BS Degree Program

Chapter: 04

Map Making

Instructor: Niamatullah
 Cartography
 Carto =Map and Graphy = graphien = discreption.
 Def: The art or technique of map making is called
cartography.
 Map: map is the graphical representation of the features of
the earth surface or a part of it drawn to some suitable
scale.
 Essentials of Map.
 Following are the main essential of map.
 (1) Title (2) Projection (3) scale
 (4) Conventional Signs (5) key / index / legend
(6) Direction / Orientation.

By: Niamatullah
 Title.
Title is one of the main essential of map. Which is used
to show the purpose of map making.
 Projection.
The representation of latitude and longitude over a piece
of paper is called projection.
 Scale.
Scale is the ratio b/w two distances that is the distance
on the ground and distance on the map.
 Conventional signs.
 Conventional signs are the international signs for
knowing different places. Ex, mosque , post office.

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 Key/ index/ legends.
Key is the list of points on the map corner for map
knowing.
 Orientation/ direction.
The process which is used to identify north pole is
called orientation.

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Classification of Map
Map can be classified on the following two bases.
 On the basis of scale.
 On the basis of purpose.

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 On the Basis of Scale
 (1). Cadastral Maps / Planes: The term cadastral is
derived from the French word “ Cadastre” which means
“register of territorial properties”. The cadastral maps are
drawn to register the ownership of landed property,
demarcating the boundaries of fields, houses and
buildings.

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(2).Topographic Sheets / Maps: These are also drawn on
fairly large scale and based on actual precise surveys. These
maps show both natural as well as cultural features of the
earth. E. g. mountains, rivers, planes areas, vegetated areas,
cities, village’s roads, and etc.

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(3) Atlas Maps: These maps are less highly generalized
pictures of physical and cultural features of different areas of
the world. Suitable colors are used to make the map clear.
These maps are used in special workshops, seminars and
class room. e.g World Atlas

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(4) Wall Maps: These maps provide less information but
show a lot of areas. These maps are used in classrooms,
offices and etc and these maps are generally can be used to
the world, continent, country, state, province, district or city.

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On the Basis of Purpose
On the basis of purpose maps are divided into two types which are
as follows.
(i) Natural or Physical Maps.
(ii) Mane-made or Cultural Maps.
(i). Physical / Natural Maps. Those maps which represent
the physical or natural features of the earth.
(i) Climatic Maps: These are those maps which show
the climatic condition of an area.

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(ii) Relief Maps: Those maps which are used to show
the relief of an area are called relief maps. “Relief means
the nature of an area the natural of area weather
mountainous or plain areas”.

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(iii) Oceanic maps / Charts: The oceanic maps show
the different characteristics of ocean e. g. ocean deposits,
ocean currents, waves, salinity, temperature and other
phenomenon occurring in oceans.

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(iv) Astronomical Maps: Astronomical bodies such as
stars, planets, satellites etc are known as Astronomical
Maps.
(v) Geological maps: A geological map shows the
geological structure of lands such as rock outcrops, rock
beds, deep strike fracture lines, folds, faults etc.

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(vi) Metrological Maps: These maps are published
every day by the metrological department to depict the
weather conditions at a fixed time.
(vii) Soils Maps: These maps show the different types
of soils on a particular area. These maps are important
and useful for agricultural planning.
(viii) Vegetation Maps: These maps show the natural
flora including forests, grassland, shrubs and other
plants.

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 Man-made / Cultural Maps:
The occupancy of the earth surface by man has resulted in
the cultural landscape. Various types of map are drawn to
show these cultural features. “those maps which are used to
show the man-made features of the earth are known as man-
made or cultural maps”.
➢ Population Maps: The population maps are drown to
show the distribution, density, growth rate, sex ratio, age
group migration etc of the population.
➢ Political Maps: The political maps show the boundaries
of different states or boundaries b/w different political
units within a country.

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 Historical Maps: These maps show the historical events
in space through the passage of time.
 Economic and Commercial Maps: Such maps show the
production and distribution of various economic
commodities. They also show important trade centers and
type of trade associated with these centers.
 Language Maps: The language map show the
distribution of languages spoken indifferent areas of the
world.
 Transportation and Communication Maps: These maps
are very important as they show network of railways, road
ways, air and waterways etc.

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