Moreh Global Innovative College Inc.

San Francisco Campus

Victoria, Laguna

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

Moreh Global Innovative College Inc.

San Francisco Campus

Victoria, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the (HUMSS)

By: ANGELEAN NOEL ERLA CRUZ

SAIDEAL CRUZ CHARLES NOVIO

ROSALITO CRISTOBAS RHASSEL RELATADO

Jeffrey A. Comia

Subject Teacher

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FACTORS AFFECTING MENTAL HEALTH OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN SELECTED BARANGAY OF

VICTORIA LAGUNA
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

This research will emphasize the effect of the early pregnancy on the health of a

students,teachers,parents and to the future researchers. Early pregnancy is the major

factors that affect the populations growth in Victoria Laguna. In this research, we

will conduct a survey about the possible reason why it is happening. We will also give

you some ways on how you can help those people (teenager’s) if ever you encounter one

or you're friend with her/him. This research will discuss about the coping mechanism

they’ve done during and after knowing they're carrying another life inside their womb.

This will give a knowledge, warning and a guide to the next generation. We will discuss

what is the factors of early pregnancy. We will give a knowledge about what can you do

if you end up in that kind of situation. This research will help you to become

aware what is happening nowadays. It will help all of us to understand

 This research will be the
and encourage those youth/ young parents.

voice of students / youth involved in early pregnancy.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This case study attempts to determine the lived experiences of early pregnancy among high
and low performing students in terms of the causes,effects,challenges and their coping
mechanism. The consequences for both adolescent and society in general. How this problem
affect the physical and emotional health of the teenager. Pregnancies are often associated with
social development issues such as

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lack of sufficient education and poverty. We will discuss the various challenges in their lives.Did

they get to the point to end their life? Did they ever think aborting their child? How society can
affect the decision of these children? What is the effect it has on the health of the child and
mother? What could be the possible reason why they end up getting pregnant at early
age?

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in
greater Melbourne, Australia. This is ALMOST the same as our study. Because motherhood brings
increased responsibilities, social recognition, and a sense of purpose for young mothers just like the
teenagers who are bearing a child at a very young age. Despite the positive aspects of motherhood,
participants faced challenges that affected their lives. Such as: forced to drop out of school to take care of
the child, depression/anxiety, criticism and many more. Most often, the challenges included coping with
increased responsibilities following the birth of the baby, managing the competing demands of schooling,
work and taking care of a baby in a site of settlement. The young mothers indicated they received good
support from their mothers, siblings and close friends, but rarely from the father of their baby and the
wider community. Participants felt that teenage mothers are frowned upon by their wider ethnic
communities, which left them with feelings of shame and embarrassment, despite the personal perceived
benefits of achieving motherhood.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

EARLY PREGNANCY

*Financial problem
MENTAL HEALTH
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.What is the mean level of metal health?

-Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and
act. There are four intellectual disability: mild, moderate, severe, profound.

2.What is the mean level of early pregnancy interms of :

2.1 Financial problem

-Financial problem become source of stress. it can put you and your baby in danger because you
are not getting enough nutrition due to lack of money.

2.2 Family problem

-Family problem cause negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, anger and stress. Which is not
good to a pregnant woman. Too much negative emotion can cause you a bleeding/spotting.

2.3 Improper guidance of parents

-This is one of the reasons why early pregnancy is happening. Some came

from a broken family and this can cause to the child to rebel against

their parents. Another factor is the complacency of the parents to the

people who are surrounding to their child.

2.4 Lack of knowledge about sex education

-Some doesn’t know the consequences of their action. Some are just curios about sex that’s way
they are doing it.

2.5 Sexual violence

-Sexual violence refers to any sexual act or attempt to obtain a sexual act, or unwanted sexual acts
that are directed against to a person's. Example is rape. It usually happens when you gave your trust to
someone you think they are not capable to do it. Like your guy friends (we are not generalizing it) during
your party who have bad motives to you.
Hypothesis

Ha: There is a significant effect of metal health in factors affecting mental health of early pregnancy in
selected Barangays of Victoria Laguna.

Ho: There is no significant effect of metal health in factors affecting mental health of early pregnancy in
selected Barangays of Victoria Laguna

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The target respondents of the study are (30) random early age pregnant in selective Brgy. in
Victoria Laguna

The study focuses on the Early pregnancy and its effect on the mental health of students in
Victoria Laguna.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to evaluate the level of early pregnancy and its effect on the mental health of
students in Victoria Laguna. And this study is dedicated to:

Students: this study is to help them to know the cause of early pregnancy and how they can
avoid it

Community: they could build a strong alliance against teenage pregnancy and they could be a
more productive part of community in terms of cooperating in the alliance

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Teacher: to understand the feelings of children who get pregnant early and the net effect on
their mentality due to their early pregnancy

Future researcher: for them to use the study data to relate to their future studies. And also to
give knowledge about an indept study on the Early pregnancy and its effect on the mental
health of students in Victoria Laguna

DEFINITION OF TERMS
A. Vaginal bleeding-spotting is normal, but heavy bleeding could be a sign of miscarriage or ectopic
pregnancy
B. Anxiety- feeling of fear, dread, and uneasiness. You might feel anxious when faced with a difficult
problem at work, before taking a test, or before making an important decision.
C.Rape - word for sexual assault. This is one of the worst crimes. Rape can also mean to plunder or strip
something of resources.
D. Depression-a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.
E.Mild-when a person has a small number of symptoms that have a limited effect on their daily life.
F.Moderate-when a person has more symptoms that can make their daily life much more difficult than usual.
G.Severe-defined by its length of duration and the disability it produces.
H.Profound- often have mobility difficulties and complex health needs.
CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

-The adolescent is faced with many decisions and needs accurate information on topics such as
body changes , sexual activity, emotional responses within intimate sexual relationships, STD’s,
and pregnancy. In the United States 70% of adolescents have had sexual intercourse by the age
of 18 . A substantial number of these teenagers do not protect themselves from pregnancy or
STD’s. The dynamics of sexual risk taking are not fully understood, but numerous studies have
found correlations between drug/alcohol use, sexual abuse, and unsafe sex.Adolescents tend to
have a sense of being invulnerable, believing that unwanted pregnancy and other negative
outcomes of sexual behaviors are not likely to happen to them.

-Adolescent parents face different barriers. According to Spivak: “it has been acknowledged that
adolescent parents tend to come in high risk families have poor academic achievement, and
lived in our most disadvantaged communities and therefore, biologic, economic, and behavioral
factors contribute to the increased likelihood of teenager having children who are vulnerable to
physical and developmental problems.

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-12Teenage parents face many obstacles to economic and social success, and these further
influence the environment in which their children grow up. Adolescent also experience many
difficulties in adjusting to parenthood and display a range of suboptimal parenting practices,
whereas some of these appears highly resistant to change, others have clinical, programmatic,
and policy implications.

-The “Lack of Parental Guidance Contributes to Teen Pregnancy”, states that most people evade
their children from talking about sex. In some case they provide false information regarding sex
and discourage their children to participate in any informative discussion about sex. Also
teenage mothers are not well educated about sex before getting pregnant and thus this leads to
lack of communication between the parents and their children.

-Consequently, there can be no “one size fits all” conclusion here. But at the sametime, it is
possible and useful to describe the average effect of teenage childbearing and recognizing that
the average conceals underlying variation in both directions. Measuring the socio-economic
effects of early childbearing sounds like it ought to be a simple task. After all, everyone knows
that teenage mothers are much worse off on many dimensions than women who delay
childbearing. Their family incomes are lower, they are more likely to be poor and to be receiving
welfare, and they are likely to be married. Additionally, their children lag on standard measures
of early development. But such facts by themselves do not establish that a teenage birth is the
single cause of those problems or what if we could successfully intervene and change a
woman’s age at first

birth and nothing else about her up to that point, we would greatly alter her
life13circumstances. Early aged pregnancy has its effect on the socio-economic status of the
childbearing teenage.

FOREIGN LITERATURE AD STUDIES

-According to Advocates for Youth, “Adolescent mothers are less likely to complete their
education and are most likely to face limited career and economic opportunities compared to
women whose first child is born after the age of 20. “A child whose mother has no education is
twice as likely to drop out of school then one whose 15mother is educated and an estimated
one-third of adolescents, who are teen parents, are

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products of teenage pregnancies. According to Cultivation Theory, television is the most
powerful storyteller in the culture, one that continually respects the myths and ideologist, the
facts and patterns of relationships that define and legitimize the social order. According to the
cultivation hypothesis, a steady dose of television, over time, acts like the pull of gravity toward
an imaged center. This pull results in a shared set of conceptions and expectations about
reality among otherwise diverse viewers.Kinsman conducted a study that focused on the role
of peer norms in early sexual initiation of sixth-grade students found that those who were
sexually initiated were significantly more likely that others to be older (11.9 years versus 11.6
years), male(58 percent versus 37 percent), attending a poorer school (87 percent versus 85
percent),and living in an area with a high proportion of single-parent families (45p percent
versus41 percent).

-Giocolea’s study on risk factors of pregnancy among adolescent girls found that early sexual
debut; non-use of conception during first sexual intercourse, living in a very poor household,
having suffered from sexual abuse during childhood pregnancies, there is an effect on the
economy. The effects of teenage pregnancies on the economy are not felt immediately, but are
long term. Gearhart's study on teen pregnancy, linked to viewing of sexual content on TV, found
that adolescents who have high levels of exposure to television programs that 16contain sexual
content are twice as likely to be involved in a pregnancy over the following three years as their
peers who watch few such shows.

LOCAL LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Local

-Catholic high school students were less sexually active and less likely to have engaged in
premarital sex than public high school students. In college, the religiously non fraternity male
students were less likely to have sex than fraternity students. Similarly, the religiously
nonsorority female students were less likely in engage in sex that sorority student. It is believed
that peer pressure may have overpowered the effects religious beliefs in the students. In an
article in Philippine Daily Inquirer by Singson, noted that statistics in the Philippines show that
each year, almost 1 million teenage women;10 percent of all women aged 15-19 and 19 percent
of those who have had sexual intercourse — become pregnant and one-fourth of teenage
mothers have a second child within two years of their first. While in the Philippines, based on
the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines
Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26
percent of Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex
experience. And 38 percent of the youth are already in a live-in arrangement. Teenage
pregnancy is not like any other issue there in the whole world although it seems to be a
common concern, it does not seem to
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bother people that much. Not until they are personally affected by the issue or until they finally
realized that it had been increasing in number of affected people that it slowly reached an
abnormal stage or the point that it affected too many lives already and too many aspects of
living.
-Fernandez who studied about minority adolescents, found that the number of sexually active
girlfriends was positively associated with permissive sexual attitudes, intentions for future sexual
activity and non-marital childbearing. Other risk behaviors have an impact as well. When a

teen’s friends are not attached to school, have poor grades, abuse drugs or engage in
delinquent behaviors, there is a greater likelihood that the teen will become sexually active at an
early age. It is interesting to note that it is not only the actual behavior of peers, but the
assumption of certain behaviors by peers, that influence adolescent sexual activity.Initially, much
of the research on the causes of adolescent sexual activity focused on the individual level, the
influence of the teens’ own physical and physycologicalcharacteristics. More recently there has
been growing interest in contextual variables, aspects of the teens’ environments, such as the
community and school.

-These studies have consistently found that the community where teens live influences their
sexual behavior. Adolescents who live in communities with more social disorganization and
fewer economic resources are more likely to engage in sex at an early age and become
pregnant. The level of education, unemployment rate and income level of the adults in the
community are all associated with the sexual behavior of teens.

-People might say that the pregnancy of these teenagers is just the mere result of the
gratification of sexual urges. That pregnancy would not occur if studies had been prioritized
instead of the relationship of the opposite sex. That if there were no premarital sex (PMS), there
would be no pregnancy. On one simple glance, people judge these teenagers guilty. “Low Level
of Religious Commitment” might pull the teenager to be pregnant for the teenagers prioritized
already their relationship of the opposite sex rather than abiding the catholic and other religions
thrusts to “no premarital sex”.

-Teenagers who are busy at church usually listen the advices and warning of parents as the
churches thrust “obey your parents”, which lead the teenagers to be obedient and keep them
not pregnant at early age.

-The National Youth Commission, supported by the Department of Health and the World Health
Organization, convened the 2014 National Summit on Teen
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Pregnancy last April 24. This summit, which saw the active participation of adolescent youth,
delivered a clear message: Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH), or the lack
thereof, is fast becoming the defining issue of this generation of young Filipinos. Without a
robust response from all stakeholders, the Philippines is on track toward a full-blown, national
teenage pregnancy crisis. Staggering facts support this call for concern. Recent (2014) data from
the Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA) reveal that every hour, 24 babies are delivered by
teenage mothers. According to the 2014 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality (YAFS)study, around
14 percent of Filipino girls aged 15 to 19 are either pregnant for the first-time or are already
mothers — more than twice the rate recorded in 2002. Among six major economies in the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Philippines has the highest rate of teenage
pregnancies.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

- Researcher will conduct a survey using the questionnaires.

-We search about some article which contain the cases about early pregnancy. Based on the
information we gathered, every 10 years the cases was increasing from 70%.Which is really
frightening.

-Adolescent pregnancies is a global problem. Early pregnancy increases when girls are denied
the right to make decisions about their sexual and reproductive health and well-being.

-Girls must be able to make their own decisions about their bodies and futures and have access
to appropriate healthcare services and education.

RESEARCH DESIGN

-The research design that we were going to use is descriptive design. That contains survey
and questionnaires.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZES

POPULATION

-Every year, an estimated 21 million girls aged 15–19 years in developing regions become
pregnant and approximately 12 million of them give birth. At least 777,000 births occur to
adolescent girls younger than 15 years in developing countries.
SAMPLE

-In 2019, the teen birth rate was 16.7 (births for every 1,000 females ages 15-19), down four
percent from 2018 and down 73 percent from the 1991 peak of 61.8. There were 171,674 births
to females in this age group, which accounted for less than five percent of all births in 2019.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The interview Questions

Research Questionnaires

Introduction:

This questionnaire is intended to gather information about the (Research title)->

*Any information obtained in connection with this study can be identified with you will remain confidential.

QUESSTIONNAIRE

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher will conduct a survey using the questionnaire we mentioned in research
instrument.

Via messenger and in person.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

For the specific research problem, this research employed frequency and percentage. The formula used is
shown below.

p= f × 100
n
P=percentage

f=frequency

n=number of cases