Faculty of Maritime Engineering and Marine Sciences

Ship Dynamics

Assignment #2 – Applications of Potential Flows June 1st /2023

Individual work

As a rule, for all homework to come, you have to write a short comment on the results in each
problem. Does the result make sense? Why you think it is correct? If possible, compare with a
very simple situation, or with other similar case, reporting references.

1.- Review the deduction of Euler’s equation, that was used in class to deduce Bernoulli’s
equation. Explain the concept of Total derivative.

Report references that you reviewed (Author, publication title. Publishing company, printing
place, year).

For this exercise I will analyze the demonstration of the TOTAL OR SUBSTANTIAL DERIVATIVE
and its general concepts. For this I will apply total derivatives and be able to obtain Euler's
equation and explain the definition of these equations.

From: Bruce R. Munson, Theodore H. OkiIshi, Wade W. Huebsch, Alric P. Rothmayer,

Fundamental of Fluid Mechanics.Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc. R.R. Donnelley/ Jefferson City,
2013(pag, 166-167)

The Material Derivative

Consider a fluid particle moving along its pathline as. In general, the particle’s velocity, denoted
for particle VA, is a function of its location and the time.

𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐴 (𝑟𝐴 , 𝑡) = 𝑉𝐴 [𝑥𝐴 (𝑡), 𝑦𝐴 (𝑡), 𝑧𝐴 (𝑡), 𝑡]

Where 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝐴 (𝑡), 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑦𝐴 (𝑡) and 𝑧𝐴 = 𝑧𝐴 (𝑡)define the location of the moving particle. By
definition, the acceleration of a particle is the time rate of change of its velocity. Since the
velocity may be a function of both position and time, its value may change because of the
change in time as well as a change in the particle’s position. Thus, we use the chain rule of
differentiation to obtain the acceleration of particle A, denoted as а𝐴

𝑑𝑉𝐴 𝜕𝑉𝐴 𝜕𝑉𝐴 𝜕𝑥𝐴 𝜕𝑉𝐴 𝜕𝑦𝐴 𝜕𝑉𝐴 𝑑𝑧𝐴

а𝐴 (𝑡) = = + + + (4.2)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑥𝐴
Using the fact that the particle velocity components are given by 𝑢𝐴 = 𝑑𝑡
, 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑑𝑦𝐴 /𝑑𝑡 and
𝑑𝑧𝐴
𝑤𝐴 = Eq. 4.2 becomes.
𝑑𝑡

𝜕𝑉𝐴 𝜕𝑉𝐴 𝜕𝑉𝐴 𝜕𝑉𝐴

а𝐴 = + 𝑢𝐴 + 𝑣𝐴 + 𝑤𝐴
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Since the above is valid for any particle, we can drop the reference to particle A and obtain the
acceleration field from the velocity field as
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
а= +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 (4.3)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
this is a vector result whose scalar components can be written as

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
а𝑥 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
а𝑦 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 (4.4)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
а𝑧 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
where а𝑥 , а𝑦 and а𝑧 are the x, y, and z components of the acceleration. The above result is
often written in shorthand notation as
𝐷𝑉
а=
𝐷𝑡
where the operator
𝐷( ) 𝜕() 𝜕() 𝜕() 𝜕()
= + + + (4.5)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
is termed the material derivative or substantial derivative. An often-used shorthand notation
for the material derivative operator is
𝐷( ) 𝜕()
= + (𝑉 ∗ ∇)() ( 4.6)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
After performing the demonstration of TOTAL MATERIAL or SUBSTANTIAL derivate is a very
useful concept in analyses when several fluid parameters are involved and not only
acceleration, the material derived from any variable is the rate at which the variable changes
over time for an assigned particle. We can see a movement along with the fluid.

From: J.N. Newman, Marine Hydrodinamics. ITC Stone Serif Std, United States of America, 2017

3.5 Euler’s Equations

If the transport theorem is applied to the conservation of momentum, it follows that,

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜏𝑖𝑗
∭[ 𝜌𝑢𝑖 + ( 𝜌𝑢𝑗 𝑢𝑖 )]𝑑𝑉 = ∭( + 𝐹𝑖 )𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝒗 𝒗

Once again, the volume in question is arbitrary; hence equation (16) must hold for the
integrands alone, in the form.
 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜏𝑖𝑗
𝜌𝑢𝑖 + (𝜌𝑢𝑖 𝑢𝑗 ) = + 𝐹𝑖
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗

Finally, if the derivatives of products on the left side of this equation are expanded by the chain
rule, and conservation of mass is invoked from equation (15), we obtain Euler’s equations in
the form.

𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖 1 𝜕𝜏𝑖𝑗 𝐹𝑖

+ 𝑢1 = +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜌 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜌

The left-hand side of Euler’s equations can be interpreted as the acceleration of a material
particle of fluid, since the substantial derivative

𝐷 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= + (𝑉 ∗ ∇) = + 𝑢𝑗
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑗

expresses the time rate-of-change in a coordinate system moving with the fluid particle.

Commentary: all these proofs and equations were obtained from a very reliable source in the
branch of fluids and hydrodynamics as is the case of Newman and Munson. The Total
derivatives is not only responsible for calculating the rate of change of the velocity of a body
but is also responsible for calculating the changes in time of a point in the fluid. This concept of
total derivatives can be applied not only to fluids, but also to another type of matter which has
had a change in time and trajectory.

2.- The following velocity potential function is employed to study a certain flow. First check
that this function satisfies Laplace’s equation:
Commentary :To obtain the graph sketched in Excel it was necessary to find the stream
function in such a way as to be able to graph the streamlines. Where the horizontal lines return
a constant flow and the curved lines is the representation of a source the combination of both
results in the flow diagram shown and a surface and a point of stagnation that is the orange
point where the 2 singularities are in this point of stagnation the speed is 0.
Commentary: The values have coherence since Munson's book was referenced in fig. 6.27
where he gives us an example of how pressure acts on a circular surface in this case we will
choose this reference but half of the circle as a guide. The value of the pressure has a decrease
when it approaches pi, and this makes sense since this being a negative value will cause the
value to decrease the pressure. There will be a maximum point of the surface where the Ɵ
starting from r is constant making the pressure constant and has no variation in that section.
You will see a difference in both graphs since the atmospheric pressure that the flow will exert
to the total pressure was added to the one.

3. Consider the rotational motion (t) in fluid, of a simple pendulum formed by a solid sphere
installed at the end of a wire. The length of the pendulum is L, and the sphere has a mass M
and diameter D. Deduce the equation of motion of the pendulum, considering hydrostatic
and hydrodynamics effects on the sphere, and an expression for the natural frequency.
 Commentary: In this problem we can see how it affects the hydrodynamic and hydrostatic
forces when a pendulum is inside a fluid. Being in the hydrodynamic force the added mass an
element by which its magnitude will depend on the volume of the body and the density of the
fluid. With respect to hydrostatics, its magnitude of the fluid in which it is located and the
volume of the body will also depend on it.
4.- Estimate the force exerted by regular wave trains on a vertical tube, assuming that the
tube exerts negligible influence on the waves. So, you have to calculate the pressure as the
body were not there at all; this is valid when wave length is much larger than object
dimension. The velocity potential for gravitational waves is:
 Data
ʎ [m] 10
ρ [kg/m3] 1025
g [m/s2] 9,81
ζ [m] 1
ro 0,5
k[1/m] 0,628318531
 i Ɵ (°) Ɵ (radians) Fn Factor Product
0 0 0 0,309016994 1 0,30901699
1 15 0,261799388 0,288636692 3 0,86591008
2 30 0,523598776 0,23272335 3 0,69817005
3 45 0,785398163 0,155790888 2 0,31158178
4 60 1,047197551 0,078217233 3 0,2346517
5 75 1,308996939 0,021021499 3 0,0630645
6 90 1,570796327 1,17887E-33 2 2,3577E-33
7 105 1,832595715 0,021021499 3 0,0630645
8 120 2,094395102 0,078217233 3 0,2346517
9 135 2,35619449 0,155790888 2 0,31158178
10 150 2,617993878 0,23272335 3 0,69817005
11 165 2,879793266 0,288636692 3 0,86591008
12 180 3,141592654 0,309016994 2 0,61803399
13 195 3,403392041 0,288636692 3 0,86591008
14 210 3,665191429 0,23272335 3 0,69817005
15 225 3,926990817 0,155790888 2 0,31158178
16 240 4,188790205 0,078217233 3 0,2346517
17 255 4,450589593 0,021021499 3 0,0630645
18 270 4,71238898 1,06099E-32 2 2,122E-32
19 285 4,974188368 0,021021499 3 0,0630645
20 300 5,235987756 0,078217233 3 0,2346517
21 315 5,497787144 0,155790888 2 0,31158178
22 330 5,759586532 0,23272335 3 0,69817005
23 345 6,021385919 0,288636692 3 0,86591008
24 360 6,283185307 0,309016994 1 0,30901699
Adition 9,92958037
𝜌 𝑟 Int® 0,97483427
= (1 )
C 7986,770966 Fo [N] 7785,77807

Fo[N] vs ʎ [m]
9000
ʎ [m] Fo [N]
8000
10 7785,77807
7000
20 7532,81741
6000
30 6915,36683
Fo [N]

5000
40 6250,84966
4000
50 5646,91906
3000
60 5124,27315
2000
70 4677,64194
1000
80 4295,83237
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 90 3967,7164
ʎ [m] 100 3683,76493

Commentary of graph: We can visualize that our graph is shared almost as a linear
function that decreases every time Landa is greater, although in certain sections small
curvatures are noticed. We can analyze this variation in such a way that in small waves with
a small speed, many peaks and valleys will hit an object in front of the wave with a greater
force which will happen the opposite with very large waves since there will be fewer waves
than Hit the object and its force will be less.

Comment: With this exercise it helps us to solve many questions. Since the force x results
in positive values that what was expected by the movement of the waves towards the
positive axis of the x. Therefore, the equation of the force is harmonic by influence of the
sine and this assumption is correct for the reason that the waves can move from right to
left if there is a change of direction with the results obtained for the graph we have that
the values of the force decrease as our landa is greater for the reason that the large waves
hit the object with all The ridges and valleys

Exercise hours
1 2
2 6
3 1
4 4