1 Freezing point depression

Solutions have a lower freezing point than

pure solvents.

The change in freezing point of the solution

is directly proportional to solute molality:

 
ΔT 𝑓 =𝑇 𝑓 ( solution ) − T 𝑓 ( solvent )=− i   K 𝑓 𝑚

• Tf(solution) is the freezing point of the solution.

• Tf(solvent) is the freezing point of the solvent.
• Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant for the solvent.
2 Freezing point depression
3 Worked Example 9:

Automotive antifreeze contains ethylene glycol

(EG), C2H6O2, a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte in water.
Calculate the freezing point of a 25 % by mass
solution of EG in water.
4 Solution to Worked Example :

Assume the mass of solvent (water) = 1 kg

Then mass of solute (EG) = 250 g
\ n = m/M = 250/62 = 4.03 mol
\ molality = 4.03 mol/1 kg = 4.03 m
Tf = -i KFm = -1  1.806  4.03 = -7.28 C
\ Freezing point = 0 – 7.28 = -7.28 C

For fun, try another mass for water (e.g. 50 g, 100 g, 250 g) and see if you get
the same answer 
5 Molar mass from colligative properties

 
M=

• M = molar mass of solute

• s = mass of solute
• w = mass of solvent
6 Worked Example 10:

A solution of an unknown nonvolatile

nonelectrolyte was prepared by dissolving 0.25 g of
the substance in 40 g of CCl4. The boiling point of
the resultant solution was 0.357 °C higher than that
of pure solvent.

Calculate the molar mass of the solute.

7 Solution to Worked Example 10:

KB (CCl4) = 5.02 C/m

M=

= 87.89 g/mol
8 Worked Example 11:

 
M=

1 g of a pure substance dissolved in 200 g of

camphor gave a solution which froze at 178 C.
What is the molar mass of the substance?
9 Solution to Worked Example 11:

Kf (camphor) = 37.7 C/m

 

The freezing point of camphor = 178.75 C

M=

= 251.33 g/mol
10 Osmotic Pressure
Semipermeable membranes allow some particles to pass
through while blocking others.

In osmosis, the net movement of solvent is always toward

the solution with the higher solute concentration (lower
solvent concentration).
11 Osmotic Pressure
12 Osmotic Pressure

The pressure which stops the osmosis is the

osmotic pressure (π):

  n 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝜋 =𝑖
V ( )
𝑅𝑇=𝑖𝑐𝑅𝑇 =𝑖
𝑀𝑉

• V is the volume of the solution.

• n is the number of moles of solute.
• R is the ideal gas constant.
• T is the absolute temperature.
• c is the molarity of the solution.
13 Worked Example 12:

The osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of a

certain protein was measured to determine the
protein’s molar mass. The solution contained 3.5 mg
of protein dissolved in sufficient water to form 5 ml
solution. The osmotic pressure of the solution at 25
°C was found to be 205 Pa.

Treating the protein as a nonelectrolyte, calculate its

molar mass.
14 Solution to Worked Example 12: