°
ΔTb 𝖺 Concentration of
solute ΔTb 𝖺 m (Molarity)
ΔTb = Kb m
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Molal elevation constant is defined as the elevation in the
boiling point when 1mole of a solute is dissolved in
1kilogram of a solvent.
If w2 grams of a solute with M2 molar mass is dissolved in
w1gram of a solvent, then molality (m) of the solution is,
m = (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)
ΔTb = Kb (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)
3. Freezing Point Depression (ΔTf ):-
phase.
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the
freezing point of the solution gets lowered.
According to Roult’s law, the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is lower than that of the
pure solvent. Thus freezing point of a solvent decreases
when a non-volatile solute is added to it.
Kf = (R x M1 x T f2)/(1000 x ΔfusH)
R = Gas constant
M1= Molar mass of the solvent
Tf = Freezing point of the pure solvent
ΔfusH = Enthalpy for the fusion of the solvent
ΔTf = Kf m
ΔTf = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)
M2 = = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xΔTf)
4. Osmosis:-
Membranes which allows only solvent particles but not
solute particles of solution is called semi-permeable
membranes (or) SPM. These membranes can be of natural
origin (or) synthetic origin.
Vegetable membranes, membranes found under the shell
of an egg are examples of natural membranes and
cellophane is an example of synthetic membrane.
Thus 'Osmosis' can be defined as the spontaneous flow of
solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from a pure
solvent to a solution or from a dilute solution to a
concentrated solution.
It is important to note that osmosis drives solvent
molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from low
solute concentrations to high solute concentrations.
Osmosis ends when the solute concentration becomes
equal on either side of the membrane and equilibrium is
attained.
The flow of solvent molecules from low concentration to
high concentration can be stopped by applying some extra
pressure on the high concentration side. The minimum
pressure required to do so is known as the osmotic pressure
of the solution.
Thus, osmotic pressure π of a solution is defined as the
excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to
prevent osmosis from taking place.
Osmotic pressure does not depend on the identity of the
solute, but on its concentration.
Osmotic pressure for dilute solutions is proportional to
molarity of the solution at a given temperature(T).
π 𝖺 C (at given T)
π= CRT
R = Gas constant
C = n2/V
π = n2RT / V
n2 = W2/M2
π = W2RT / M2V
M2 = W2RT / πV
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
5.
Internet
NCERT
Wikipedia
Books
Newspaper
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