ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

PRELIMINARY EXAM FORMULA CARD

LECTURE TOPICS
MOLE CONCEPT
Millimole
Depending on the dimensional analysis, the Mole Formula Pyramid
Avogadro’s following conversion factors can be used: Where: m
m = mass of given element (Unit: g)
number 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑟 1𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
mm = molar mass of given element (Unit: g/mol)
= 6.02 × 10 23 In fraction: mm mol
1000 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 mol = number of moles of given element (Unit: mol)
𝑜𝑟
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
Conversion of moles to formula units/atoms/molecules
Conversion of formula units/atoms/molecules to moles
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) =
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 ′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ×
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑜 ′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
NOTE: Unit dependent on given problem

CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑛)
Molarity 𝑀= % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿) % by 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)
(Molar
Where: mass × 100
Concentration) 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑔)
M = Molarity of solution (Unit: M or mol/L)
% 𝑏𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = % by % 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
% by volume 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝐿) mass / 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔)
× 100 × 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝐿) + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝐿) volume 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝐿)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙. )
𝑋𝐴 = × 100 𝑚=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑘𝑔)
Mole Fraction Where: Molality Where:
XA = Mole Fraction of A m = Molality of solution (Unit: m or mol/kg)
A = Given substance
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑔) 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑔)
𝑝𝑝𝑚 = × 106 Parts 𝑝𝑝𝑏 = × 109
Parts per 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑔) 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑔)
per
million Where: Where:
billion
ppm (Unit representation) = parts per million ppb (Unit representation) = parts per billion
𝑝𝑋 = −log [𝑋]
Where:
p-Functions
Px = p-Value of the species
X = Molar concentration of the species

ERRORS AND STATISTICAL DATA IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

𝐸 = 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑡 𝑋 −𝑋
𝐸 = 𝑖 𝑡 × 100
𝑋𝑡
Where:
E = Absolute Error Where:
Absolute E = Relative Error
Xi = Measured value Relative Error
Error Xi = Measured value
Xt = True value
NOTE: Unit dependent on given Xt = True value
problem NOTE: No unit for this, only percentage
∑|𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅ | 2
𝑑̅ = ∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅ )
𝑛 𝑠= √
Where: 𝑁−1
Regular
𝑑̅ = Average deviation Where:
Average Standard
Xi = Measured value s = Regular Standard Deviation
Deviation Deviation (If n ≤
𝑋̅ = Mean of the data set 30)
Xi = Each measured value
n = Total number of data values 𝑋̅ = Mean of the data set
NOTE: Unit dependent on given N = Total number of data values
problem NOTE: No unit for this
 2
∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅)
∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)2 𝑠2 =
𝜎= √ 𝑁−1
𝑁 Where:
Population
Where: s2 = Regular Variance
Standard Regular Variance
𝜎 = Population Standard Deviation Xi = Each measured value
Deviation (If n ≤ 30)
Xi = Each measured value 𝑋̅ = Mean of the data set
(If n ≥ 30)
𝜇 = Mean of the population N = Total number of data values
N = Total number of data values NOTE: No unit for this
NOTE: No unit for this
∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)2 𝑠
𝜎2 = 𝑅𝑆𝐷 = × 1000 𝑝𝑝𝑡
𝑁 𝑋̅
Where: Where:
Population Relative RSD = Relative standard deviation
Variance 𝜎 2 = Population Variance Standard ppt = parts per thousand
(If n ≥ 30) Xi = Each measured value Deviation s = standard deviation of the data
𝜇 = Mean of the population
𝑋̅ = mean of the data set
N = Total number of data values
NOTE: No unit for this NOTE: No unit for this
𝑠 𝑤 =𝐻−𝐿
𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
𝑋̅ Where:
Coefficient Where: w = Spread or Range
of CV = Coefficient of variation Spread or Range H = Highest value
Variation s = standard deviation of the data L = Lowest value
𝑋̅ = mean of the data set NOTE: No unit for this
NOTE: No unit for this

LABORATORY TOPICS
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY – MEASURING VOLUME
𝑣= 𝑎3 𝑣 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
Where: Where:
Volume of a
Volume of a v = volume of cube (Unit: cm3) v = volume of rectangular box (Unit: cm3)
rectangular
cube a = area of cube (Unit: cm) l = length of cube (Unit: cm)
box
w = width of cube (Unit: cm)
h = height of cube (Unit: cm)
Volume of 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 𝑚
𝑣=
irregular- Where: 𝑎
shaped solid v = volume of solid (Unit: mL) Volume of Where:
(via Water vf = Final volume (Unit: mL) liquid v = volume of liquid (Unit: mL)
Displacement Vi = Initial volume (Unit: mL)
a = density of liquid (Unit: kg/mL)
Method) m = mass of liquid (Unit: kg)

LABORATORY SAFETY AND TECHNIQUES

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
% Error % 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = ( ) × 100
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
NOTE: No unit for this, only percentage
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Individual Weight by
(𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
Subtraction
NOTE: Unit dependent on given problem

PREPARATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑛) 𝐶𝑂 𝑉𝑂 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑉𝑑
𝑀=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿) Where:
Molarity (Molar Where: Dilution Co = Stock solution’s concentration (Unit: M or mol/L)
Concentration) M = Molarity of solution (Unit: M or Formula Vo = Volume of stock solution being diluted (Unit: L)
mol/L) Cd = Dilute solution’s concentration (Unit: M or mol/L)
Vd = Volume of dilute solution (Unit: L)