CHEMISTRY NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

CHAPTER 01

STOICHIOMETRY

Mole/ molar mass:

mole is a unit of mass in S.I system which is defined as :

'the atomic mass of atom , molecular mass of molecule Or formula mass of ionic compound is called
mole or molar mass .

OR

Gram atomic mass < gram molecular mass and gram formula mass is also called mole .

=> mole is not a mass of single particle but is a mass of huge number of particles ( Avogadro'S Number
of particles ) .

1MOLE = 6.02 multiplied by 10^23

Na= 23G = 1MOLE = ( Atomic mass ) .

SO2 = 64G = 1 MOLE ( molecular mass )

NACL = 58.5G = 1MOLE ( formula mass ) .

AVOGADRO'S NUMBERS ;

the numbers of atoms or ions or molecules in one mole of substance is called avogado'S numbers .

=> Avogadro's number is 6.02 multiplied by 10^23.

=> it is always constant for every atom .

= > It is represented with NA.

Example:- Na = 23 a.m.u ----> 23g ----> 1mole -----> 6.02 multiplied by 10^23 (number of atoms ) .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

 Molar Volume

The amount of a gas in one mole and it is kept under S.T.P . Then its volume will be 22.4dm^3 . Mass of
a gas can be converted into volume and volume can be converted into mass .

=> Density is also related to molar volume at S.T.P.

=> One mole of any gas at S.T.P = 22.4dm^3 = 6.02 multiplied by 10^23 .

Formulas to fine moles , volume , density , mass , molar volume , molecules .

(1) Moles = Given mass /molar mass .

(2) Mass = Moles multiplied by Molar Mass .

(3) Volume= Number of moles multiplied by Molar volume .

(4) Density = mass/Volume

(5) number of molecules = Avogadro's number multiplied by Given mass / molar mass.

Examples

Example(1) :- what will be the volume of 2.5 mole chlorine gas at S.T.P ?

Solution :

Volume = Number of moles multiplied by Molar Volume

Volume = 2.5 multiplied by 22.4

Volume = 56dm^3 .

(a) what will be the mass of a gas whose volume is 56 dm^3 at S.T.P ?

Solyution :

No of moles = Volume / Avogadro's number

No of moles = 56/22.4 = 2.5 moles.

 NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

Now,

mass= moles multiplied by molar mass

mass = 2.5 multiplied by 35 = 87.5 .

(b) what will be the density of the gas in above condition .

Solution :

Density = Mass/ volume

Density = 87.5/56

Density= 1.56g/dm63 .

Example:-(2) Calculate no of moles in 25.5g of sodium metal .

Solution ;

Moles = given mass / molar mass

moles = 25.5/23 = 1.11 moles.

Example(3) :- Calculate the mass of 3.25 moles of water .

Solution :

Mass of water = Moles multiplied by molar mass

mass of h20 = 3.25 multiplied by 18 = 58.5g

Example(4) :- Calculate the no of molecules in 610g of benzoic acid (c7h6o2) .

Solution :

NO of molecules = Avogadro's number Multiplied by Given mass / molar mass

No of molecules = 6.02 multiplied by 10^23 Multiplied by 610 / 122

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

No of molecules = 30.1 multiplied by 10^23 molecules

Example(5) :- Calculate the mass of 4.39Multiplied by 10^24 atoms of gold (Au) , molar mass of gold is
197g/ mole .

Solution :

Mass = Molar mass multiplied by given mass / Avogado's number

Mass = 197 multiplied by 4.39 multiplied by 10^22 / 6.02 multiplied by 10^23

Mass = 14.365 g of gold .

Example(6) Calculate no of moles in 2.35 multiplied by 10^25 atomes of Aluminium .

Solution ;

No of moles= No of atoms/ Avogadro's number

No of moles= 2.35 multiplied y 10^25/6.02multiplied by 10^23 .

No of moles = 39 moles

( Mass -- Mass relationship )

The type of relationship in which mass of reactant or productr is calculated from the given mass of
reactant or product shown by a balanced chemical equation .

Example(1) :- Calculate the mass of C02 gas produced by combustion of 20g of nmethane .

Ch4 + 202 ---------> CO2 + 2H20

16g of methane produced by 44g of Co2 .

44multiplied by 20/ 16 = 55 grams .

Example(2);- Calculate the mass of Nh3 gas obtained by reaction of 50g of nitrogen with hydrogen .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

N2+3H2 ----------> 2Nh3 .

34g of Nh3 gas produced by 28g of nitrogen

50multiplied by 34/ 28 = 60.8g .

( Mass --- Volume Relationship )

The type of relationship in which volume of reactant o product is calculated from given mass of
reactant or product showm by a balaned chemical equation .

=> Standard Temp; is 0Celcius or 273kelvin .

=> Standard pressure is 1 atm or 760 torr .

=> This concept is based on Avogadro's concept of molar volume by which mass can be converted into
volume .

Example(1) Calculate the volume of O2 gas required for combustion of 20g of methane .

Ch4 + 2O2 -------> Co2 + 2h20

Solution ;

First we find mass of O2 ,

64 g of 02 reacted with 16g of methane .

64 multiplied by 20 / 16

= 80g of O2

Now,

No of moles = Given mass / molar mass

no of moles = 80/32 = 2.5 mole

Volume of O2 = moles multiplied by molar volume

Volume of O2 = 2.5 multiplied by 22.4

Volume of O2 = 56dm^3 .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

( Volume ----- Volume relationship )

The type of relationship in which volume of reactant or product is calculated from given volume of
reactant or product shown by a balanced chemical equation .

=> This relation is based on the Gay-- Lussac's law of combining volume which state that gases always
react or formed in simple and whole number ratio by volume .

Example :- Calculate the volume of C02 gas at STP obtained by the combustion of #0dm^3 of Ethyne
(C2h2 ) .

Solution ;

4dm^3 of volume produced by 2dm^3 of ethyne .

4Multiplied by 30/ 2 = 60dm^3 .

( Rounding off Data )

' To reduce a number upto desired significat figure and adjust the last reported digit is known as
rounding off data '

( Rules For Rounding Off Data )

(1) if digit is to be dropped is greater then 5 , then add 1 to the digit to be retained .

Example;- 5.768 is rounded upto 5.77 .

(2) if digit to be dropped is less than 5 , then simply drop it without changing proceeding number .

Example;- 5.734 rounded upto 5.73 .

(3) iF digit to be dropped is exactly 5 , there are two conditions ;

(a) if the digit to be retained is even < then just drop 5 .

Example;- 7.865 ROUNDED UPTO 7.86 .

(B) if the digit to be retained is odd , thEN just add 1 to it .

Example ;- 23.35 ROUNDED UPTO 23.4 .

( Exponential Notation )

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

While dealing with scientific work we often face difficulties in the calculations of very small or very large
numbers . Often we found wrong results due to the mistake in writing digits of too small or too large
numbers . These numbers are much expressed more conveniently expressed as multiple of 10 .

N x 10^x

=> Where N ( coefficient ) may be the number between 1 to 9.999....

=> X(exponent ) is an integer raised to base 10 . Exponent may be positive or Negative .

=> If the number to be expressed in exponential notation is greater than 1 , the exponent is positive
integer (x>1) but if it is less than 1 , the exponent is negative integer .

Conversion of Standard to Exponential

4600000 changed to 4.6 x 10^6 .

0.00038 changed to 3.8 x 10^-4.

Conversion of Exponential to Standard

7.53 x 10^4 convert to 75300

48.7 x 10^-5 covert to 0.000487 .

( Applications Of Exponential Notation )

(1) :- Addition and Subtraction :- Before addition or Subtraction , convert all number into same
exponents of 10 , then add or subtract the digit terms ( coefficients ) .

Example :- Add 1.31 x 10^3 and 3.15 x 10^2 by using the rule of exponential notation .

Solution :

1.31 x 10^3

0.315 x 10^3
 = 1.625 x 10^3 .

(2) Multiplication :- Multiply all digit terms ( coefficients ) and add all exponents algebrically . The final
result may be adjusted by placing the decimal to the left or right .

Example :- Multiply 7.0 x 10^12 and 2.0 x 10^-3 ny using rule of exponential notation .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

Solution :

(7.0 ) (2.0 ) x 10^12-3

14 x 10^9

1.4 x 10 ^10 .

(3) Division :- Divide all digit terms (coefficients ) and subtract all exopents algebrically . The final result
may be adjust by placing the decimal to right or left .

= 6.60 x 10^8 divided by 3.20 x 10^3

= 6.60 x 10^8-3 divided by 3.20

= 2.60 x 10 ^5 .

(4) Powers :- Multiply the digit terms as well as exponent with a number which indicates the power . The
final result may be adjust by placing the decimal to left or right .

Example :- Simplify ( 3.25 x 10^4 )^2 By using rules of exponential notation .

Solution :

= ( 3.25 ) ^2 x 10^4x2

= 10.56 x 10^8

= 1.056 x 10^9 .

( Limiting Reactant )

The reaction which is present in similar quantity as compared to its stoichiometric amount or required
amount . Consumed earlier , will gave a smaller quantity of product control or stop the reaction is called
 limiting reaction or reactant .

=> To findout limiting reactant in a chemical reaction we must focus on following four steps .

(1) Write a balanced chemical equation for the given chemical process .

(2) Determine the number of moles of reactants .

(3) Find the number of moles of product with the help of balnced chemical equation .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

(4) Identify the reactant which produces least moles of product as limiting reactant .

Example:- Combustion of ethene in air to form Co2 and H20 is given in the following equation :

C2h4 + 3o2 -----------> 2Co2 + 2h2O

if a mixture containing 2.8g C2h4 C2h4 and 6.4g O2 is allowed to ignite , identify the limiting reactant ,
and determine the mass of Co2 gas will be formed :

data:

Mass of ethene = 2.8g

Mass of O2 = 6.4g

Mass of Co2 = ?

Limiting Reactant = ?

Solution :

We first find moles ,

mole of c2h4 = 2.8/28 = 0.1 mole

mole of o2 = 64/3.2 = 0.2

To findout whether co2 or o2 consumed earlier , we should go for calculations :

Mole comparison of c2h4 and co2 .

1 mole of c2h4 gives 2 moles of co2

0.1 mole of c2h4 gives 0.2 moles of co2

mole comparison of o2 and co2

3 moles of o2 gives 2/3 moles of co2

0.2 moles of o2 gives 2x2/3 = 0.133 moles of co2

Since , the number of moles of co2 produced by o2 is less , therefore o2 is limiting reactant .

Now ,

Mass = moles x molar mass

mass of co2 = o.133 x 44 = 5.852 grams .

NOTES BY WAQAR AHMED MIRANI

( Stoichiometry )

Stoichiometry is a word of latin language which means quantitative determination are to findout the
amount .

The branch of chemistry which deals with discuss about the quantitative relationship between amount
of reactant and product shown by a balanced chemical equation is called Stoichiometry and amount of
reactant and product is called Stoichiometric amount . By using stoichiometric amount we determine
the unknown amount of reactant or product .

Example;- H2 + 02 ---------> 2h2o

4ton 32 ton 36 ton

This is called stoichiometric amount .

=> Stoichiometric calculation will give the theoretical yield .

Theoretical Yield :- The product which obtained with the help of calculations ( Before reaction ) .

Practical Yield ;- The product which is obtained by performing the chemical reaction in the laboratory or
industry is called practical yield .

it is always smaller than theoretical yield . this is also called actual yield .

Percentage Yield :- The yield which is obtained by dividing the practical yield by theoretical yield and
multiplied by 100 .

Practical Yield x 100/ Theoretical yield = % YIELD .

cONDITIONS fOR sTOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS :

(1) The reaction should be balanced and completed .

(2) no side reaction occur .