UNIQUE COLLECTION OF FORMULA

COMPILED BY : SATYAKAM
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
SOME B ASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTR
BASIC CHEMISTRY Y 3. Mill-equivalent
For elements
Weight
1 gm atom = N atoms = g atomic weight = N ×V = ×1000
For Compounds : (in l ) Equivalent weight
1 mole = N molecules = g molecular weight
Moles of solute
Dulong-Petits law : 4. Molarity =
Atomic weight × Specific heat = 6.4 (for metals only) Volume in litre [CBSE-94]
Average atomic weight & Average atomic mass : Weight
5. Moles = M × V(in l ) =
Molecular weight
[IIT-JEE-2009] Weight
Gas : 6. Mill-moles M × V(in t ) = Molecular weight × 1000

Cp
= γ = 1.4 ( for diatiomic molecule) Moles of solute
Cv 7. Molality = Weight of solvent (in kg)
volume of gas at S.T.P 23
No. of molecules = × 6.023 × 10 [IIT-JEE-88,2011,AIEEE-2011]
22.4 8. Strength (s) N × Equivalent weight
volume of gas at S.T.P.
No of atoms = × 6.023 × 1023 × 2
22.4 9. % by weight
[CBSE-2001]
Equivalent weight :
Weight of solute
Atomic weight 10 % by volume = × 100
∑Weight
(%age)ofrelative
solute abundance
WeightVolume ofsubstrance
solution
1. Equivalent weight of element =
of volatile
Valency
= × 100
Weight
Volume of vapours at STP in mL × weight of 1 mL of H 2 at STP
of solution
100 Volume of solute
2. Equivalent weight of compounds = 11. % by strength = × 100
Volume of solution
molecular weight 12. Mole fraction of solute =
Total charge on cation or anion Moles of solute
Molecular weight Moles of solute + Moles of solvent
3. Equivalent weight of acid = [CBSE PMT – 2011, AIEEE – 2001]
Basicity
13. Mole fraction of solvent =
Molecular wieght Moles of solvent
4. Equivalent weight of base =
Acidity Moles of solute + moles of solvent
5. Equivalent weight of acid salt = Weight of solution
14. Specific gravity = i.e., weight of
Molecular weight Volume of solution
Re placeable H atom in acid salt 1 mL solution
15. Formality =
Formula weight
6. Equivalent weight of an ion = Charge on ion Weight of ionic solution
Formula weight of solute × Volume (in litre)
Methods for expressing concentration :
16. Molecular weight = vapour density × 2 (for gases
Equivalent of solute only).
1. Normality =
Volume in litre [Bihar CECE First Stage-2002]
17. V.D.=
weight
2. Equivalent = N × V(in t ) = Equivalent weight

[CBSE-96]
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS : [CBSE-98,95,94; Bihar CECE First Stage-2004;IIT-JEE
Screening Test-2004,94]
Redox Titration
SPEED:
(i) N1V1 = N2V2 [CBSE-96;IIT-JEE Screening Test
2001,2011; AIEEE-2003] z  e2  z  c 
v=  =  m / s  = 2.2 × 106 ( Z / n)m / s
Notes : n  2 ∈0 h  n  137 

TIMEPERIOD:
(i) Molality, mole fraction, % by weight are
temperature independent. Vn1  n  z  n3 n3
=  2  1  ;Tn = 2 = 15 × 10−16 2 sec
Vn 2  n1  z2  z m z
(ii) Moles, mill-moles, equivalent, milli-equivalent of
solute does not change on dilution. KINETICENERGY

(iii) Equal equivalents or Meq. of reactants react to give

same number of equivalent or Meq. of products. hc
E= [CBSE PMT-2011,AIEEE-2011]
λ
(iv) Moles and millimoles react according to z 2  me 2  z2
stoichiometry of equation. KE =   = 13.6 eV [CBSE-2002]
n 2  8 ∈0 2 h 2  n2
pure Wt of H2O2 POTENTIAL ENERGY
(ii) % purity = wt. of sample
×100
Ze 2 z 2  me 4  z2
Acid Base Titration or Neutralisation Titration : P.E= U = − = −2 2   = −27.2 eV
4π ∈0 r n  8 ∈ 02 h 2  n2
(i) V1N1 = V2N2 [Bihar CECE First Stage-2004] MECHANICAL ENERGY:
Mechanical energy or total energy E = K + U ;
 Weight 
(ii)  × 1000 = V(ml) × Molarity  |U| U z2 me4 z2
 Molecular Weight  K= and E= z−2 K= = − 2 z×2 =-13.6 eV
∆E1 = 2E ∝ -E n = 2 (13.62 eV) n= 28Rhc
∈0 2 h 2 n2
[Bihar CECE First Stage-2001;AIEEE- n n
2004; IIT-JEE Screening Test-2001,92] [CBSE (Medical) Preliminary Exam-2005,2002;
(iii) Bihar CECE First Stage-2002; AIEEE-2002; IIT-JEE-
2006,98,95]
Weight ENERGY DIFFERENCE
(iv) N × V(in ml) = Equivalent Weight ×1000
me 4  1 1 
E m − E n =Z2 2 2  2
− 2
8 ∈0 h  n m 
(v) N1V1 +N 2 V2 = N m Vm ; N m =  H  ;pH = − log  H 
+ +
1 1  1 1 
= z 2 (13.6 eV )  2 − 2  = z 2 Rhc  2 − 2 
n m  n m 
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
[CBSE PMT – 2011, AIEEE-2011]
Nuclear model of the atom :
2
EXCITATION ENERGY:
 Ze 2  1
(i) N = N 0 n
t 2 
 mv  r 2
sin 4
θ/2 ∆E ex = E m − E n [AIEEE-2002]
(ii) r = r0 ( A ) where r0 = 1.4 10−13cm
1/3
IONIZATION ENERGY:
Electron Gain Enthalpy = – Ionisation Energy
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2006;IIT-
[CBSE PMT – 2011]
JEE Screening Test-2002,84,83]
Radius :
2 [AIEEE-2008]
n  ∈0 h  n
2
2 2 n
r1  n1   z2  The Hydrogen Spectrum:
r=  = a 0 = 0.529 2 A; =   
z  π me  z
2 Z r2  n 2   
 z1 
  1 1  m2 n2 
1  m n
2 2

λ=  2 2 
= 912 A 2  2 
z R m −n 
2
z m −n 
2
 1  1 1 
c = vλ ; v = = Z 2 R  2 − 2  cm2 or m −1 ;
λ  n1 n2 

me 4
R= = 1.0973 × 107 m−1
8 ∈0 h c
2 3

[CBSE (Medical Preliminary Exam – 2004, 96; AIEEE – 2004

;2003;IIT-JEE-98,88]
[CBSEl Preliminary
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADATION
h h h
λ= = = where λ is wavelength, m is mass
mv 2mk 2eV
and v is velocity of particle.
[CBSE-2004, 2003, 99, 96, 95, 90 ; AIEEE- 2009, 2003,
2002; IIT – JEE Screening Test-2001, 2000, 92

Photo-electric effect : hv = W + mu2 or hv = I.E + K.E

Possible transitions for a jump from n2 to n1 = ∑ ( n2 − n1 )

Angular momentum of electron in an orbit = n(h / 2π )

Angular momentum of electron in an orbital =

[IIT-JEE-97,96; AIEEE-2003]
Total spin = ±(1 / 2) × n); where n is number of unpaired
=1h n(n
l (l ++2)
1) B.M.
electrons. 2π
Magnetic moment of an atom
Where n is number of unpaired electron
[AIEEE-2011]
Nodal planes :Radial nodes = n --– l – 1
Angular nodes = l ;
Total nodes = (n – 1)
Maximum number of sub-shells in a shell = n.
Maximum number of electrons in a sub-shell = 2(2l+1).
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2009]
For each value of ‘l’ there there will be 2l + 1 values of m.
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2009]
Total no. of orbital in a shell = 2n2
 CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
Molecular shapes Predicted By sidgwick-Powell Theory.

Number of electron Pairs shape of moleccules Bond angles

in outer shell

2 linear 180o

3 Plane triangle 120o

4 tetrahedron 109o28’

5 trigonal bipyramid 120o and 90o

6 octahedron 90o

7 Pentagonal bipyramidal 72o and 90o

 Some Representative Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Bond Bond Bond Bond Bond Bond Bond Bond Bond

Energy Length Energy Length Energy Length
kJ mol-1 pm kJ mol-1 pm kJ mol-1 pm

H-H 435 74 C=C 611 134 N-N 163 145

C-H 414 C≡C 837 120 N=N 418 123
sp3-H 110 C-N 305 147 N ≡N 946 109
sp2 - H 109 C=N 615 128 N-O 230 136
sp - H 108 C ≡C 891 116 N=O 690 115
H-N 389 100 C-O 360 143 O-O 142 145
H-O 464 97 C=0 728 123 O=O 498 121
H-S 368 132 C - Cl 326 177 F-F 159 128
H-F 569 101 Cl - Cl 243 199
H - Cl 431 136 Br - Br 192 228
H - Br 368 151 l-l 151 266
H-l 297 170
C-C 347
sp3 - sp3 154
sp3 - sp2 150
sp2 - sp2 147
sp3 - sp 146
sp2 - sp 143
sp - sp 137

* Geometry of the molecule can be docided based on the value of the dipole moment as given in table.

Relation Between Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moment.

Formula Molecular Geometry Dipole Moment

AX Linear Can be non zero

AX2 Linear zero
Bent can be non zero
AX3 Trigonal planar zero
Trigonal Pyramidal can be non zero
T - shaped can be non zero
AX4 Tetrahedral zero
Square planar zero
See saw can be non zero
AX5 Trigonal bipyramidal zero
Squae pyramidal can be non zero
AX6 Octehedral zero

All X atoms are assumed to be identical

 CHEMICAL FORMULAE
Sl.no Common Name Chemical Name Formulae
1. Alum Hydrated double sulphate of K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Potassium and aluminium
2. Alumina Aluminium oxide Al2O3
3. Ammonia water Ammounium hydroxide NH4OH
4. Angelsite Lead sulphate PbSO4
5. Aqua fortis Concentrated nitric acid HNO3
6. Azote gas Nitrogen N2
7. Azurite blue Basic copper carbonate 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
8. Baking soda Solium hydrogen carbonate NaHCO3
9. Blue vitriol Pentahydrate of cupric sulphate CusO4. 5H2O
10. Borax Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7.10H2O
11. Bleaching powder Calcium hypochloride CaOCl2
12. Baryte Barium Monoxide BaO
13. Bauxite Dihydrate Aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O
14. Cerrusite Lead carbonate PbCO3
15. Cuprite or Cuprous oxide Cu2O
ruby copper
16. Copper glance Copper sulphide Cu2S
17. Chile saltpetre Sodium nitrate NaNO3
18. Calogon Sodium hexa-metaphosphate Na2[Na4(PO3)6]
19. Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
20. Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH
21. Corundum Aluminium Oxide Al2O3
22. Calamine Zinc Carbonate ZnCO3
23. Dead burnt gypsum Anhydrous calcium sulphate CaSO4
24. Diaspore Monohydrate aluminium oxide Al2O3.H2O
25. Epsom Salt Heptahydrate magnesium sulphate MgSO4.7H2O
26. Fluorspar Calcium fluoride CaF2
27. Green Vitriol ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H2O
28. Galena Lead sulphide Pbs
29. Glauber’s Salt Hydrated sodium sulphate Na2SO4.10H2O
30. Gypsum Calcium sulphate dihydrate CaSO4.2H2O
31. Hydrolith Calcium hydride CaH2
32. Iron pyrites Iron disulphide FeS2
33. Limonite Hydrated ferric oxide Fe2O3.3H2O
34. Litharge Lead monoxide PbO
35. Lime Calcium oxide CaO
36. Lime water Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
37. Magnetite Ferrosoferric oxide Fe3O4
38. Milk of lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
39. Malachite Basic copper carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
40. Magensia Magnesium oxide MgO
41. Magnesite Magnesium carbonate MgCO3
42. Mohr’s salt Ferrous ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4FeSO4.6H2O
43. Nessler’s reagent Potassium tetra-idomereurate K2[HgI4]
44. Nessler’s reagent Potassium tetra-idomeurate KNO3
Sl.No. Common Name Chemical Name Formulae
45. Nitre cake Sodium hydrogen sulphate NaHSO4
46. Nitrolim Calcium cynamide plus carbon CaCN2+C
47. Nitrate of lime Basic calcium nitrate CA(NO3)2.CaO
(Nitrolime)
48. Oil of Vitriol Concentrated Sulphuric acid H2SO4
49. Oleum Pyrosulphuric acid H2S2O7
50. Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
51. Phosgene Carbonyl chloride COCl2
52. Potash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
53. Potash alum Potassium aluminium sulphate K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3.24H2O
1
54. Plaster of paris Hemihydrate of calcium sulphate CaSO4. H2O
2
55. Pyrogallol Benzene - 1,2,3-triol C6H3(OH)3
56. Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO
57. Quick silver Mercury Hg
58. Red lead Triplumbic tetroxide Pb3O4
59. Rock salt Sodium chloride NaCl
60. Rough Ferric oxide Fe2O3
61. Sal ammoniac Solid ammonium chloride NH4Cl
62. Sal volatile Solid ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3
63. Salt cake Anhydrous sodium sulphate Na2SO4
64. Salt petre Potassium nitrate KNO3
65. Siderate Ferrous carbonate FeCO3
66. Silica Silicon dioxide SiO2
67. Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
68. Soda ash Anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3
69. Super phosphate Mixture of calcium dihydrogen Ca(H3PO4)2.H2O
of lime phosphate and calcium sulphate +2CaSO4.2H2O
70. White lead Basic lead carbonate 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
71. White Vitriol Heptahydrated zinc sulphate ZnSO4.7H2O
72. Washing soda Hydrated soium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O
73. Zincite Zinc oxide ZnO
74. Zinc blende Zince sulphide ZnS
 GASEOUS STATE Vrms =
3RT
; [IIT - JEE Screening test - 2004, 2001,
M
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF GASES: 2000, 96; CBSE-94;AIEEE-2002; Bihar CECE First
Stage-2002]
d1T1 d 2T2
= 2RT
p1 p2 Vmp = ; where v mp is most probable speed
[CBSE-99;IIT-JEE-90] M
BOYLE’S LAW:
Vmp : vav : vrms :: 1 : 1.128 : 1.224
p1 p2 Kinetic equation : PV = (1/3) m.n.v2 rms (m is mass of
(i) p1 v1 = p2 v 2 (ii) =
d 2 d2 one molecule and n is number or molecule)
[CBSE-99,91;Bihar CECE First stage-2004] 3
Kinetic energy : K.E./mol = RT
CHARLES’ LAW AND ABSOLUTE SCALE OF TEMPERATURE: 2
3 RT 3
v T Average K.E. or K.E./molecule = = kT
(i) 1 = 1 (ii) T2d1 = T2 d 2 2 N 2
v2 T2 (k is Boltzman constant)
[CBSE-91;IIT-JEE Screening Test-2000,99,94,81]
[CBSE-2000, 96; Bihar CECE First Stage-2001]
AVOGADRO’S HYPOTHESIS
SOLID STATE
(i) V ∝ n when T and p are costant
(ii) Molecular weight = 2 v.d. X-RAYS STUDIES OF CRYSTALS
(iii) At S.T.P volume of one mole ideal gas = 22.4 litre.
(iv) No. of molecules in one omle gas = 6.0231023
(i) nλ = 2d sin θ [CBSE-2003,98]
[CBSE-90,89]
Ideal gas equation : CRYSTAL LATTICES UNIT CELLS AND DENSITY
(i) pv = nRT [IIT-2011] OF CRYSTAL
(ii) PM = dRT, (iii)
× ZM
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2008,99,92,91; Bihar p+ (i)
an d= 2

  ( v − nb ) = nRT
CECE First Stage – 2005; AIEEE-2003,2002; IIT – JEE  v 2  NA V
Screening Test-2002,90] [ CBSE (Medical) Preliminary Exam -
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE: 2006, 2004, 2000, 98, 96, 94; AIEE - 2005, 2003,
(i) p = p1 + p2 + p3 (ii) pA = xAp 2002; IIT-JEE-2008, 2002,94]
[IIT-JEE-94,93,90,81; AIEEE – 2007, 2011]
r+ a
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION & EFFUSION: (i) Radius ratio = (ii) r = (simple cubic),
r− 2
[AIEEE-2011, CBSE PMT – 2011] a 2
(iii) r = (F.C.C.)
4 [CBSE – PMT Preliminary
[CBSE-96,94,92; IIT-JEE Screening Test-2005, 98, 96,
94, 93, 90, 88, 85]
Exam.-2011, 2009;AIEEE-2009, 2011]
Compressibility factor
[IIT – JEE – 2006,2000,97,89] a 3
(iv) r = (B.C.C.)
4
Deviation from ideal behaviour [ CBSE - PMT Preliminary Exam.-2009;97;
AIEEE - 2009; IIT - JEE-95, 94]
[IIT-JEE-2009, CBSE PMT-2011, AIEEE-2011] PACKING OF CONSTITUENT PARTICLES IN CRYSTALS
Crtical constant;
V1
a 8a a 2a (i) Packing fraction =
Vc = 3b, p c = ,Tc = ,Tb = ,Ti = V
2
27b 27 Rb Rb Rb
Different speed terms for molecular motion : [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.2008,
2007,96]
8RT
Vav = ; where u AV is average speed
πM [IIT-JEE-86]
 G S Ecell Process
CHEMICAL ENERGETICS
- ve +ve +ve spontancous
Internal energy & Enthalpy
+ve -ve -ve non spontancous
(i) ∆E = q + W or ∆E = q - P∆V or ∆E = ∆H - P∆V
0 0 0 at equilibrium
[CBSE-2002,96;Bihar CECE First Stage-2003; IIT-
JEE Screening Test-2002,93] [IIT - JEE - 2009]

[CBSE-PMT
Preliminary Exam.-2006, 2003, 2001, 2000, 94; Bihar CECE
First Stage-2004; AIEEE-2006, 2005;IIT-JEE Screening Test-
2002, 98, 94, 91, 90] V2 p
= 2.303nR log or ∆ S = 2.303 nR log 1
V1 p2
Calculation of work done in isothermal expansion:
[CBSE-2011, 2003, 2002, 2000; IIT – JEE Screening
(i) For isothermal reversible expansion W = - 2.303 nRT, Test-2004; AIEEE – 2011]
P1
log Free energy and spontaneity of a chemical reaction
P2
[AIEEE-2006]
(ii) For isothermal reversible process W = - 2.303 nRT ∆G o

V2 (i) ∆ G = - 2.303 RT logk or k = e

o e RT

log
V1
[CBSE-98;IIT-JEE Screening Test-2004] p2
(iii) W = Pext ∆ V [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.- (ii) ∆G o = - 2.303 nRT log
2004; AIEEE – 2004] p1
Calculation of work done in Adiabatic expansion :
(iii) ∆G o = nFE o [IIT – JEE – 2007, CBSE PMT – 2011]
∆ (iv)
(v)
(ii) HGo ∆
∆E
∆∆H r=G∆∆H
=∆E∑Total
G ∆
+vap+f∆n
H G ∑
.∆=oHeat
g RT
∆change
orGqPr=poduct
∆H
(products) ∑
=T2−qn-v∑C+∆∆∆nGo Q RT
f HgRe(reactant)
[CBSE – 98] (iv)∆∆S
(i) ∆H=o=W=Re= action
1nC
No.
∆
v or T2 ; ∆
∆S=
of
E
moles
∫
fusion
T1
T Exam. – 2009,T 2000; AIEEE-2009]
dt
or v∆S=
T
rev [CBSE-PMT
actant
or ∆S
T2 Preliminary
(ii) ∆H = ∫
T1
nC p .dT
[CBSE-2003] [CBSE PMT – 2011]
γ =1
T  V  THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
(iii)  2  =  1 
 T1   V2  ENERGY CHANGES DURING ACHEMICAL
[IIT-JEE Screening Test-2005] REACTION
T
(iv) η = 1 − S
TR (i) Hess’s law
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
ENTROPY: [CBSE-2003,99,97,94;AIEEE-2004, 2011; IIT-JEE
Screening Test-2000, 98, 89]
(i) ∆S = ∑ S0Pr oduct − ∑ S0reac tant [CBSE – PMT Preliminary
Exam.-2009, 96 ; IIT – JEE – 2006; AIEEE – 2009]
(ii) ∆G = ∆H − T∆S [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam. –
2009, 2008, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2000, 95; Bihar CECE Second [CBSE-2002,2001,95,94,92,91; Bihar CECE First
Stage – 2009; Bihar CECE First Stage – 2009, 2004; AIEEE – Stage-2002; IIT-JEE Screening Test – 2000, 97, 96, 94;
2008, 2002; IIT – JEE Screening Test – 2004, 99] AIEEE – 2004, 2003]

(iii) We know that for every chemical reaction at (iii) ∆H Re action = ∑ B.ERe ac tan t − ∑ .B.EPr oduct [CBSE-PMT
equilibrium, Gibb’s free energy ( G = 0) is zero. However Preliminary Exam.-2007,2004.90; AIEEE-2005, 2003]
standard Gibb’s free energy (Go) may or may not be zero.
For a spontaneous reaction, at constant temperature and
pressure, the reaction proceeds in the direction in which G [Bihar CECE
is < 0 i.e. in the direction of decreasing Gibb’s energy (G) First Stage-2003]
(v) Heat of Neutralisation of a strong acid with a strong
0.693
base (x) For first order reaction t1/2 = :
k
= Heat of formation of water from H+ and OH-– [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-
2009,2007,2005, 2004; Bihar CECE First
= -– 57.4 kJ/mol. [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Stage-2009,2005, 2002;IIT-JEE-99,96]
Exam. -2005; IIT – JEE – 99,93]
(xi) t 99.9 = 10 × t1/2 ; t 90 = 3 × t1/2 [AIEEE-2009]
(vi) ∆ H Ionisation = [∆H neutralisation + 57.4] kJ/ mol
(xi) where x = no. of
[IIT – JEE-95]
half life. [IIT-JEE-98]
CHEMICAL KINETICS
1
RATE OF REACTION : (xii) t1/2 ∝ [CBSE-99;Bihar CECE
a n −1
(i) For reaction = a A + b B c C + d D, First Stage-2001)
1 dc A 1 dc B 1 dc C 1 dc D 3
Rate of reaction = = =- =− (xiii) For third order t1/2 = 2k .a 2
a dt b dt c dt d dt 3

[CBSE-PMT preliminary Exam. 2009,2008,2006,2002, (xiv) For parallel reaction: % yield of

2001,2000;AIEEE-2008]
KA
(ii) For single step reaction – aA + bB → Product A= ×100
K A +K B
[IIT-JEE-92] (xv) rt = r0X4t/10 [where rt = final rate, r0 =
n
initial rate, ∆ t = rise in temperature. X =
 [c]1  rate 1 temperature coefficient]
(iii)  [c]  = rate 2 [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-
 2 [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2008,94]
 → m
Totalo time
EV= vro∝1[A ]a 1 N o
2008,2005,97,94; Bihar CECE First Stage-2005; m==kof
rate
γlog 2 reaction,
=× or a orb N=  :×
×[ B] -
∝
AIEEE-2008] (xvi)
1
2
kHalf Arrhenius
time
2.303R 2 equation k = Ae–Ea1RT
 1 T2 2
T
[AIEEE-2006]
(iv) For rate law expression r = k[A]m [B]n , overall
order = (m + n) [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam. (xvii)
2011,2009,2001,94;Bihar CECE First Stage-2006;
AIEEE-2006,2003,2002;IIT-JEE-2007,2002,94,93,91] [Bihar CECE Second Stage-2009;
CBSE-PMT-2003,98; IIT-JEE Screening test-
(v) for single reactant Rate = K[A] : 2008, 98,97,96,93]
[IIT-JEE Screening Test-2000;Bihar CECE First (xviii)
Stage-2004,2002;IIT –JEE-97,95,94,88] Ea 1
log k = log A − Plotting log k vs. ,slope
2.303 a 2.303RT T
(vi) k = log
t a−x Ea
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2011, 2007, or straight line = −
2.303R
2004,2003,2000;AIEEE-2009, 2005, 2004; IIT-JEE; [CBSE – 2003; IIT-JEE-2009]
Screening Test-2004,2003,99,89,81]
2.303 v∞ (xix) C = C0(1/2) γ [AIEEE-2002]
(vii) For first order reaction k = t
log
v∞ − v t Where c = concentration left; C0 = Initial
(viii) Unit of rate constant (k) = (mol lit–1)1–n sec–1 concentration
[Bihar CECE First Stage-2009,2001;AIEEE-
2009,2002;IIT-JEE-96, CBSE PMT-2011]
and
1 x
(ix) For second order reaction K = t . a(a − x)
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
[C]c [D]d
a A + b B ⇌ c C + d D; K c =
LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: [A]a [B]b
n
1 Where a, b, c and d are stoichiometric co-
(i) k2 = (k1) n
(ii) k 2 =  k  efficient of A, B, C and D are respectively.
 1
[CBSE 2003; Bihar CECE First Stage-2009,
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2005,96] 2005;2003; AIEEE-2006,2005]
k1 A → B, k

(iii) k3 =k1 k2 or k3 = k [CBSE(Medical)Preliminary (vi) If B → A, 1 [CBSE – 2003]

K
2

Exam.-2007,2003.98;IIT-JEEScreeningTest-2002) (vii) Rate = K[A]n [CBSE-2003,2000; Bihar

CECE First Stage-2004;AIEEE-2002;IIT-JEE-
(iv) kp = ke (RT) ∆n [CBSE-94,89;Bihar CECE Second
98,94]
Stage-2009;Bihar CECE First Stage-2009,2002;
AIEEE-2005,2004, 2002;IIT-JEE-2000, 96,93,91 Free energy and Equilibrium constant
(i) ∆G o = − 2.303 RT log k [AIEEE-2003]
(v) [CBSE-2002;IIT-JEE.94] EFFECT OF CHANGING CONDITIONS
OF SYSTEMS AT EQUILIBRIUM
pCm pDh (C)m (D) n Change of concentration
(vi) If k p = pAx pBy
or k c =
(A) n (B) y [p]p [Q]q
(i) Kc = [CBSE-98,96,94,89’ Bihar
[CBSE-2000’BiharCECE First Stage-2001; [A]a [B]b
AIEEE-2004,2003,99,97,92,90 CECE First Stage-2003,2001; AiEEE-2004;IIT-
d −d JEE-95,92]
t 0
(vii) If α = (n − 1)d
0

(viii) If A → B, k [AIEEE-2008]
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
IONISATION OF ELECTROLYTES (WEAK AND
2∆so2k(fg( pc1+)O
C
)STRONG( ( g ))D⇌ELECTROLYTES);
2 pd 2so3 ( pC )c ( pD )d
BK=
aA →
k p (g)
= A,
+bB ⇌ cC +dD : k =
(i)
k b paK(g)A pb B (g) (g) p
( pA) a ( pB )b
( ) 2( )
(ix) ∆H = ∆E + ∆n g RT ; ∆n = No. of moles of gaseous aC
k= for weak electrolytes, α << 1 then k = α 2 C
product-No. of moles of gaseous reactant. 1−α
(xi) (i) ∆ n = no.of moles of gaseous product – no. of or  H +  = αC= k a C or  OH −  = αC= k b C
moles of gaseous reaction
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-
2008,2007, 2001; IIT-JEE Screening Test-2004]
(xii)

(xiii) NH4HS(s) ⇌ NH3(g) + H2(g) [AIEEE-2005] ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM (VARIOUS

CONCEPTS OF ACIDS AND BASES)
(xiv)
Hydrolysis
Equilibrium constant (Kp): (i) In hydrolysis of salt of weak base and strong
(i) = no of moles of gaseous product – no. of moles acid,
of gaseous reaction (ii) Kp = kc (RT) n [CBSE-PMT
Preliminary Exam.-2006;AIEEE-2008;IIT-JEE Kw
Kh = [CBSE-PMT Preliminary
Screening Test-2000] kb
(ii) Mole fraction Exam.-2009; IIT-JEE-98]
(iii) Partial pressure = (mole fraction Total pressure) pH VALUE:
pH Scale and Completely ionized acids and Alkalies
(iv) [AIEEE-2006;IIT-JEE-91] (i) pH = − log[H+ ] = - log [H3O+ ] = − log αC = − log kaC
[CBSE-98;Bihar CECE First Stage-
p1 p 2003;AIEEE-2005]
(v) = 2 [IIT-JEE Screening Test-
n1T1 n 2 T2
2002,2001,99,92,84] Equilibrium constant (Kc):
(ii) pOH : –log[OH–] or pH = 14 + log[OH–]
[CBSE-96;Bihar CECE First Stage-2003]
Y+
(ii) For For A x By(s) ⇌ XA(aq.) + YB(aq.)
X-

(iii) pH + pOH = 14, [H3O+] and [OH–] from pH [Bihar CECE First
[CBSE-99,94;Bihar CECE First Stage-2003;
Stage-2001;
IIT-JEE-97]
AIEEE-2009,2005,2004,2003,2002;IIT-JEE
(iv) Kw = [H+] [OH–] = 10–14 (at room temp.) or For Screening Test-2001, CBSE PMT-2011]
pure water, [H+] = [OH–] = 10–7 (at room temp.)
[CBSE-94;Bihar CECE First Stage-2006] (iii) Solubility = K sp
pH of incompletely ionized acids and bases [IIT-JEE-97; CBSE-PMT ; Preliminary
(i) [H+] = Normality of acid × degree of ionisation. Exam.-2004,2003,95,94; AIEEE-2004]
[OH-–] = Normality of basedegree of Precipitation
ionisation. (i) If Ionic Product > Ksp ; Solution get precipitated
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2006,99] if
pH of Solution
If Ionic Product = Ksp ; Solution is just saturated 
 No. ppt.
(i) If Ionic Product < Ksp ; Solution is unsaturated 
[ Bihar CECE First Stage-2006]
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2009]
Ionisation and Dissociation constant of pKb
Or [Salt]
(i) pH = pK a + log [Acid]
pH of water/neutral solution at higher temperature Common ion effect
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2008]
(i) Strength of acid = [Salt]
(i) pH = pKa + log [Acid] [CBSE-PMT Preliminary
(ii) PKa = – log Ka
(iii) For diprotic acid,[AIEEE-2011] Exam.-2004,97;IIT-JEE-93]
Hydrolysis K sp+ = ]X −[B
[ANNY+VV −NN
X- Y
V
ba]Vba
 H − ]=
[OH = ab ab
(i) For hydrolysis of Salt of weak acid & strong base ELECTROCHEMISTRY
VVaa ++VVb b
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2009]
(ii) For hydrolysis of salt of weak acid & weak base ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
(iii) For Hydrolysis of salt of weak acid & strong base (i) E0 cell = E0 red(R) – E0 red(L)
[AIEEE-2002] [AIEEE – 2004;IIT-JEE-2009,2007,96]
(iv) For Hydrolysis of salt of strong acid & weak base:
[Bihar CECE First Stage-2004] 0 0.059 [Reducing Agent]
(ii) Ecell = E Cell - n
log
[Oxidising Agent]
(v) For Hydrolysis of salt of weak acid & strong base
[IIT-JEE-2009] Galvanic cell
Buffer solution and it’s pH (i) E0cell = E0Red(R) – E0Red(L)
[Salt] [CBSE PMT-2011; AIEEE-2009;IIT-JEE-91]
(i) pH = pK a + log [Acid] Primary cells including fuel cells
[Bihar CECE First Stage-2009; IIT-JEE-2008] 0 0.059 [O.A.]
(i) E cell = E cell + log
[Salt) n [R.A.]
(ii) pOH = pk b + log [Base] [CBSE-2002] [Bihar CECE first Stage-
2003;AIEEE-2011, 2007;IIT-JEE-2011,98]
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT ELECTRODE POTENTIAL AND ELECTROMOTIVE
Solubility and Solubility Product FORCE
(i) Ksp = Xx. Yy. SX + Y [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam- (i) At eqbm Ecell = 0 and nearest equation becomes
2004,2002,2001,99,97;Bihar CECE Second Stage- 0.059
E 0 cell = log K [CBSE(Medical)
2009;Bihar CECE First Stage-2001;AIEEE- 2
2003,2002;IIT-JEE Screening Test-2001] Preliminary Exam.-2004,97;AIEEE-2003;IIT-
JEE-2006,2004]
 0 0.059 [Reducing Agent] W
(ii) Ecell = E cell - n
log
[Oxidising Agent] (iv) Current efficiency = W
experimental
× 100%
calculated

[CBSE-2003,95;Bihar CECE First Stage- (v) Q = It

2003,2001; AIEEE-2003;]
0.059
(iii) E0cell = E0Red(R) – E0Red(L) 0
(vi) Electrode Potential E = E + log  M n+ 
n
[CBSE-2000,96,93,90,88;Bihar CECE
First Stage-2006;AIEEE-2003, 2002; IIT-JEE; (vii) E = 96500 z [CBSE-PMT preliminary Exam.2009]
Screening Test-2002, 20000, 90, 88] (viii) W = ZIT
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.2009;IIT-JEE-2008]
(iv) For the reaction Mn+ + ne– → M ;
(ix) volume of the gas liberated (at STP)
Nernst eqn Equivalent volume
= ×It
F
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2006;IIT-JEE-94]
(x) Energy dissipated, Q = V×I×t [CBSE-96]
  ∂E  
(v) ∆H = nF  T  ∂T  − E 
  p  ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTION
(vi) ∆G 0 = − nFE 0 [ CBSE-PMT Preliminary Molar conductivity
(i) Equivalent conductivity = charge on ion
Exam.-2009,2003,98;Bihar CECE First Stage-
2004;AIEEE-2009.2004,2003;IIT-JEE Screening [CBSE-2000;Bihar CECE First stage-
Test-2005,97] 2005;AIEEE-2011)
GIBB’S FREE ENERGY AND CELL POTENTIAL
ℓ
(ii) Cell constant G * = = R.k [CBSE-99]
059 C A
(i) For Hydrogen cell − E = − h
log 2
C1 (iii) Kohlrausch’s law–A =
0 0 0
(ii) E cell
– E (Red) R – E (Red) L [CBSE-97;AIEEE-2006,2004]
[IIT-JEE Screening Test-2000]
= λ+ K+AAλ
×−10000 ℓ ×2E100 059
α
→
W
^==E
= (m ,M)
(iv) n+ &=E
×Itkor=(M
n+Cα
=W= ,−×IT C =Mequivalent
wherelog n+

059  M n-1  AnF
∞M
,M)
F n
A×R×N
(iii) E (M =E 0
+ log
[M] [CBSE-94;AIEEE-2006]
n+ n+
,M) (M ,M)
n

0 0.59 [ O.A.] (v)

(iv) E cell = E cell + log
n [ R.A.] Conductance.
[Bihar CECE First Stage-2001;IIT-JEE-93] [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.2009]
0 0.59 (vi) Ksolution = Ksolvent + Ksolute
(v) E cell = log k [CBSE (Medical) Preliminary
n Ionic velocity
(vii)Ionicmobility = or Ionic
Exam.-2007;2000;AIEEE-2006,2004,2003,2002; IIT- Potenital gradient
JEE Screening Test-2004,99]
mobility,
ELECTROLYSIS AND ELECTRODE POTENTIAL
(i) When same amount of charge is passed through two λ Equivalent conductance
u= =
different electrolytic solution, then F fraday constant
W1 W2 W1 Vol. of H2 liberated at STP [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2006]
= or =
E1 E 2 E1 11.2 λ Equivalent conductance
(viii) u = F = faraday constant
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2005]
−059 1
0
(ii) E cell = log k [CBSE-97] Conduc tance, G = , R = Resistance
n R
[ CBSE-99,96;AIEEE-2003]
(iii) Weight deposited,
CBSE-96;Bihar CECE First Stage-2004;AIEEE-2005
 SOLUTION RTb2
VAPOUR PRESSURE OF SOLUTIONS AND RAOULT’S LAW (xii) k b = where lv is latent heat of
1000 / v
(i)
vaporization [CBSE-89]
P o − ps W×1000 (xiii) ∆Tf = K f × molality
o
= x solute ; m =
p m×Weight of solvent in grm.
k f ×w×1000
[Bihar CECE First Stage-2003;AIEEE-,2006] (xiv) ∆Tf =
m×W
(ii) Pm = PoAXA + PoB XB ;
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.2006]
nA nB (xv) ∆Tf = i k f m
Pm = P o A +P o B +...
n A + n B +... n A + n B +...
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2011,2009;
Po are vapour pressure of component in pure AIEEE-2003,2002]
state. [IIT-JEE-84]
RT 2
f
w A /m A w B /m B (xvi) ∆Tf = i M (xvii) k f = 1000l
Pm = P o A +P o B +... f
w A /m A +w B +... w A /m A +w B /m B +...
Kf ×w×1000 Normal molecular weight
[ CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2009] (xviii) ∆Tf = m×W
; i=
Experimental molecular weight
;
(iii) Pm = P o A X A + P o B X B ; Pm X'A (G.P.) = P o A X A(L.P.)
1 −1
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2005;AIEEE-2009] α= where i = van't Hoff factor
1
p o − ps n p o − ps 1− ,
(iv) = where is relative lowering in n
po n+N po
[CBSE-97;AIEEE-2003,2002IIT-JEE-98]
vapour pressure. [CBSE-98;IIT-JEE-2009] (xix) π = h × d × g ; π = CRT
p o − ps w/m p o − ps
(v) = where is relative
po w/m + w/m po (xx)
lowering in vapour pressure. [CBSE-2001,99,98,96 π 1 =πn2  k b × w ×1000
Bihar CECE first Stage-2001;AIEEE-2008;IIT-JEE- π
∆T=b = kbRT
×∆T
molality=
= k × molality= f
k × wmolality
×1000
v f m × w m×W
f
93]
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.- 2005,2004]
(vi) π ∝ ( n / V ) ∝ concentration = Concentration RT
(xxi) Abnormal Colligative Properties :
[CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.-2007] For solute undergoing dissociation :
(vii) [CBSE-PMT Preliminary Exam.- 2006, Experimental colligative property >
98; Bihar CECE First Stage-2007;IIT-JEE- Normal colligative property
2007;AIEEE-2011] (o.p, ∆p, ∆Tb , ∆Tf )
Experimental molecular weight < Normal
(viii) [CBSE-2011, 96,94]
molecular weight
W×RT For solute : A x By → XA y+ +YBx −
(ix) π = CRT, π =
M×V Exp.C.P.
i= = 1 − α + xα + yα ;α is degree of
(x) π1 =C1RT1 ,C1 = π1 /RT1 ,π 2 = C2 RT2 ,C2 = π 2 /RT2 Normal C.P.
po -ps w×M w×1000 dissociation. i > 1
(xi) ∆Tb ∝ po
∝
m×W
∝
m×W
∝ molality
Normal molecular weight
i= = 1 − α + xα + yα
Exponential molecular weight
k b ×w×1000
∆Tb = k b × molality = ∝ molality [IIT-JEE Screening Test-2000,99;AIEEE-
m×W
2011]
∆Tb is elevation in boiling point and Kb is molal
1
elevation constant of solvent. [CBSE-2000,99,95,90; van’t Hoff Coefficient (g) = (X+Y)
Bihar CECE First Stage-2003;AIEEE-2002; IIT-
JEE Screening Test -2005] van’t Hoff factor
 No. of particles after dissociation MEANLIFE :
(i) =
No. of particles before dissociation [CBSE-94]
(i)
Exponential C.P. < Normal C.P.
Exponential molecular weight > Normal molecular t1/ 2
Weight III. t1/2 = 0.693 × Tav , IV, t av = = 1.44 × t1/2
0.693
For solute : [Bihar CECE First Stage-2006]
nA ⇌ (A) n
MASS DEFECT AND BINDING ENERGY

(i) Mass defect ∆m = Calculated mass – Isotopic

Normal molecular weight α mass
i= = 1−α +
Exponential molecular weight n Binding energy =
α is degree of association and n is number of [CBSE-99,97;IIT-JEE-96]
molecules undergoing association. RADIOCARBON DATING:
Henry’s law 2.303 N0
(i) = t = log10
λ N
Partial pressure of gas = KH.Xges [IIT-JEE-2009] [ CBSE-97;AIEEE-2003,2002]
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTR
INORGANIC Y
CHEMISTRY
PERIODIC TABLE
RADIO ACTIVITY
(i) Genral electronic configuration (of outer orbits)
(i)
s-block ns1-2 p-block ns2np1-6
N0
d-block (n-1)d1-10ns1-2
(ii) N = f-block (n-2) f1-14 s2p6d10 (n-1)s2p6d0 or1 ns2
2n 2.303 2
∆E(ii) 1 Property
=Exponential
1∆ mc N0 C.P 0.693 a
[CBSE-2003,2001; Bihar CECE First Stage- itI.
A= ; 10II. t1/2 = = − = 1 ,− α + Pr (L to R) Gr(T to B)
=T=av = log
(a)λλ λ
Normal N
C.P.
atomic radius λ n ↓ ↑
2004; AIEEE-2004,2003]
(b) ionisation potential ↑ ↓
 in 2  0.693
(iii) t1/2 =  λ  = λ (c) electron affinity ↑ ↓
 
(d) electron negativity ↑ ↓
[CBSE-2001,99,95]
(e) metallic character of
n
1 electropositive character
(iv) number of nuclei let N = N0   (f) alkaline character of
2  
hydroxides
n
1 (g) acidic character ↑ ↓
(v) Fraction of nuclei left =  
2
[CBSE-2000] (h) density (i) firstly increase ↑
1
n (ii) in between max
(vi) percentage of nuclei left = 100   (iii) then decreases
2  
(i) reducing property ↓ ↑
(vii) Number of nuclei decayed after time
n
(j) oxidizing property ↑ ↓
1
t = N 0 − N = N 0 − N 0 e = 100   (k) non metallic character ↑ ↓
2
(viii) 1 curie = 3.0 × 108 disintegration/s 1 1
(iii) IP ∝ ∝
Metallic Character Reducing Character
(ix) 1 1
∝
(x) Rate = λ N Basic Nature of oxide Basicnature of Hydroxide
 1
(iv) EA ∝ ∝ nuclear charge
size
Second electron affinity is always negative. Atomic radii Li M.P. and B.P Max
Atomic volume Hardness
Electron affinity of chlorine is greater than Na
Density Ionisation energy
fluorine (small atomic size).
(v) The first element of group has similar properties Reactivity K Conductivity
Reducing power Electronegativity
with the second element of the next. group. This Rb
is called diagonal relationship. The diagonal Electropositivity Solubility of salts
relationship disappears after IV group. Anion stabilization Cs having large anions
EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY Solubility of salts
(i) Floatation is a physical method of separating a Havins small anions
Max
mineral from the gangue depending on
differences in their wettabilities by a liquid BORON FAMILY
solution.
(i) Stability of +3 oxidation state :
(ii) Roasting is the process of heating a mineral in
the presence of air. B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
(iii) Calcination is the process of heating the ore in (ii) Stability of +1 oxidation state : Ga < In < Tl
the absence or air. (iii) Reducing nature : Al > Ga > In > Tl
(iv) Electrolytic reduction Highly electgroposotive (iv) Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides :
metals are extracted by the electrolysis of their B < Al < Ga < In < Tl
oxides, hydroxides or oxides. (v) Relative strength of Lewis acid :
s-BLOCK ELEMENTS
BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3
(i) Atomic radii Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
(ii) Ionic radii: Ll+ < Na+ < K+ < Rb+ < Cs+ (vii) Increasing & Decreasing Trends :
(iii) Electronegativity : Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
(iv) First Ionization potential : Li > Na > K > Rb > [B,Al,Ga, in, Tl ; ns2 np1]
Cs INCREASING DECREASING EXCEPTIONS
(v) Melting point : Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs TRENDS TRENDS
(vi) Density : Li > Na < K > Rb > Cs * Alomic radii (M) * Ionisation energies * Atomic size of
(vii) Colour of the flame Li-Red, Na-Golden, K- Ga < in
Violet, Rb- Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood * Ionic Radii * lE 1 of Tl > in
red, Ba-Apple green * Inert Pair Effect * lE 1 of Ga ≈Al
(viii) Rb and Cs show photoelectric effect.
(ix) Stability of hydrides : LiH > NaH > KH > * Tendency to show * M.P./B.P
+1 oxidation state
RbH > CsH
(x) Basic nature of hydroxides : LiOH < NaOH < * Tendency to form ionic * Tendency to show
KOH < RbOH < CsOH compounds + 3 oxidation state
(xi) The stability and solubility of carbonates, nitrates * Electropositive * Tendency to form
and bicarbonates in the order : Character covalent compounds
Li2CO3 < Na2CO2 < K2CO3 < Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3,
* Lewis acid strength
LiNO3 < NaNO3 < KNO3 < RbNO3 < CsNO3 and of trihalides of B
LiHCO3 < NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < RbHCO3 < increases from
CsHCO3 BH3 → BBr3
(xii) 28% NaCl solution is called brine.
(xiii) Gradation Properties of alkali metals
CARBON FAMILY
(iv) The stability of pentoxides :
(i) Reactivity : C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
P2O5 < As2O5 > Sb2O5 > N2O5 > Bi2O5
(ii) Metallic character : C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
(v) Basic nature, bond angle, thermal stability and
(iii) Acidic character of the oxides :
dipole moment of hydrides :
CO2 > SiO2 > GeO2 > SnO2 > PbO2
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
Weaker acidic (amphoteric)
(vi) Reducing power, poisonous nature, covalent
(iv) Thermal stability and volatility of hydrides :
nature of hydrides : NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 <
CH4 > SIH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 > PbH4
BiH3
(v) Reducing nature of hydrides :
(vii) Stability of trihalides of nitrogen :
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4
NF3 < NCl3 > NBr3 < NI3
(vi) Thermal stability of tetrahalides :
(viii) Lewis base strength : NF3 < NCl3 > NBr3 < NI3
CCl4 > SiCl4 > GeCl4 > SnCl4 > PbCl4
(ix) Ease of hydrolysis of trichlorides :
(vii) Thermal stability and volatility of tetrahalide
NCl3 > PCl3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3
with a common central atom :
(x) Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As and
MF4 > MCl4 > MBr4 > MI4
Sb :
(viii) Oxidising Character of M+4 species :
PCl3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
(xi) Lewis acid strength among phosphorus
(ix) Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides :
trihalides
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3
(x) Reducing character of dihalides :
(xii) Bond angle, among the halides of phosphorus
GeCl2 > SnCl2 > PbCl2
PF3 < PCl3 < PBr3 < PI3
(xi) Increasing & Decreasing Trends :
(xiii) Increasing & Decreasing Trends
[C,Si,Ge,Sn, Pb ; ns2 np2]
INCREASING DECREASING EXCEPTIONS [N, P, As, Sb, Bi : ns2 np3]
TRENDS TRENDS INCREASING DECREASING EXCEPTIONS

TRENDS TRENDS
* Atomic radii (M) * Ionisation energles * lE 1 of P b > sn
Electronegativity lE 1 of Ge ≈ Si * Atomic size * ionlsation enrgins * N. P show
* Ionic Radii Non-metallic * Only C has ability * Melting/Boiling Electronegativity oxidation state
of pπ − pπ bonding
point increases from * M.P/B.P. decreases -3 to +5 Bi shows
* Inert Pair Effect Caracter * Si and others can
form dπ − pπ bonding N → As As → Bi oxidation state of

* Tendency to show * Tendency to show * All elemonts Except pb * Metal character * Tendenoy to forming +3 only
+2 oxidation state + 4 oxidation store show allofropy
* Density Covalent compounds * Elements except
* Tendency to form * Tendency to forming
ionic compounds Covalent compounds * Thermel stability of N. Bi exhibit
thermal stability of * Tendency of lower hydrides allotropy
* Reducing character hydrides
oxidation state +3 * Angle around M in * B.P. of MH3
of hydrides (MH) * M-M bond strength
* Tendency of metal hydrides (MH3) Ph3 < AsH3 <
cateration * Reducing character * Basic nature of MH3 SbH3 < BiH3

of hydrides (MH3) * Acidic character of

NITROGEN FAMILY
oxides
(i) Acidic strength of trioxides : N2O3 > P2O3 >
* Ionic Character of * Tendency of forming Mx5
As2O3
compound dominate
(ii) Acidic strength of pentoxides :
towards end
N2O3 > P2O3 > As2O5 > Sb2O5 > Bi2O5
(iii) Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen :
N2O < NO < N2O3 < N2O4 < N2O5
 (iv) Oxidising power ; F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
OXYGEN FAMILY
(v) Enthalpy of hydration of X– ion : F– > Cl– > F–
(i) Melting and boiling point of hydrides :
(vi) Reactivity of halogens : F > Cl > Br > I
H2O > H2 Te > H2Se > H2S
(vii) Ionic character of M–X bond in halides
(ii) Volatility of hydrides :
M – F > M – Cl > M – Br > M – I
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2Te
(viii) Reducing character of X– ion : I– > Br– > Cl– > F–
(iii) Thermal stability of hydrides :
(ix) Boiling point or volatility of hydrides :
H2O > H2S > H2Se > H2Te
HCl < HBr > Hl > HIF
(iv) Reducing nature of hydrides :
(x) Thermal stability of hydrides : HF>HCl >HBr>HI
H2S < H2Se < H2Te
(xi) Acidic strength of halogen acids :
(v) Covalent character of hydrides :
HI > HBr > HCl > HF
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
(xii) Conjugate base strength of halogen acids :
(vi) Bond angle & Dipole moment of hydrides :
I– < Br– < Cl– < F–
H2O > H2S H2Se >H2Te
o o
(xiii) Reducing property of hydrogen halides :
(104 ) (92 ) (91o) (92o)
HF < HCl < HBr < HI
(vii) Ease of hydrolysis of hexahalides :
(xiv) Dipole moment of hydrogen halldes :
SF6 > SeF6 > TeF6
HF > HCl > HBr > HI
(viii) The acidic character of oxides (elements in the
(xv) Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine :
same oxidation state)
Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl2O6 > Cl2O7
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
(xvi) Acidic character of oxyacids of chlorine :
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HCO4–
(ix) Acidic character of oxide of a particular element
(xvii) Strength of conjugate bases of oxyacids of
(e.g.S) : SO < SO2 < SO3
chlorine:
(x) Stability of dioxides :
ClO– > ClO2– > ClO3– > ClO4–
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2
(xviii) Oxidising power of oxyacids of chlorine :
(xi) Increasing & Decreasing Trends
HClO > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4
(xix) Thermal stability of oxyacids of chlorine :
[O, S, Se, Te, Po ; ns2 np4]
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
INCREASING DECREASING EXCEPTIONS
TRENDS TRENDS
(xx) Stability of anions of oxyacids of chlorine
ClO– < ClO2– < ClO3– < ClO4–
* Atomic Size * Ionisation energies * O shows tendency (xxi) Increasing & Decreasing Order :
* Density * Electronegativity of pp-pp bonding [F, Cl, Br, l, At ; ns2 np5]
INCREASING DECREASING EXCEPTIONS
* Ionic radius * M.P./B.P. decreases others can form
TRENDS TRENDS
* M.P./B.P. increases Te → Po dp-pp bonding.
* Atomio size * Ionisation energies
O → Te * Electron affinity EA1 of O < EA1 of S
* Ionic radius X- * Electronegativity
* Metallic Character * Thermal stability of H2M * S shows some
* Ionic radius * Electron affinity
* Bond angle around M tendency of
* M.P./B.P. * Chemical Reactivity * EA1 of Cl>EA1 of F
* Acidic nature of M - M bond strength catenation Intensity of colour * Eo values * F shows oxidation
hydrides (H2M) * M - M bond * Electropositive * Oxidising power state of -1 ; others
strength is highest Character * Thermal stability of HX show oxidation state
HALOGEN FAMILY * Acidic nature of * ∆ H of H - X -1, + 1, +3, +5, +7
(i) Bond energy of halogen : Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 hydrides (HX) * Acid strength of HOX

(ii) Bond length in X2 molecule : F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2 * Reducing nature of * Acid strength of HOX
hydrides (HX)
(iii) Solubility of holgen in water : F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
 NOBLE GASES
(i) The nobel gases are the elements in group 18 CHOH  oxidn.
→ C = O  Oxidn
→ − COOH
(group q) of the periodic table. It is also called 2. Secondary
alcohi
Ketone Acid

helium family or neon family. They are the most

3. C.OH  oxidn.
→ C = CH2
stable due to the having the maximum number of Ter. alcohol
valence electrons in their outer shell canhold.
Therefore, they rarely react with othe elements −CN → dil. HCl
2H O
− COOH
4. Cyanide 2 acid
since they are already stable.
(ii) Nobel gases have full valence electron shells.
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of 5. −CHO  radn.
→ − CH 2 OH
Aldehyde. Na/Hg Primary alcohol
an atom andn are normally the only electrons which
can participate in chemical bonding. 6. CHOH
2–
(iii) In xenate ion XeO4 , Xe is in +6 oxidation state
Secondary
and in prexenate ion XeO64–, Xe is in +8 oxidation alcohol
state.
R - COONa  soda lime
heated
→ R-H
(iv) Xenon fluoride complexes. XeF2 acts as a fluoride 7. sod. salt of fatty acid Alkatie.
donor and forms complexes with covalent
pentafluorides such as PF5, AsF5 etc. and transition −CN  redn.
Na/alc.
→ − CH 2 NH 2
metal fluorides such NbF5, TaF5 etc. 8. Amine
+ –
XeF2 + MF5 → XeF2.MF5 or [XeF] [ MF6]
XeF2 + 2MF5XeF2.MF5 or [XeF]+[M2F11]– and −COCl  NH
→ − CONH 2
3

+ –
9. Acid chloride Amide
2XeF2 + MF52XeF2.MF5 or [Xe3F3] [MF6]
XeF can act as a fluoride donor forming complexes −CONH 2  Br +KOH
→ − NH 2
2

such – as XeF6.BF3 or [XeF5]+[BF4]– an also act as 10. Amide

a fluoride acceptor such as
+ – 11. − NH 2 → HNO
NaNO /HCl
− OH
2

XeF6 + RbFRb [XeF7] Amine 2

alcohol
(v) Clathrates are held by van der Waals’ forces. They −CH
C 
= O2 OH 
Oxidn
→→ −CHO
oxidn
oxidn
→−COOH
Ketone
Primary alcohol−COOH
Na/Hg

Aldehyde.
PCl
→ − COCl 5
acid
are not ture compounds and have the componenets 12. Acid Acid Chloride
as Clathrate = Organic molecule inorganic
molecule (Host) + Inert gas (Guest). − NO2  Sn/HCl
redn.
→ − NH 2
(vi) Many of the reactions of xenon oxides, fluorides 13. Nitro
and oxofluorides can be systematized in terms of
generalized acid-base theory in which any acid 14. −COCl  H /Pd
→ 2
− NH 2
Acid Chloride
(here defined as an oxide acceptor) can react with
any base (oxide donor) lying below it in the 15. − N 2 Cl →
CuCN/HCN
− CN
Diazoniuim chloride
sequence of decreasing acidity :
XeF6 > XeO2F4 > XeO3F2 > XeO4 > XeOF4 > XeF4 16. −OH  PCl
→ 5
− Cl
> XeO2F2 > XeO3 1 XeF2.
17. −X → aq KOH
− OH
(vii) XeF6 cannot be stored in glass vesels because of
the following reactions which finally give the 18. −X → HNH 2
− NH 2
dangerously explosive XeO3 19. R − X  alo.KOH
→ RCH = CH 2
2XeF6 + SiO2 2XeOF4 + SiF4
2XeOF4 + SiO2 2XeO2F2 + SiF4 20. −CHO  PCl
→ 3
CHCl2
2XeO2F2 + SiO2 (From glass) 21. R − X  KCN
→ R − CN
2XeO3 (explosive) + SiF4 22.
−X → −MgX
Mg

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 23. −MgX 

HOH
→ −H
RULES FOR CONVERSION & WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 24. −X 
RONa
→ − OR

1.
25. — COOH 
ROH
→ — COOR Br
H OH H | |
| | | H 44. CH 2 = CH  HBr
Markovnikov's rule
→ CH3 — C — CH3
— C— C — H  →— C = C
dehydration
hotconc.HS O
|
2 4
H
| | H
26. H H 45. CH 3 − CH = CH 2  HBr
Markovnikov's rule
→ Br
Pri alc |
H CH3— C CH3
| H |
27. —C C 
dehydration
→ —C CH H
hotconc.HS2 O4

H CH3 − CH = CH 2 HBr in presence

of peroxide Anti Markovnikov's
→
46. Vinyl
28. − NHCOCH3 
HOH
→− NH 2
CH3CH2CH2Br
29. RCH = CHR 
1.O 3
2.H 2 O
→ 2RCHO
47. − HSO 4 →
HOH
aq.KOH
−OH
30. RCH = CHR → 2RCHO + R'CHO1.O3
2.H 2 O OH
| |
31. RRC = CRR 
1.O3
2.H 2O
→ 2RCOR −
48. — C — OH H O
→ —C=O 2

33. RRC = CHR → RCOR + RCHO 1.O 3

2.H 2 O
|
H H H H H Unstable alcohol Aldehyde

| | | | 49. − N 2 Cl 
Boil
H2 O
→−OH of
dehydration

33. —C—C—C—C—H → conc.H SO 2

Satzaff's
4
–C–C=C–H Ketone

or
rule
| | | |
Carbonyl group
H H H H H
− OH  NH
3
anhydrous
→ − NH
NH 2
X X −COOH  →−COONH 4 
3 Heated
→−CONH 2
| | 50. Amide

35. C = C  X
→ 2
C—C Application of rules of conversions
36. The conversions and what happens may be
made easy by the use of rule of conversion.
37. − NH 2 →
NaNO /HCl
2
o
0− 5 C
− NH 2 If the conversions and what
happens are given in language form then first
38. H − CHO →−1.RMgx
2.H O
CH 2 OH
2
Pr. alc. you convert it in chemical formulae and then
R put the change of functional groups according
to the reagents given. The result of change of
39. R − CHO → 1.RMgx
CHOH
2.H O2 functional groups will be written in the missing
sec. alc
R . gap. E.g.
| 1. What acetamide is treated with Bromine and
40. = CO  1.Rmgx
→ R – COH Potassium hydroxide unknown compound ‘A’
2.H O
2
obtained which on treatment with sodium nitrite
|
Ter alc.
and hydrochloric acid gives another compound
B. the compound B fails to give iodoform last.
− NH 2 CH Cl/alc.KOH
3
heated Carbyl amine reaction
→− N = C Hint: The problem can be solved by converting the
41. 1 so cyanide
language into chemical formula and then using
the conversion rules as :
42. Ar − H 
3 2 4
→ Ar − NO 2
Conc.HNO /H SO

CH3 CONH 2 

Br2 /KOH
→ A →
NaNO2 \HCl
B
43. HC ≡ CH → C6 H 6
red hot Cu - tube
Polymerisation
 See the rules no. 10 and 11. The functional group 6. CH2 = CH2 
Raney Ni/H
Room Temp.
→ CH3 – CH3 2

amide will convert into primary amine and Ethylene Ethane

primary amine will convert into primary alcohol.
So the result that the compound A will be methyl 7. CH ≡ CH CH3 – CH3
amine and compound B will be methyl alcohol.
Acetylene Ethane
The reactions can be written as:
CH3 CONH 2 
Br2 /KOH
→ CH3 NH 2 8. CH3CH2OH 
Conc. H SO (excess)
→ CH2 = CH2
2
o
4
o
160 −170
'A' Ethanol Ethylene
→ CH 3 OH
NaNO2/HCl

'B' 9. CH3CH2Cl 

alc. KOH
→ CH2 = CH2
Re flux
2. When ethylene is treated with chlorine gives a Ethyl Chloride Ethylene(1%)
compound ‘A’ which on treatment with KCN give
‘B’. the compound B when hydrolysed with dil. 10. CH2Br—CH2Br 
Zn dust
→ CH2 = CH2
Alcohol.Heat
HCl yields a dicarboxylic acid ‘C’ having
1, 2-Dibromoethane Ethylene(1%)
molecular formula C4H6O4. What is the name of
compound A, B and C, write with reactions. CH2COONa CH2
| →
Kolbe
E;ectrp;usos ||
Hint: Use rule 35, 21 and 4. 11. CH2COrlma CH2
Sod. Succinate Ethylene
CH2 CH2Cl CH2CN CH2COOH
|| →
Cl2 | 
KCN
→ | 
dil HCl
2H2 O
→| 12. CHCl3 
Ag powder
→ CH ≡ CH
Heat
CH2 CH2Cl CH2CN CH2COOH Chfotoform Acetylene
‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’
Dichloro dicyano Succinic 13. CHl3 CH = CH
ethane ethane acid 

Raney
Ag powder
→→
Ni/H 2
HeatTemp.lodofom
Room Acetylene
Tricks for Some other type of Conversions :
CH3CH2OH  → CH3CH2Br
Solid NaBr+
14. conc. H SO .Heat
O 2 4
||
Ethanol Ethyl Bromide
1. CH3 − C − ONa 
Soda Lime
Heat
→ CH 4
Methane
15. CH3OH 
PCl
→ CH3Cl
5

O Methanol Methyl Chloride

||

2. CH3 − C − ONa → CH 3 − CH3

Kolbe
Electrolysis
Ethane
16. CH2 = CH2 →
dry HCl
Inert Solvent
CH3 – CH2Cl
Sodium Acetate Ethylene Ethyl Chloride

3. CH3Cl 
→ CH4LiAlH 4
Reduction

Methyl Chloride Methane 17. CH4 (excess) 

Cl
UV light
→ CH3Cl
2

Methane Methyl chloride

4. CH3Cl 
→ CH3 – CH3
Na metal
dry ether.Heat

Methyl chloride Ethane 18. CH3CH2 (excess) 

Cl
UV light
→ CH3CH2Cl 2

Ethane Ethyl Chloride

5. CH3CH2Cl 
→ CH3 – CH3
LiAlH 4
dry ether

Ethyl Chloride Ethane 19. CH2 = CH2 →

Br in CCl
Room temp.
2
CH2Br – CH2Br
4

Ethylene 1.2-Dibromoethane
 C
20. CH2 = CH2 
2% KMnO So in.
Room temp.
→ CH2OH – CH2OH
4
37. CH3CH2OH 
dil. KMnO
Heat
→ CH3 – 4 || – H
O
Ethylene Ethylene Glycol Ethanol Acetaldehyda
21. CH ≡ CH CH2 = CHCl C C
38. CH3 – | | – Cl 
H 2 , Pd-BaSO 4 (S)
→ CH3 – | | – H
Boiling xylerie
Acetylene Venyl chloride O O
O Acetyl Chloride Acetaldehyde
||
22. CH ≡ CH CH2 = CH.O.C CH 3  O 
Acetylene Venyl Chloride Ca ++ H − C
||
−
− O  
Dry dislillation
→ H − C− H
39.  ||
  O
23. CH ≡ CH C6H6  2
Acetylene Benzene Calcium Formal Formaldehyde

24. CH3CH2Cl → CH3CH2OH

Moist Ag 2 O
Heat  O
||

++  −  
Ethyl Chloride Ethanol Ca O − C − CH Dry
→ CH 3 − C − CH 3
40.  3
 Distillation ||

25. CH3Cl 

→ CH3 — O — CH3
dry Ag2 O  2 O
Heat

Dimethyl Ether Calcium Acetate Acetone

26. CH3Cl 

alc. KCN
→ CH3CN CH3 − CH − CH 3 
KMnO 4 .Heat
[O]
→ CH 3 − C − CH 3
Heat 41. | ||

Methyl Chloride Methyl Cyanide

OH O
2-Propanol Acetone
27. CH3CH2Cl 
→ CH3CH2 — O — CH2CH3
dry Ag 2O
Heat

Ethyl Chloride Diethyl Ether

CH ≡ CH 
1% HgSO 4 & 20% H 2SO 4
[ Water ] → CH3 − C − H
42. 2-Propatnol ||
O
28. CH3CH2OH →
Bleaching Power
distill
CHCl3
Acetaldehyde
Ethanol Choroform
CH 3 − C= CH 
1% H 2SO 4 & 20% H 2SO 4
[Water]
→ CH 3 − C − CH 3
||
29. CH3CH2OH 
NaOH + I so In.
→ CHI3  Methylacetylene
→ O
 →→
Conc.NH3(excess)
one
Acetic
mole
acid HCl
vapour
o
2
43.Hg(CH

Cu tube.
Heat
HgCl
450
32COO) 2
Polymerisation
Ethanol Iodoform Acetaldehyde

30. CH3COCH3 

Bleaching Powder
→ CHCl3
Heat CH3 OH 
Conc. KMnO 4
[O]Heat
→ H − C − OH
||
Acetone Chloroform Methanol O
44.
31. CH3COCH3 → CHl3 NaOH+I 2 so ln.
Formic Acid
Acetone lodoform
CH 3CH 2 OH 
Conc. KMnO 4
→ CH3 − C − OH
CH2 = CH2 → CH3 – CH2OH
(i) Conc. H2SO2 [O]Heat ||
32. (ii) H2 O. Heat Ethanol O
45.
Ethylene Ethanol Acetic Acid
C
| | – H 
33. CH3 – LiAlH 4
dry ether, low temp
→ CH3CH2OH CH 3C ≡ N 
dil. HCl, Heat
Hydrolysis
→ CH3 − C − OH
O ||
46. Methyl Cynanide O
Acetaldehyde Ethanol
Acetic Acid
C
34. CH3 – | | – CH3 
LialH 4
dry ether
→ CH3CHCH3 CH3 MgCl →
(i) CO 2 dry ether
CH 3 − C − OH
O (ii) dil. H 2 SO 4 ||
OH 47. Methylmagnesiuim O
Chloride Acetic Acid
Acetone 2-Propanol

35. H–
C
| | – H 
LiAlH 4
→ CH3OH 48. CH3CH2Cl →
Conc. NH Heat
(in excess)
CH3CH2NH2
3

dry ether
O
Ethyl Chloride Ethylamine
Formaldehyde Methanol
49. CH3Cl 
→ CH3CH2NH2
Conc.NH3(excess)
Heat
C
36. CH3OH → H – | | – H
dil. KMnO 4
Heat Methyl Chloride Ethyl amine
O
Methanol Formaldehyde 50. CH3– C ≡ N CH3CH2NH2
Methyl Cyanide Ethyl mine
 Red P
51. CH3 – C – NH2 
LiAlH
dry ether
→ CH3CH2NH2
4
62. CH3COOH 
Cl2 → CH2Cl – COOH
|| Ethyl amine Acetic Acid Chloroacetic Acid
O → Cl3C — COOH
Cl2

Acetamide Trichloroacetic Acid

COOH
C
52. | →
Glycerol
110o −120 o C
H – C – OH 63. CH3CH2COOH 
Red P
Br2
→ CH3 – | H—COOH
Br
COOH || Propanoic Acid
á-Bromopropionic acid
O
H-—COOH  → NO á–halogenated acid
Red P
Oxalic Acid Formic Acid 64. Cl 2

NO2 Formic acid

→
Conc. H2SO4 + Conc. HNO3 (no. á–hydrogen)
53. temp. below 60o C
Direct a halogenationof alipathic acids is
Benzene Toluene difficult. F2 and I2 do not react. It is important
CH3 to remember that hte crucial intermediate step
54. 
CH3 Cl, Anhydrous
AlCl3
→ is the reaction of acyl halide with halogen.
Benzene Toluene
65. R – C – NH2  NaOBr
→ [R – N = C = O]
CHO || lsocyanate
O
55. 
CrO 2 Cl 2
[O], Heat
→
Acid amide
Toluene Benzaldehyde
(R = alkyl or aryl) 
Hydrolysis
→ RNH2
O
|| 66. CH3 – C – NH2 →
Br + NaOH
80 C
CH3NH2
2
o

CH3 C—OH || Methyl a mine

KMnO soln. + O
56. 
4
Na CO . Heat
→
2 3 Acetamide
Toluene and then acidify Benzoic acid
67. C6H5 – C – NH2 
Br +KOH
80 C
→ C6H5NH22
o
OH
Zn dust
|| Aniline
57. →
Heat O
Phenol Benzene Benzamide
C C 68. ROSENMUND REACTION :
58. PCl5 H C — | | — Cl
H3C — | | — OH 
O → 3 O
O
|| Pd BaSO4 ||
O

− C− Cl + H 2 →
quinoline − C −H
Acetic acid Acetyl Chloride
Acid chloride Aldehyde
C P O
59. H3C— | | — OH 
Distill→
2 5 69. SANDMEYER REACTION :
O
Cl
Acetic Acid
CuCl + HCl
O O
H3C— | | — O — | | — CH3 Chlorobenzene
C C N2Cl
Acetic anhydride
CuBr + HBr Br
NaNO2
60. CH3CH2NH2 
low. temp.→ CH3CH2OH
Benzenediazonium
Ethyle mine Ethanol Chlorides Bromobenzen
O CN
|| CuCN + HCN
CHO C—OH Benzonitrile

61. 
(i) KMnO 4 [O]
Heat
→
Benzaldehyde (ii) Acidify Benzoic Acid
 INOR GANIC COL
INORGANIC OURED COMPOUND
COLOURED 1. [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 (Switzer’s reagent)
COLOURS OF DIFFERENT COMPOUNS
2. [Cu (NH3)4](NO3)2 (Deep blue colour is due
Black colour Compounds
1. PbS ↓ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ cation)
Orange Coloured Compouns
2. Ag2S ↓
1. Sb2S3 ↓
3. Cus ↓
2. Sb2S5 ↓
4. Cu2S↓
3. KO3
5. NiS ↓
4. CsO2
6. Cos ↓
5. Cr2O72- (aq.) (Orange in aq. Solution)
7. HgS ↓
6. K[Bil4] (Orange Complex)
8. Fes ↓
Green Colour Compounds
9. Cu3P2↓ 1. Ni(OH)2 ↓
10. Bil3↓ 2. Hg212 ↓

11. Hg ↓ + Hg (NH2)Cl ↓ 3. Cr(OH)3 ↓

12. MnO 4. Cr2O3

13. FeO 5. Cr2(SO4)3 (Green in Aq. Solution

14. CuO 6. CrCl3 . 6H2O or [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3

15. MnO2 7. FeSO4 . 7H2O or [Fe(H2O)6]SO4 . H2O

16. Mn3 O4 (MnO + Mn2 O3) 8. FeSO4 . (NH4)2 SO4 .6H2O(Mohr’s salt)

17. Fe3O4 (Feo + Fe2O3) 9. B(OC2H5)3 (Burns with green edge flame)

18. Co3O4 (CoO+Co2O3) 10. CoO . ZnO (Riemann’s green)

19. Ni2O3 11. Na2MnO4(green colour is due to mangante

ion)
Blue Colour Compounds
(a) Light Blue Compunds 12. K2MnO4 (green colour is due to mangante
ion)
1. Cu(OH)2 ↓
White Colour Compunds
2. Cu(NO3)2(Light Blue in Ag. Solution 1. BaCO3 ↓
3. CuSO4.5H2O (Blue Vitriol) 2. SrCo3 ↓
4. CoCl2 (Anhydrous) 3. CaCO3 ↓
(b) Deep Blue Compounds 4. MgCO3 ↓
1. Fe4 [Fe(CN)6]3 Prussian’s blus) 5. CaC2O4 ↓
2. Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 (Tumbull’s blue) 6. BaC2O4
3. Na4[Fe(CN)5(NOS)] (Violet or purple) 7. SrC2O4
1. Be(OH)2 ↓ 1. HgO ↓
2. Mg(OH)2 ↓ 2. Ag3Po4↓
3. Co(OH)2 ↓ 3. Ag3PO3↓
4. Bi(OH)3 ↓ 4. CuI2 ↓ / Cu(CN)2 ↓ (Unstable yellow
compound
5. PbSO4 ↓
5. AgBr↓ (Iitht yellow)
6. SrSO4 ↓
6. AgI↓ (Dark yellow)
7. BaSO4 ↓
7. SnS2↓ (Artificial gold
8. Hg2SO4 ↓
8. K3[Co(No2)6] ↓ (Fischer’s salt)
9. Zn(OH)2 ↓
9. Na2CrO4 (Yellow colour is due to CrO 42-
10. ZnCO3 ↓ ion)
11. ZnS ↓ 10. CrO42- (Aq.)(Fischer’s salt)
12. ZnO ↓ 11. PbO (i Cold)
13. AgCl ↓ 12. ZnO (in nHot)
14. AgNO2 ↓ 13. Na2 O2 (Pale yellow)
15. PbCl2 ↓ 14. FeS2 (Fool’S gold)
16. PbBr2 ↓ 15. (NH4)2Sx (where x=2 to 5) (YAS)
17. Cu2I2 ↓ 16. (NH4)3AsO4.12MoO3↓ (Ammonium phosphor

18. Ag2 C2O4 ↓ molybdate)

19. Ag2S2O3 ↓ 17. (NH4)3 AsO4 . 12MoO3↓ (Ammonium arseno

molybdate)
20. PbS2O3 ↓
Red Colour Compounds
21. AI(OH)3 ↓ (White gelatinous ppt.) 1. Hg2CrO4↓

22. Cd(OH)2 ↓ (Dirty White ) 2. Ag2 CrO4↓ Brick red)

23. Zn2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ 3. HgI2↓ (Scarlet red)

Yellow Coloured Compounds 4. [Ni(DMG)2] ↓ Rosy red)

1. As2S3 ↓
5. Pb3 O4 (2PbO+PbO2) Red Lead)
2. As2S5 ↓
6. CrO2CI2 (Reddish brown gas)
3. CdS ↓
7. Fe(SCN)3 (Blood red colouration)
4. PbCrO4 ↓
Brown Coloured Compounds
5. BaCrO4 ↓ 1. SnS ↓
6. SrCrO4 ↓ 2. Bi2S3↓

7. PbI2 ↓ 3. Fe(OH)3↓ (Reddish Brown)

1. Cu2I2 + I3- (Brown ppt.) ↓ Flow Sheet of S,p,d – Block Compounds
þ Flow sheet of NaOH
2. Cu2[Fe(CN6] (Chocolate brown) ↓

3.
þ Flow sheet of Na2O2

þ Flow sheet of Na2CO3

4. Pbo2 (Brown solid insoluble in HNO3)

5. Fe2O3 (Reddish Brown solid)

þ Flow sheet of KO2

6. Cu2O (Reddish Brown) þ Flow sheet of K2SO4

7. Ag3AsO4 (Reddish Brown) þ Flow sheet of Boron

8. [Fe(H2O)5(NO)] SO4 (Brown ring complex) þ Flow sheet of Na2B4O7

Pink Coloured Compunds þ Flow sheet of B2H6

1. Mn(OH)2 ↓
þ Flow sheet of CO & CO2
2. MnS↓

3. MnO- 4 (aq.) (Pink or purple in aq.

þ Flow sheet of SnCI2 & SnCI4
Solution) þ Flow sheet of PbCI2, PbO & PbO2
4. (NH4)2 SnCI6
þ Flow sheet of N2O
Colour of aquated d-block metal cation
1. [Sc(H2O)6]3+ or Sc3+ (aq.)  → Colouress þ Flow sheet of NO

2. [Ti(H2O)6]4+ or Ti4+ (aq.) 

→ Colourless þ Flow sheet of N2O3

3. [Ti(H2O)6]3+ or Ti3+ (aq.) 

→ purple þ Flow sheet of NO2 & N2O4
4. [V(H2O)6]2+ orV2+ (aq.) 
→ Violet þ Flow sheet of N2O5
5. [V(H2O)6]3+ or Cr3+ (aq.) 
→ green þ Flow sheet of NH3
6. 2+ 2+
[Cr(H2O)6] or Cr (aq.) 
→ blue
þ Flow sheet of NHO2
7. [Cr(H2O)6]3+ or Cr3+ (aq.) 
→ green
þ Flow sheet of PH3
8. (Mn(H2O)6] pr <mn (aq.) 
2+
→Light pink
2+

þ Flow sheet of P4O10

9. (Mn(H2O)6]3+ or Mn3+ (aq.) 
→ violet
þ Flow sheet of PCI3 & PCI5
10. [Fe(H2O)6]2+ or Fe2+ (ag.) 
→ light green

11. [Fe(H2O)6]3+ Or Fe3+ (aq.) 

→ yellow
þ Flow sheet of O2 & O3

12. [Co(H2O)6]2+ or Co2+ (aq.) 

→ pink þ Flow sheet of H2S

13. [Ni(H2O)6]2+ or Ni2+ (aq.) 

→ green þ Flow sheet of SO2 & SO3

14. [Cu(H2O4]]2+ or Cu2+ (aq.) 

→ blue þ Flow sheet of H2SO3

15. [Zn(H2O)4]2+ or Zn2+ (aq.) 

→ Colourless þ Flow sheet of K2SO4

þ Flow sheet of Na2S2O3

þ Flow sheet of HCIO2

þ Flow sheet of CaCI(OCI)

þ Flow sheet of CI2O

þ Flow sheet of CIO2

þ Flow sheet of XeF2

þ Flow sheet of XeF4

þ Flow sheet of XeF6

þ Flow sheet of K2Cr2O7

þ Flow sheet of KMnO4

þ Flow sheet of AgNO3

þ Flow sheet of Fe2O3

þ Flow sheet of CuSO4

þ Flow sheet of Hg2CI2

þ Flow sheet of HgCI2

 IMPORTANT STR
IMPORT UCURES
STRUCURES
1. Inorganic benzene (or Borazine (or) Borazole
N3B3H6

8. |Si3O9|6-

3. Calcium carbide 9. Hydrazine N2H4,O.No = -2

H H
CaC 2 + N 2 → CaCN 2 + C

 N—N
** **
Nitrolium Ca 2+ [C ≡ C]2- Sp3 Sp3
(Used as ferilizer) Ca 2+ [N - = C = N- ]
Calcium cynamide H H
3HOH
CaNCN  → CaCO3 + 2NH3 10. Hydrazoic Acid N3H O.no. of N= -1/3
..
4. Carborundum
N N N
(SiC) a
| |
−Si − C − S i − C −
| |
SP2 SP
| | | |
N
− CSP−3 Si −3 C − Si −
| | SP | |
− Si − C − Si − C − 11. C3O2 Carbonsuboxide, (Sp) O=C=C=C=O
| | | |
12. NO [ Paramagnetic] as monomer
Used for cutting of glass
N2O2 [Diamagnetic] as dimer
… add electron bond

5. Silicates N .. O
… = 1.73MB
Si N .. O
BO = 2.5, VE = 11 (Neutral oxide)
13. NO2 (N 2 O 4 ) 
HOH
→ HNO2 +HNO3
Mixed oxide
6. Chain Silicate O. no = +4 O O
NO2 (Paramagnetic,
Brown colour gas) N—N
Sp2 Sp2
VE = 17
O O
[ Dimagnetic, colourless)
14. Hypo nitrous acid
N — OH N — OH
7. Ring Silicate || ||
N — OH HO — N
Cis Trans
15. NHO2 Nitrous acid 23. Caro’s acid
O H2SO5 OH
O.no. of S = +6 |
** N O=S–O–O–H
Sp
|| sp3
O O
16. NO −
Nitrite ion 24. Dithionate ion
2

BO = 1.5 S2O 26 − O O
O No.of S-S bond = 1 +5 +5
O=S—S=O
: N Sp3
–
Sp O O–
O 25. Trithionate ion
17. NO −
3 Nitrate ion S3O 26 − O O
BO = 1.33 No of S-S bond = 2 +5 0 +5
NSp O=S—S—S=O
O
O O O
18. NOCl [NItrosyl chloride 26. Tetrathionate ion

O S4O 6
2−
O O
||
No. of S-S bond = 3 +5 0 0 +5
: N — Cl
O=S—S—S—S=O
19. Hydroxyl Amine NH2OH
Sp3
** –
sp O O
N 27. Pentathionate ion
H
OH H S3O 26 − O O
No. of S-S bond = 4 +5 0 0 +5
20. S2O 32 − (Thiosulphate ion)
O=S—S—S—S=O
S2 sp
|| O O
O—S —O 46
sp
28. Thionyl chlorice SOCl2
O
| |
O : S — Cl
21. Oleum [Fuming sulphurie acdi) |
sp3

[Northason’s sulphuric acid] pyrosulphuric acid] Cl

29. Sulphuryl chloride SO3Cl2
HO OH O
O.no. of S = +6 O = S—O—S = O ||
(H2SO4+SO3) O O Cl — S = O
sp3
22. Marshall’s acid ||

H2S2O8 HO OH Cl
46 46 30. 0 C l2
O.no.of S = + 6 O = S sp3 – O – O – sp3 S = O .. ..
O O O sp3
Peroxodisulphuric acid
111o
Cl Cl
31. OF2 O. no. of O = + 2 38. P4O10
.. .. POP bonds = 6 σ bonds = 16 bonds = 4
O sp3 O
sp
102o
P
F F
O O
32. H2O .. ..
sp3 O sp
O
O— :P O P . .— O
104.5o O O
H H P
33. ClO2 Paramagnetic
… O
Cl 39. Hypophosphorous acid H3PO2
x – factor = 1
O O Monobasic acid
34. Cl2O7 O O
+7 +7 [acts as reducing agent]
O = Cl — O — Cl = O O
sp
sp
O O P
-
35. ClO3 [Chlorate ion]
Cl HO H H
40. Pyrophosphoric acid
O O– H4P2O7
O O O
36. P4 σP
π.. +5 +5
sp1
Angle ∠ppp = 60o Total no. σ of bond = 6 P HO – P — O — P — OH
Each P has one lone pair of electron sp sp
Hybridization = sp3 (25% S +75% P) OH OH
P .. 41. Metaphoshoric acid
Sp3

60 OH
P .. P .. HPO3 O O
No. of P-O-P bond = 2 P P
P .. HO O O
37. P4O6 bonds = 12 bonds = 0 Dimer
HO O O
sp P
O O No. of P-O-P bond = 3 O OHTrimer
O O O
:P O P: sp
P
O O HO O
P 42. Peroxyphoshoric acid (H3PO5)
..
HO
|+5
HO — P — O — O — H
||
O
43. Peroxy diphosphoric acid H4P2O8 ..
sp
HO OH O. no. = 4 S
σ σ

dπ
pπ
+5 +5

−
−
O= P—O—O—P=O

pπ
pπ
sp3 sp1 O O
HO OH 49. SO3
O
44. POCl3 || Sp2
O S
|| σ

pπ
dπ
−
−
P

pπ
pπ
| O O
Cl Cl Cl
O sp
O O
45. SCl2 S S
.. O O
Trimer of SO3 O O
S S3O9 S
.. O O
Cl Cl Cyclie Trimer [Vapour]
SOS bond = 3
46. S2Cl2 half open booklet O – O bond = zero
C1 S – S bond = zero
S—S S – O bonds = 12
Cl 50.− pπ SO
σ
pπ
↑↓ BO = 1.33
47. SeO2 O
O O O || sp
|| O || O || Θ
OΘ
O
Se Se Se
Solid SeO1 SulphateS. . ion

51. H2SO4 [oil of vitriol ]

48. SO2 King of chemicals
Ground state S O OH
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ +6
pπ − dπ S sp3
Valancy = 2
O dπ OH
p π−
52. V2O

Ist excited state S ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ OΘ OΘ

Valancy = 4 dπ O=V—O—V=O
−
σ σ pπ Θ
O OΘ
Divandium heptaoxide
O ↑ ↑ ↑ O ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
53. IO
..
I sp3
O
O
O
54. SCl2 61. P4N3Cl11
.. ..
S Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl | | | |
Cl Cl P —N= P — N = P — N = P — Cl
55. (NaPO3)6 Cl | | | |
O O– O O Cl Cl Cl Cl
P O P 62. CsH2PO2
O O O O
P P
O ..
O O O O Cs+
| |
O—P— O
P O P .. —H
O O O O
63. Na2S4O6
56. H5P3O10
O O
O O O
|| ||
|| || ||
6Na O =S — S —S — S=O
P P P
| |
OH | O | O | OH
O O
OH OH OH
57. H6P4O13
64. N a2B4O7.10H2O
O O O O
|| O || O || O ||
P P P P — OH
OH
HO | | | |
|
OH OH OH OH
R– Na
58. P4S10
sp3
P
O O
S S
S
HO— B O B — OH
P P
sp2. sp2
P
59. P4 S10
O O
S
||
B–
P
| Sp3
S S
S OH
S—P S —P = S 65. C u S0 4.5H2O

S H H 2
P | |
|| H—O O H H O O
2+
S Cu O S
60. P2NCl7 (linear phosphagine) H—O O H — H O O
Cl Cl | |
| | H H
Cl — P — N = P — Cl
Cl | ||
Cl Cl
66. Na [B3O3(OH)4] 72. B5H9
HO OH H
H H H
BΘ
B B
O O B
H H

B O B B B
H
HO OH H H
67. Calciumphoshite
O 73. B6H10
|| O H H
2+
Ca P H
| H B B
O H H
68. Disodiumhydrogen phosphate B
2Na+ B B
O H H
|| H B H
O—P—O |
| H
OH 74. B10H14
2-
69. [S2O5]
O O H H
Na ⊕
|| || | |
–
O — S — S — O– B B
|| H B–H H
O
H –B H–B— —B–H B–H
70. B2H6
Two electron three centre
H B–H H
Bond (Banana bond)
H B B
H H | |
sp3 B B sp3 H H
H H
H
71. B4H10
H H
B
H H
| |
H—B — B—H
| |
H H
B
H H