BALLESTEROS, CHERRY A. MR.

BERLIN DEL MUNDO

11-STEM UMALI March 9, 2021
GC-II
RESEARCH ON CONCENTRATION UNITS
Steps on how molarity, molality, mole fraction, and percent by mass can be converted into each
other.

STEPS
MOLARITY
To calculate molarity:
 Find the number of moles of solute dissolved in solution
 Find the volume of solution in liters
 Divide moles solute by liters solution
Make certain to use the correct number of significant figures when reporting your answer. One
easy way to track the number of significant digits is to write all your numbers in scientific
notation.

MOLALITY
To calculate molality:
 Determine moles
 Determine molality

MOLE FRACTION
To calculate mole fraction:
 Expressed terms in mole
 Expressed the amount of component of the solution
 Expressed moles per mol. of solution
 Mole percent is mole fraction multiplied by 100%
PERCENT BY MASS
To calculate percent by mass:
 Divide the mass of the solute by mass of the solution
 Multiply the percent by mass to 100%
 Then you’ll get the final answer
Give sample problem with solution for each items (molarity, molality, mole fraction, and
percent by mass).

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
MOLARITY
1. How do we determine the molarity of a solution containing 4 grams of NaOH in 200 mL
of solution?

Given:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) = 4.0𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 300 𝑚𝐿
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦:
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀=
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻:
𝑁𝑎 = 23
0 = 16
𝐻 = 1⁄40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
4.0𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
40𝑔
200𝑚𝐿
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑉 (𝑚𝐿 𝑡𝑜 𝐿) = = 0.2 𝐿
1000𝑚𝐿
Solution:
0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀= = 0.5 𝑀 𝑜𝑟 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
0.2 𝐿
MOLALITY
2. How much NaOH is needed to prepare 0.5 m solution using 500 g of water?

Given:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐻2 𝑂) = 500𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.5 𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦:
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚=
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
Solution:
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒(𝑔) 1000𝑔/𝑘𝑔
0.5 = 𝑥
40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 500𝑔
500𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) = (0.5𝑚𝑜𝑙)(40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑥
1000𝑔
𝑘𝑔
= 10𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 (𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 0.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑟 500 𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
MOLE FRACTION
3. A solution was prepared by mixing 10 moles of alcohol and 10 moles of water. What is
the composition of the solution expressed in mole fraction?

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑋𝑖 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution:
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 + 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
10
= = 0.5
10 + 10
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙
10
= = 0.5
10 + 10
𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 1: 1.

PERCENT BY MASS
4. What is the percentage by mass of a salt solution prepared by dissolving 11 grams of salt
in 80 grams of solution?

Given:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 11𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 80𝑔
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠:
%(𝑚
⁄𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution:
11𝑔
% 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 = 𝑥 100
80𝑔
= 13.75%