CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY

By:
Sree Vaishnaav Ragupathy
Kavinraj Murugapandian
Sanjay Elavarasan Karthikeyan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CERTIFICATE
 INDEX

S.No Content Page No.

1. Colligative property
2. Lowering Vapour Pressure (∆P)
of solutions.
3. Elevation in Boiling Point
4. Freezing point depression
5. Osmotic pressure
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY
In chemistry, colligative properties are properties
of solutions that depend upon the ratio of the number of
solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a
solution, and not on the type of chemical species
present. The number ratio can be related to the various
units for concentration of solutions. The independence of
the nature of solute particles is exact for ideal solutions,
and approximate for dilute real solutions.

Here we consider only those properties which result

because of the dissolution of nonvolatile solute in a
volatile liquid solvent. They are independent of the nature
of the solute because they are due essentially to the
dilution of the solvent by the solute. The word colligative
is derived from the Latin colligatus meaning bound
together.
TYPES OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY:-

1. Lowering Vapour pressure : Raoult’s law.

2. Elevation in boiling point (ΔTb ).
3. Depression in freezing point (ΔTf ).
4. Osmosis.
LOWERING VAPOUR PRESSURE:
RAOULT’S LAW

When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the

vapour pressure of the solution decreases.

According to Roult’s Law, the vapour pressure of a solvent

(P1) in a solution containing a non-volatile solute is given

by
According to Raoult's Law,

Vapour pressure of the pure solvent = P1°

Vapour pressure of the solvent in solution = P1

P1 =x1P1°

ΔP1 =P1°-P1

=P1°-x1P1°

=P1°(1-x1)

In a binary solution, 1-x1 =x2

ΔP1 =P1°x2

ΔP1/P1° = (P1° - P1)/P1° = x2

The lowering of vapour pressure relative to the vapour

pressure of pure solvent is called relative lowering of

vapour pressure.

ΔP1/P1° → Relative lowering of Vapour pressure

Thus, the relative lowering in vapour pressure depends

only on the concentration of solute particles and is

independent of their identity.

If the solution contains more than one non-volatile solute,

then the relative lowering in vapour pressure of a solvent

is equal to the sum of the mole fractions of all the non-

volatile solutes.

If n1 and n2 are respectively the number of moles of the

solvent and solute in a binary solution, then the relative

lowering in the vapour pressure of the solvent,

(P1° - P1)/P1° = x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn

if n1 and n2 are the number of moles of the solvent and

solute,

(P1° - P1)/P1° = n2/(n1+n2)

For dilute solutions n2 << n1

(P1° - P1)/P1° = n2/n1

n1 = W1/M1 , n2 = W2/M2

(P1° - P1)/P1° = (W2xM1)/(W1xM2)

W1 = Mass of solvent

W2 = Mass of solute

M1 = Molar mass of solvent

M2 = Molar mass of solute

 ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
The exact relation between the boiling point of the
solution and the mole fraction of the solvent is rather
complicated, but for dilute solutions the elevation of the
boiling point is directly proportional to the molal
concentration of the solute:

Kb = Ebullioscopy constant, which is 0.512°C kg/mol for

the boiling point of water.
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with an
increase in temperature. When vapour pressure of the
liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure (or)
external pressure, then the liquid starts boiling.
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the
liquid is equal to the external pressure is known as its
boiling point. At any temperature, the vapour pressure of
a solution containing a non-volatile solute is less than
that of the pure solvent.
The temperatures at which the vapour pressure of the
solvent and the solution become equal to the
atmospheric pressure are Tb0 and Tb.
Tb-Tb0 =∆Tb
Thus, it can be seen that the boiling point of a solution is
greater than the boiling point of a pure solvent.
The boiling point of the solvent changes as the
concentration of the solute in the solution changes, but it
does not depend on the identity of the solute particles.
The elevation of the boiling point depends upon the
concentration of the solute in the solution and is directly
proportional to the molality (m) of the solute in the
solution.
ΔTb = Tb - Tb°
Tb > Tb°

ΔTb ∝ Concentration of solute

ΔTb ∝ m (Molarity)
ΔTb = Kb m

Kb = Boiling point elevation constant or molal

elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant
If w2 grams of a solute with M2 molar mass is dissolved
in w1gram of a solvent, then the molality (m) of the
solution is,
m = (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)

ΔTb = Kb (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)
 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
The freezing point of a substance is defined as the
temperature at which its solid phase is in dynamic
equilibrium with its liquid phase. At the freezing point, the
vapour pressure of the substance in its liquid phase is the
same as the vapour pressure of the substance in its solid
phase.

When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the

freezing point of the solution gets lowered.
According to Roult’s law, the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is lower than that of a pure
solvent. Thus the freezing point of a solvent decreases
when a non-volatile solute is added to it.
The depression in the freezing point depends upon the
concentration of the solution.
For dilute solutions, depression in the freezing point is
directly proportional to molality(m).
Thus,∆Tf =Kf m
Where
Kf =freezing point depression constant (or) molal
depression constant (or) cryoscopic constant.
Molal depression constant Kf can be defined as the
depression in freezing point when 1mole of solute dissolved
in 1kg of solvent. The unit for Kf is kelvin kilogram /mole.
As Kf depends upon the nature of the solvent, its value is
different for different solvents.
The values of Kf can be calculated from this expression

Kf = (R x M1 x Tf2)/(1000 x ΔfusH)

R = Gas constant
M1= Molar mass of the solvent
Tf = Freezing point of the pure solvent
ΔfusH = Enthalpy for the fusion of the solvent

If w2 grams of a solute with molar mass M2 is dissolved in

w1 grams of a solvent, then the molality m of the solution is
given by W2 multiplied by 1,000 divided by w1 multiplied by
M2Substituting this value of molality in the freezing point
depression equation, we get depression in the freezing
point
Molarity , m = (W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)

ΔTf = Kf m
ΔTf = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)

M2 = = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xΔTf)

Thus, the molar mass of a non-ionic solute can be

calculated by using the depression at the freezing point.
 OSMOSIS
Membranes which allows only solvent particles but not
solute particles of solution is called semi-permeable
membranes (or) SPM. These membranes can be of
natural origin (or) synthetic origin.

Vegetable membranes and membranes found under the

shell of an egg are
examples of natural
membranes and
cellophane is an
example of a synthetic
membrane. Thus
'Osmosis' can be
defined as the
spontaneous flow of solvent through a semi-permeable
membrane from a pure solvent to a solution or from a
dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
It is important to note that osmosis drives solvent
molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from
low solute concentrations to high solute concentrations.
Osmosis ends when the solute concentration becomes
equal on either side of the membrane and equilibrium is
attained. The flow of solvent molecules from low
concentration to high concentration can be stopped by
applying some extra pressure on the high concentration
side.
The minimum pressure required to do so is known as
the osmotic pressure of the solution.
Thus, the osmotic pressure π of a solution is defined as the
excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to
prevent osmosis from taking place.
Osmotic pressure does not depend on the identity of the
solute but on its concentration.
Osmotic pressure for dilute solutions is proportional to the
molarity of the solution at a given temperature(T).
π ∝ C (at given T)
π= CRT
R = Gas constant
C = n2/V
π = n2RT / V
If W2 grams of solute of molar mass M2 is present in the
solution,
n2 = W2/M2
π = W2RT / M2V
M2 = W2RT / πV
This is widely used to determine the molar masses of
polymers and macromolecules, especially biomolecules,
as they are generally unstable at higher temperatures and
decompose before their boiling point is reached.
If the solutions have the same concentrations (C1 = C2),
then π1= π2.
CONCLUSION
A colligative property is the property of a solution that
depends only on the number of solute particles and not
on their nature. Colligative properties of a solution
include relative lowering of vapour pressure, the
elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point,
and osmotic pressure. They are studied mostly for dilute
solutions, whose behaviour may be approximated as that
of an ideal solution.
The properties mentioned above are colligative only
within the dilution limit. At higher concentrations, the
freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapour
pressure elevation or depression, and osmotic pressure
depend on the chemical nature of the solvent and the
solute.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.geeksforgeek.com
2. www.slideshare.com
3. www.icbse.com
4. www.wikipedia.com
5. www.chemworld.com