Department of Mathematics & Physics

Mariam Zaarour
Supervised by : Dr. Hussein Fakih

Abstract We rewrite it in the form

𝜕𝑢
In this work, we consider a nonlocal model for multi-component composed of n phases. We are = ∆𝜇
interested in the study of the asymptotic behavior, in terms of finite-dimensional attractors, of the 𝜕𝑡
dynamical system associated with the problem. The main difficulty here is that the order parameter 𝜇 = 𝑗 ∗ 1 𝑢 + 𝑓 𝑢 − (𝑗 ∗ 𝑢)
has to satisfy some constraint, namely, the sum of the phases must be equal to one. As a 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
consequence, we have to be careful in the choice of the functional spaces and in the (weak) = =0
𝜕𝜗 𝜕𝜗
formulation of the problem. We finally give some numerical simulations which confirm the efficiency of
the model on the multi-phases separation.
Where u=(𝑢𝑖 ) 𝑖 .We denote by <𝜑 > the spatial average of a function 𝜑 in
1 𝑛
𝐿 (𝛺) ,
Introduction
<𝜑 >=
The Cahn equation 𝑉𝑜𝑙(
𝑢𝑡 = ∆𝜇 𝑖𝑛 𝛺
𝜇 = −∆𝑢 + 𝑓 𝑢 𝑖𝑛 𝛺
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜇
= =0
𝜕𝜗 𝜕𝜗
Plays an important in the material science and describes phase separation process. This can be
observed when a binary alloy is cooled down sufficiently. Its physical applications have been extended to
many areas of scientific fields such as spinodal decomposition, image inpainting, multiphase fluid flows,
microstructures with elastic inhomogeneity, tumor growth simulation, and topology optimization.
However, the purely phenomenological derivation of this equation is unsatisfactory from the physical
viewpoint. This led Giacomin and Lebowitz to study the problem from the microscopic viewpoint. From Application in Chemistry
this study they deduce a continuous model which is a non local version of the Cahn Hilliard equation
which is Graph theory in chemistry experienced a dramatic revival. Constitutional graphs (which is molecular
𝜕𝑢 graphs) have points (which are vertices) representing atoms and lines (which are edges) symbolizing
= ∆𝜇
𝜕𝑡 covalent bonds.
𝜇 = 𝑗 ∗ 1 𝑢 + 𝑓 𝑢 − (𝑗 ∗ 𝑢) The complete set of all possible monocyclic aromatic and hetroaromatic compounds maybe explored by a
𝜕𝑢 𝜕∆𝑢 combination of Pauli's principle, Polya's theorem, and electronegativities.
= =0
𝜕𝜗 𝜕𝜗 Importance of Graph Theory for Chemistry Stems: Is mainly from the existence of the existence of the
This system is based on the free energy phenomenon of isomerism, which is rationalized by chemical structure theory. This theory accounts for all
𝑛 constitutional isomers by using purely graph theoretical methods.
1
𝐸 𝑢 = 𝑗 𝑥−𝑦 ( 𝑢𝑖 𝑥 − 𝑢𝑖 𝑦 ) 2 + 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 A graph makes a natural model for a molecule, where vertices represent atoms and edges bonds.
4
𝑖=1

Problem
Let 𝑢 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , … , 𝑢𝑛 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝛺 be a bounded domain of
𝑛
𝑅 𝑁 = 2, 3 . 𝑊𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 = 1 and 0≤ 𝑢𝑖 ≤ 1 , 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛
We define the hyperplane
𝑛 𝑛
S=*𝑢 ∈ 𝑅 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 = 1+
Suppose that the free energy can be written as :
1 𝑛 2
E 𝑢 = 𝑗 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖=1( 𝑢𝑖 𝑥 − 𝑢𝑖 𝑦 ) + 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
4
𝑛 2 1 𝑛
References
= 𝑗 𝑥−𝑦 𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 𝑥 − 𝑗 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑖=1 𝑢𝑖 𝑥 𝑢𝑖 (𝑦) + 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐹(𝑢𝑖 ) 1 𝑛 𝜕𝐹(𝑢𝑖 ) [1] Paul Van Dooren Université catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Dublin, August 2009
𝑛 𝑛
𝜇𝑖 = = 𝑖=1 (j ∗ 1)𝑢𝑖 -- 𝑖=1 j ∗ 𝑢𝑖 + 𝜕𝑢 -𝑛 𝑖=1 𝜕𝑢 Inspired from the course notes of V. Blondel and L. Wolsey (UCL)
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
[2] S. Saha Ray, Graph Theory with Algorithms and its Applications, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-0750-4_2,
The constraint has to hold everywhere and every time, in order to insure this Springer India 2013
𝑛 𝜕𝐹(𝑢𝑖 )
constraint we add 𝑖=1 which is the lagrangain multiplier. [3] J. Chem. InJ Compur. Sci. 1985, 25, 334-343 ALEXANDRU T. BALABAN Department of Organic
𝜕𝑢𝑖 Chemistry, Polytefhnic Institute. 76206 Bucharest, Roumania Received March 12. 1985