Physical and

Chemical Change
 Physical Change
3 Types:
 Phase change
 Change in shape
 Colour change

Energy is necessary.
 Phase Change
Just before melting:
 Particles move faster.
 Particles further apart.
 More intense collisions due to
higher speed.
During phase change:
• Spaces between particles increase.
• Forces between particles weaken.
• Arrangement is less orderly.
Just before evaporation:
 Particles move very quickly.
 Particles are far apart.
 Intense collisions at high speed.
During phase change:
• Spaces between particles are huge.
• Forces between particles weak.
• Arrangement is random.

melting evaporation

No kinetic energy change occurs during this phase change

Just before freezing:
 Particles move very slowly.
 Particles are close together.
During phase change:
• Very small spaces between particles.
• Forces between particles are very
strong.
• More orderly arrangement of
particles.
freezing
No kinetic energy change occurs during this phase change
Just before condensation:
 Particles move slower.
 No longer far apart.
 Collisions are less intense.
During phase change:
• Spaces between particles decrease.
• Forces between particles strengthen.
• Arrangement is more orderly.
condensation
Change in energy
• Heat that is transferred can cause either a
change in temperature or a phase change.

During a phase change the following remains

constant:
• Size and mass of particles
• Shape of the particles (not the shape of the
substance).
• Number of particles.
 Change in shape
Change in shape means:
• the chemical composition remains the same.
• only shape changes.

Examples:
• Steel rolled and flattened to form steel plate.
• Clay that is moulded.
• Grounding coarse salt.
• Sugar – castor sugar & icing sugar.
 Colour change
During a colour change:
• the chemical composition remains the same.
• the colour changes temporarily.

Examples:
• Iron rod turns red when heated.
• Stove plate turns red when hot.
• Mercury(II) oxide turns from orange to
bright red to nearly black when heated.
 Chemical change

A chemical change of a substance

results in a new substance being
formed, which differs in composition
as well as in chemical and physical
properties.
Types of changes:
1. Synthesis reaction – two or more substances
combine to fewer substances.
2. Decomposition reaction – a single compound is
broken into simpler substances.
Energy necessary:
Needs large amounts of energy to:
 break very strong covalent forces (intramolecular
bonds).
 break very strong electrostatic forces
(intramolecular bonds).
Not always a reversible reaction.
During a chemical change the:
• chemical composition changes.
• chemical bonds (intramolecular) break.
• atoms, molecules or ions are rearranged.
• new substances are formed.
 Change in particles and mass
During a chemical change there is a change in the:
 size of the molecules, but not the individual
atoms.
 shape of the molecules, but not the individual
atoms.
 number of molecules, but not the individual
atoms.
Synthesis reaction:

H2 + Cℓ2 → 2HCℓ

2 H’s and 2 Cℓ’s 2 H’s and 2 Cℓ’s

Decomposition reaction:

H2O2 → H2 + O2

2 H’s and 2 O’s 2 H’s and 2 O’s

 Law of constant composition
A balanced equation:
Everything that exists before the arrow must
exist after the arrow.
The left hand side (reactants) consist of just the
same amount of matter as the right hand side
(products).
A specific chemical compound always consists of the
same elements in exactly the same ratio.

So for any quantity of:

• carbon dioxide, carbon and oxygen are in the
ratio 1 C for every 2 O’s.
• ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen are in the ratio
1 N for every 3 H’s.
• dinitrogen tetroxide, nitrogen and oxygen are in
the ratio 2 N’s for every 4 O’s.
Multiple compounds are possible for some
combinations.
Examples: H2O and H2O2
CO and CO2
 Law of conservation of mass
The total mass of the particles before a reaction and the total
mass of the particles after a reaction remain constant (law of
conservation of mass).

During a chemical reaction or a physical change, the sum of the

masses of the reactants is equal to the sum of the mass of the
products.

Atoms in reactants = Atoms in products

Number of atoms (reactants) = Number of atoms (products)
Mass before = Mass after
 2SO2 + O2  2SO3

2(32 + 16 + 16) + (16 + 16)  2(32 + 16 + 16 + 16)

Ar
128 + 32  160

Before: 160 = After: 160

Law of volume relationships in gas reactions
A specific number of particles of any gas
occupies the same volume at a fixed
temperature and pressure.
Example:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3

2 particles SO2 + 1 particle O2 → 2 particles SO3

2 unit volumes SO2 + 1 unit volume O2 → 2 unit volumes SO3

2 dm3 SO2 + 1 dm3 O2 → 2 dm3 SO3

2 cm3 SO2 + 1 cm3 O2 → 2 cm3 SO3

6 cm3 SO2 + 3 cm3 O2 → 6 cm3 SO3

 Classwork and Homework
DocScientia
Separating Particles
• Exercise 11 p. 182 – 183
• Exercise 12 p. 188 – 189
Laws
• Exercise 13 p. 195 – 197
• Exam Questions p. 201 – 210 – All MCQ,
Contextual questions nr 3, 4, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16

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