Chemistry 1

QUARTER 3 – MODULE 4_WEEK 4:

Introduction to
Stoichoimetry
I. Chemical Equations:
After your encounter with this module, you are expected to:
• Content Standards: The learners demonstrate understanding of the quantitative relationship of
reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

• Performance Standards: The learners should be able to design using multimedia, demonstrations, or
models, a representation or simulation any of the following:
A. Atomic structure
B. Gas behavior
C. Mass relationships.
D. Reactions

• Most Essential Learning Competency:

▪ Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in order to calculate the amount of reactant needed
or amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass. STEM_GC11MRIg-h-38
▪ Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reaction. STEM_GC11MRIg-h-39
▪ Explain the concept of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction; identify the excess reagent(s).
STEM_GC11MRIg-h-40
▪ Determine mass relationship in a chemical reaction. STEM_GC11MRIg-h-42

This module generally describes the different topics on ways of separating mixtures:
 Lesson 1: __ Balanced Equations and Mole Ratios
 Lesson 2: __ Percent Yield vs Theoretical Yield and Limiting Reagent vs Excess Reagent

II. CONCEPT NOTES

LESSON 1: Balanced Equations and Mole Ratios

A balanced chemical equation is analogous to a recipe for chocolate chip cookies. It shows
what reactants (the ingredients) combine to form what products (the cookies). It also shows the
numerical relationships between the reactants and products (such as how many cups of flour are
required to make a single batch of cookies).
These numerical relationships are known as reaction stoichiometry, a term derived from
the Ancient Greek words stoicheion ("element") and metron ("measure"). In this module, we'll look
at how we can use the stoichiometric relationships contained in balanced chemical equations to
determine amounts of substances consumed and produced in chemical reactions.
A common type of stoichiometric relationship is the mole ratio, which relates the amounts
in moles of any two substances in a chemical reaction. We can write a mole ratio for a pair of
substances by looking at the coefficients in front of each species in the balanced chemical
equation. For example, consider the equation for the reaction between iron(III) oxide and
aluminum metal:
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)

We can write the relationship between the Fe2O3 and Al as the following mole ratio:
1 mol Fe2O3 : 2 mol Al

In general, mole ratios can be used to convert between amounts of any two substances involved
in a chemical reaction.

Example 1: How many grams of NaOH are required to fully consume 3.10 g of H2SO4?
Step 1: Write a balanced chemical equation.
2 NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
Chemistry 1_Q3 Page 1
 Step 2: Convert the given 3.10 g of H2SO4 to g of NaOH moles.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 40.00 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

3.10 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 × × × = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟑 𝒈 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
98.08 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
Molar mass of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Mole ratio of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Molar mass of NaOH
and NaOH

Example 2: Calculate the mass of oxygen (O2) will react completely with 96.1 grams of propane
(C3H8)?
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 32.00 𝑔 𝑂2
96.1 𝑔 𝐶3 𝐻8 × × × = 𝟑𝟒𝟗 𝒈 𝑶𝟐
44.097 𝑔 𝐶3 𝐻8 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
Molar mass of 𝐶3 𝐻8 Mole ratio of 𝐶3 𝐻8 Molar mass of O2
and O2

A balanced chemical equation shows us the numerical relationships between each of the species
involved in the chemical change. We can use these numerical relationships to write mole ratios,
which allow us to convert between amounts of reactants and/or products (and thus solve
stoichiometry problems!).

LESSON 2: Percent Yield vs Theoretical Yield and Limiting Reagent vs Excess Reagent

It’s a classic conundrum: We have five hot dogs and four hot dog buns. How many complete hot
dogs can we make?

Assuming that hot dogs and buns combine in a 1:1 ratio, we

can make four complete hot dogs. Once we run out of buns,
we'll have to stop making complete hot dogs. In other words,
the hot dog buns limit the number of complete hot dogs we
can produce.

This brings us to the concept of the limiting reactant (or limiting reagent), which is the reactant
that is consumed first and that therefore limits the amounts of products that can be formed. In any
stoichiometry calculation involving a chemical reaction, it is essential to determine which reactant
is limiting so as to calculate correctly the amounts of products that will be formed. The amount of a
product that is formed when the limiting reactant is fully consumed in a reaction is known as the
theoretical yield. In the case of our hot dog example, we already determined the theoretical yield
(four complete hot dogs) based on the number of hot dogs buns we were working with.
Enough about hot dogs, though! In the next example, we'll see how to identify the limiting reactant
and calculate the theoretical yield for an actual chemical reaction.

Example 1: A 2.80 g sample of Al(s) reacts with a 4.15 g sample of Cl2(g) according to the balance
chemical equation below:
2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 AlCl3(s)
What is the theoretical yield of AlCl3 in this reaction? (Tip: To solve this problem, we first
need to determine which reactant, Al or Cl2, is limiting.)
Step 1: Convert reactant masses to moles

Chemistry 1_Q3 Page 2

 Step 2: Find the limiting reactant. We'll use mole ratios from the balanced equation to
calculate the amount of AlCl3 that would be formed by complete consumption of Al and Cl2. The
reactant that produces the smallest amount of AlCl3 must be the limiting.

Cl2 produces the smallest amount

of AlCl3 so it limits the reaction

Step 3: Calculate the theoretical yield.

As we just learned, the theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be formed in a
chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant. In practice, however, the actual yield
of product—the amount of product that is actually obtained—is almost always lower than the
theoretical yield. This can be due to a number of factors, including side reactions (secondary
reactions that form undesired products) or purification steps that lower the amount of product
isolated after the reaction.

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐴𝑌)

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑇𝑌)

Based on this definition, we would expect a percent yield to have a value between 0% and 100%.
If our percent yield is greater than 100%, that means we probably calculated something incorrectly
or made an experimental error. With all this in mind, let's try calculating the percent yield for a
precipitation reaction in the following example.

Example 2: A students mixes 25.0 mL of 0.314 M BaCl2 with excess AgNO3, causing AgCl to
precipitate. The balanced equation for the reaction is shown below. (Note: M is molarity =
moles/Liter)
BaCl2(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → 2 AgCl(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
If the student isolates 1.82 g of AgCl(s), what is the percent yield of the reaction?
Step 1: Find moles of the limiting reactant

Step 2: Determine the theoretical yield (in grams)

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 143.32 𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙

7.85 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 × × = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝒈 𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙

Chemistry 1_Q3 Page 3

 Step 3: Calculate the percent yield

Example 3: Suppose 25.0 kg of nitrogen reacts with 5.00 kg of hydrogen to form ammonia.
a. What mass of ammonia can be produced? 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒈 𝑵𝑯𝟑
b. Which reactant is the limiting reactant? Hydrogen
c. What is the mass of the reactant that is in excess? 1.9 kg N2
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)
1000 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 2 𝑁𝐻3
25.0 𝑘𝑔 𝑁2 × × × = 1.78 × 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
1 𝑘𝑔 28.014 𝑔 𝑁2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2

1000 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 2 𝑁𝐻3

5.0 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 × × × = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝑯𝟑 H2 produces the smallest amount
1 𝑘𝑔 2.016 𝑔 𝐻2 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 of NH3 so it limits the reaction

17.031 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
1.65 × 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 × = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒈 𝑵𝑯𝟑
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 28.014 𝑔 𝑁2
1.65 × 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 × × = 231 11.55 𝑔 𝑁2 𝑜𝑟 23.11155 𝑘𝑔 𝑁2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2

25.0 𝑘𝑔 − 23.11155 𝑘𝑔 = 1.88845 𝑘𝑔 𝑁2 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟗 𝒌𝒈 𝑵𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔

III. LEARNING TASKS

A. Learning Task 1. Identify the type of reaction
Instructions: Solve the following problems relating to stoichiometry. Use a separate piece of
paper to write the complete computation to solve the problems. Note: Only practicing
stoichiometry can you master chemistry.

1. Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia over solid copper(II) oxide
at high temperatures. The other products of the reaction are solid copper and water vapor.
a. If a sample containing 18.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g of CuO, which is the
limiting reactant?
b. How many grams of N2 will be formed?

2. Methanol (CH3OH), also called methyl alcohol, is the simplest alcohol. It is used as a fuel
in race cars and is a potential replacement for gasoline. Methanol can be manufactured by
combination of gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Suppose 68.5 kg CO (g) is reacted
with 8.60 kg H2(g).
a. Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol.
b. If 3.57 × 104 g CH3OH is actually produced, what is the percent yield of methanol?

3. One of the steps in the commercial process for converting ammonia to nitric acid involves
the conversion of NH3 to NO:
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(s)
a. If 1.00 g of NH3 and 1.50 g of O2 are mixed, which is the limiting reactant?
Chemistry 1_Q3 Page 4
 b. What is the theoretical yield (in grams) of NO that can be produced when the
quantities in part a are mixed?
c. If 1.05 g of NO are actually obtained from the reaction, what is the percent yield?

4. Use the chemical equation below to answer the following questions:

2 NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 → 2 NaNO3 + PbCl2
a. How many grams of lead(II) chloride are produced from the reaction of 15.3 g of
NaCl and 60.8 g of Pb(NO3)2?
b. What is the limiting reactant?
c. How much excess is left over?

5. Use the chemical equation below to answer the following questions:

CH4(g) + 2 H2O(g) → 4 H2(g) + CO2(g)
a. How many grams of hydrogen can be produced from the reaction of 80.0 g of CH4
and 16.3 g of water?
b. What is the limiting reactant?

6. Use the chemical equation below to answer the following questions:

Al + FeCl3 → Fe + AlCl3
a. 3.6 grams of aluminum are put in a container with 9.8 grams of FeCl3. How many
grams of iron can be produced?
b. Identify the limiting reactant and the excess reactant in the given chemical
reaction.
c. If 2.5 g of Fe resulted from the reaction, what was the percent yield?

7. Use the chemical equation below to answer the following questions:

2 Fe + 3 Cl2 → 2 FeCl3
Q. 20. grams of iron reacted with 15 grams of chlorine. 22 grams of iron (III) chloride
were recovered from the experiment, which means the reaction had what percent yield?

8. Use the chemical equation below to answer the following questions:

2 Ga + 3 S → Ga2S3
a. What is the theoretical yield in grams of the reaction between 3.5 grams of gallium
and 13 grams of sulfur?
b. Identify the limiting reactant and the excess reactant in the given chemical
reaction.
c. How much of the excess reactant is left after the reaction?

IV. REFLECTION (for Grade IV up)

Instruction: Complete the statement:

I have learned that ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry 1_Q3 Page 5

V. REFERENCES
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:chemical-
reactions/x2eef969c74e0d802:stoichiometry/a/stoichiometry
https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/540/HW%20-
%20limiting%20reactant%20practice%20answers.pdf
http://sites.isdschools.org/hs_science_remote_learning_resources/useruploads/chemistry/Chemistry_Gordon,McQ
uerry_4_27.pdf
VI. ANSWER KEY (Inverted)
gS
Gallium, Excess Reagent: Sulfur, c. 11
8. a. 5.9 g Ga2S3, b. Limiting Reagent:
7. 96%
6. a. 3.4 g Fe, b. FeCl3, c. 73.5%
5. a. 3.65 g H2 , b. Water
c. 17.4 g Pb(NO3)2
4. a. 36.4 g PbCl2, b. Sodium Chloride,
3. a. O2, b. 1.13 g NO, c. 92.9%
b. Percent yield is 52.3%
2. a. Theoretical yield is 6.86 × 104 g,
1. a. CuO is limiting; b. 10.6 g N2
Compiled by: KRISTINE P. SUMALINOG
Teacher III, Babag NHS-SHS
Chemistry 1_Q3 Page 6