1st year chemistry

Chapter 9 Solutions
Short Questions and Answers
1. Define molarity and molality.
Molarity (M); It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per dm3 of solution.
Molarity (M) = Mass of solute/Molar Mass of solute × 1/volume of soln. in dm3
Example; 18 g of glucose in 1000 mL of solution is 0.1 molar.
Molality (m); It is the number of moles of solute in 1000 grams of the solvent.
Molality (m) = Mass of solute/Molar Mass of solute × 1/mass of solvent in kg
Example; For one molal sucrose solution 342 g of sucrose are dissolved in 1000g of H2O.
2. How molality is independent of temperature but molarity depends on temperature?
In molal solutions, the mass of the solvent and that of the solute are also fixed. The masses of
the substances are not temperature dependent. In molar solutions, we have the volumes of
solutions. Volume of a liquid is temperature dependent. So, the molality is not influenced by
temperature but molarity does change.
3. One molal solution of urea is dilute as compared to one molar solution of urea. Justify.
In one molal solution of urea, 60 g of urea is dissolved in 1000 g of water. In one molar solution
of urea, 60 g of urea is added in water to make total volume of solution as 1000 cm3. So the
volume of water in molar solution is less than that in molal solution. Hence, molar solution is
concentrated and molal solution is dilute.
4. One has one molal NaCl solution and one molal glucose solution. Which solution has
greater number of articles of salute?
One molal NaCl solution contains greater number of particles of salute as,
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
NaCl being an electrolyte dissociates into ions. So, in aqueous solution NA (6.02×1023) NaCl
formula units give 2NA (12.04×1023) ions.
On the other hand, glucose being a non-electrolyte solute is unable to ionizes. Therefore, one
mole glucose molecules give NA molecules in aqueous solution.
5. Cane sugar does not dissolve in benzene. Give reason.
Solubility principle states that ‘like dissolve like’ thus polar substances are dissolved in polar
solvents and non-polar substances are dissolved in non-polar solvents.
Cane sugar with strong hydrogen bonding is polar, it does not dissolve in non-polar solvents
such as kerosene oil, petrol, benzene etch because these solvents cannot break hydrogen
bonding of cane sugar.
6. What is critical solution temperature?
The temperature at which two conjugate solutions merge into one another to form a
homogeneous mixture is called as critical solution temperature or upper consulate temperature.
For example, critical solution temperature for phenol-water system is 65.9°C.
Water-aniline system has a single layer at 167°C.
Methanol-cyclohexane system has consulate temperature of 49.1°C.

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL
 1st year chemistry

7. The sum of mole fractions of all the components is always equal to unity for any
solution. Justify it.

8. Give two statements of Raoult’s law.

The vapour pressure of a solvent above a solution is equal to the product of vapour pressure of
pure solvent and the mole fraction of the solvent in solution.
P α x1
P=Pox1----(1)
Where Po is vapour pressure of pure solvent. P is the vapour pressure of solvent in solution or
of pure solution and x1 is the mole fraction of solvent.
Statement 2
The lowering of vapour pressure of a solvent is directly proportional to the mole fraction of
solute. ΔP=Pox2
ΔP/pº= x2
ΔP/pº is called relative lowering of vapour pressure and it is more important than lowering of
vapour pressure.
9. Relative lowering of vapor pressure is independent of temperature. Justify it.
The lowering of vapour pressure of a solvent is directly proportional to the mole fraction of
solute.
ΔP=Pox2
ΔP/pº= x2

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL
 1st year chemistry

Mole fraction of solute is equal to ratio of number of moles of solute to total number of moles.
Since, number of moles of any substance does not change with change in temperature, the
relative lowering of vapour pressure of solution is independent of temperature.
10. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solutions.

11. What is fractional crystallization?

The separation of crystalline substances from a mixture on the basis of their different solubility.
In this method, the impure solute is dissolved in a hot solvent in which it is less soluble than
the impurities. When this hot solution is cooled the solute being less soluble separates out first
from the mixture while impurities remain in the mother liquor. In this way, pure desired
product crystallizes out from the solution.

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL
 1st year chemistry

12. What are azeotropic mixtures?

Azeotropic mixtures are those mixtures which boil a constant temperature and distill over
without a change in their composition at any temperature like a pure chemical compound.
Such mixtures cannot be regarded as chemical compounds as changing total pressure along
with boiling point changes their composition. Whereas, for a chemical compound, composition
remains constant over a range of temperature and pressure.
13. Non-ideal solutions don’t obey the Raoult’s law. Justify.

14. What is positive deviation from Raoult’s law?

15. What is negative deviation from Raoult’s law?

If the solution of two volatile liquids, has a vapour pressure less than the ideal vapour pressure
(as calculated from Raoult’s law) is said to be showing a negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL
 1st year chemistry

16. What are continuous solubility curves?

17. What are discontinuous solubility curves?

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL
 1st year chemistry

18. What are colligative properties? Give the list of colligative properties of solutions.
The properties of solution which depend upon number of salute and solvent particles are called
as colligative properties.
Following are the colligative properties of dilute solutions;
i. Lowering of vapor pressure ii. Elevation of boiling point
ii. Depression of freezing point iv. Osmotic pressure
19. Colligative properties are obeyed when the solute is non-electrolyte and also when the
solutions are dilute.
The properties of solution which depend upon number of salute and solvent particles are called
as colligative properties.
Solute should be non-electrolyte;
One mole of non-electrolyte solute produce 6.021023 particles in the solution. While an
electrolyte can produce greater number of particles. E.g. one mole of NaCl can produce two
moles of particles and one mole of CaCl2 can produce three moles of particles.
Solution must be dilute;
Solution must be dilute because Raoult’s law is not obeyed for concentrated solutions. In
concentrated solutions, the solute-solute associations decrease number of particles dispersed
in solution.
20. Why a non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent lowers the vapour pressure of solution?
Vapor pressure of a liquid is decreased when non-volatile solute is dissolved in a volatile
solvent due to following reasons;
i. Due to presence of salute particles at surface of solution, the escaping tendency of
solvent particles from surface of solution decreases and its vapor pressure is lowered.
ii. Forces of attraction are produced between solute and solvent particles, which also
hinders the evaporation of solvent molecules and its vapor pressure decreases.
21. Justify that boiling point of solvents increase due to presence of non-volatile solutes.
Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which vapor pressure of liquid becomes equal to
external pressure.
When a solute is added in solvent, then vapor pressure of solvents lowers due to
i. Interaction between salute-solvent particles
ii. Molecules of salute present at surface hinder evaporating tendency of solvent.
Hence, to equalize vapor pressure of liquid with external pressure, more heat is to be supplied.
So, boiling point of solution is increased.
Example, Boiling point of pure water = 100°C
Boiling point of 1 molal urea solution in water = 100.52°C
22. Freezing points are depressed due to presence of solutes. Why is it so?
The temperature at which solid and liquid phase of a substance has same vapor pressure is
called as freezing point.
When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, its vapor pressure decreases due to solute-
solvent interactions. Now the vapor pressure of solution becomes equal to solid solvent at a
lower temperature than pure solvent. Thus freezing points are depressed due to presence of
solutes.

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL
 1st year chemistry

Example, freezing point of pure water = 0°C

freezing point of 1 molal urea solution in water = -1.86°C
23. The boiling point of one molal urea is 100.520C but the boiling point of two molal
urea is less than 101.040C. Justify.

24. What is molal boiling point constant or ebullioscopic constant?

The elevation in boiling point of a liquid, when one mole of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solute is dissolved in one kilogram of a solvent is called as molal boiling point constant or
ebullioscopic constant. It is denoted by Kb.

25. What is physical significance of Kf and Kb?

The depression in freezing point of a liquid, when one mole of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solute is dissolved in one kilogram of a solvent is called as molal freezing point constant or
cryoscopic constant. It is denoted by Kf.
The elevation in boiling point of a liquid, when one mole of a non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solute is dissolved in one kilogram of a solvent is called as molal boiling point constant or
ebullioscopic constant. It is denoted by Kb.
Their values depend upon nature of solvent. By knowing these values, one can guess the
change in colligative properties due to different concentration of solute or using an electrolyte
solute.
26. In summer antifreeze solution protects liquid of radiator from boiling over. How?
Ethylene glycol is used as antifreeze in car radiator. When it is added into water, it increases
liquid range of solution by raising its boiling point and by lowering its freezing point. In this
way, in hot summer the antifreeze solution protects car radiator from boiling over.

27. NaCl and KNO3 are used to lower the melting point of ice. Why is it so?
NaCl and KNO3 are very strong electrolytes and are highly soluble in water even at low
temperature. They dissolve even in ice and produce twice number of ions than the formula
units.
NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
KNO3 → K+ + NO3-
Due to greater no. of solute particles, they produce a greater depression in freezing point of
ice. Hence, NaCl and KNO3 are used to lower melting point of ice and to prepare freezing
mixture.

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL
 1st year chemistry

28. Beckmann thermometer is used to note the depression in freezing point. Justify it?

29. Differentiate between hydration and hydrolysis.

Hydration is the process in which water molecules surround and interact with solute ions or
molecules.
Example; When a salt is added to water it is dissolved because of hydration process.
Hydrolysis; When a salt is dissolved in water, it dissociates into cations and anions. These
ions may react with water and the resulting solution may be acidic, basic or neutral, depending
upon the extent of hydrolysis.
Example; When NaCl is dissolved in water, the resulting solution is neutral because in solution
the concentration of H+ and OH- ions is equal to 10-7 M.
30. Why hydration energy of Li+ is greater than that of Na+?
Hydration is maximum for ion having small size and more charge, leading to greater charge
density. Same is the case here, Li+ has higher charge density (charge per unit volume) as its
volume is low compared to Na+ in which charge is same +1 but its volume is large and hence
charge density is small.
31. Define water of crystallization.
The water molecules which combine with substances as they are crystallized from aqueous
solutions are called water of crystallization. e.g. Epsom salt (MgSO4.7H2O)
32. Aqueous solution of CuSO4 is acidic in nature. How?
The aqueous solution of CuSO4 is acidic in nature due to hydrolysis of CuSO4 in water. It
produces Cu(OH)2 and H2SO4 when dissolved in water as follows;
CuSO4 + 2HOH → Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ + SO4-2
CuSO4 is a weak base and does not ionizes in water while H2SO4 is a strong acid that
completely ionizes in water and produce H+ and SO4-2. Due to complete ionization of H2SO4,
the concentration of H+ increases and solution becomes acidic.
33. Aqueous solution of CH3COONa is basic in nature. Why is it so?
In aqueous solution, sodium acetate dissociates as under;
CH3COONa + HOH → CH3COOH + NaOH
Since NaOH is strong base, it remains completely dissociated to produce large numbers
of OH− ions as compared to H+ ion coming from weak acid CH3COOH. Thus, due to large
numbers of OH− ions, the solution becomes basic.

------------------GOOD LUCK------------------

Iqra Alamgir
Chemistry Lecturer PUNJAB COLLEGE SAMBRIAL