Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mass % of X =
moles of X ∈formula ×molar mass of X ( molg ) × 100
mass of 1mol of compound
mass of element∈1 mol of compound
Mass of element=mass of compound ×
mass of 1 mol of compound
actual yield
% yield= × 100
theoretical yield
Chapter 4: Three Major Cases of Chemical Reactions
moles solute
Molarity=
liters solution
M dil ×V dil=amount ( mol )=M conc × V conc
V
Charles’ Law: =contant
T
P
Gay-Lussac’s/Amonton’s Law: =constant
T
V
Avogadro’s Law: =constant
n
Ideal Gas Law: PV =nRT
PM
Gas Density from Ideal Gas Law: d=
RT
mRT
Molar Mass from Ideal Gas Law: M =
PV
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures: Ptotal =P1 + P2 + P3 +…
∆ T b=K b m
∆ T f =K f m
Π=MRT
For strong electrolyte solutions: multiply the colligative properties by the van’t Hoff factor (the
number of ionic species per formula unit)
Chapter 16: Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions
1 ∆[A]
Rate=±
ω ∆t
m n
Rate=k [ A ] [ B ] …
Integrated Rate Laws:
First Order: ln
( )
[ A ]0
[ A ]t
=kt
1 1
Second Order: − =kt
[ A ]t [ A ]0
Reaction Half-Life
[ A ]0
Zeroth Order: t 1 =
2
2k
0.693
First Order: t 1 =
2
k
1
Second Order: t 1 =
2 k [ A ]0
K fwd
K=
K rev
[ C ]c [ D ]d …
Q= a b
[ A ] [ B] …
1
K fwd =
K rev
( )
c d n
n [ C] [ D] …
K = a b
[ A] [B] …
∆ ngas
K p =K c ( RT )
K 2 −∆ H °rxn 1 1
Van’t Hoff Equation: ln
K1
=
R
−
T2 T1 ( )
Chapter 18: Acid-Base Equilibria
K a =¿ ¿
−14
K w =1.0× 10
pH =−log ¿ ¿
p K w =14= pH + pOH
[ HA ] dissoc
% HA dissociated= × 100
[ HA ]init
K b =¿ ¿
K a × K b =K w
Chapter 20: Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions
S=k ln W
qrev
∆ S sys=
T
∆ Suniv =∆ S sys+ ∆ S surr > 0
° ° °
∆ S rxn=Σm S products −Σ n Sreactants
−∆ H sys
∆ S surr =
T
∆ G sys=∆ H sys−T ∆ S sys
∆H
T=
∆S
Q
∆ G=RT ln =RT ln Q−RT ln K
K
∆ G° =−RT ln K
°
∆ G=∆ G + RT ln Q
Chapter 21: Electrochemistry: Chemical Change and Electrical Work
° RT
Ecell = ln K
nF
° 0.0592V
Ecell = log K
n
n E °cell
log K =
0.0592 V
RT
Ecell =E°cell − ln Q
nF
° 0.0592V
Ecell =Ecell − log Q
n