www.ck12.org Chapter 12.

Stoichiometry

Reinforce and Review

Lesson Worksheets

Copy and distribute the Lesson 12.3 worksheets in CK-12 Chemistry –Intermediate Workbook. Ask students to
complete the worksheets to reinforce lesson content.

Lesson Review Questions

Have students answer the Lesson Review Questions at the end of Lesson 12.3 in CK-12 Chemistry –Intermediate
FlexBook® resource.

Sample Answers

Practice Problems
1.
5 mol O2
1.30 mol C3 H8 ⇥ = 6.50 mol O2 needed
1 mol C3 H8
Since the moles of O2 needed to fully react with all of the C3 H8 is more than the amount of O2 present (6.00
mol), O2 is the limiting reactant.
2.
1 mol Zn 2 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl
8.00 g Zn ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 8.92 g HCl needed
65.38 g Zn 1 mol Zn 1 mol HCl
Since there is less HCl present (8.00 g) than what is needed to react with all of the Zn, the HCl is the limiting
reactant. This problem can also be solved by calculating the moles of Zn and the moles of HCl originally
present. Compare the number of moles, taking note of the 1:2 ratio.

1 mol Zn
8.00 g Zn ⇥ = 0.122 mol Zn
65.38 g Zn
1 mol Zn
8.00 g HCl ⇥ = 0.219 mol HCl
36.46 g HCl
The moles of HCl is not double the moles of Zn, as required by the balanced equation. Therefore, HCl is the
limiting reactant.
3.
a. The balanced equation requires twice as many moles of Na as Cl2 . Sodium (Na) is the limiting reactant.
b. The 3.40 moles of Na can be converted to moles of Cl2 that would react.
1 mol Cl2
3.40 mol Na ⇥ = 1.70 mol Cl2 reacts
2 mol Na
The excess Cl2 is determined by subtraction. 4.20 mol –1.70 mol = 2.50 mol excess Cl2
c. 3.40 mol Na ⇥ 22mol NaCl
mol Na = 3.40 mol NaCl
4. First, the limiting reactant must be determined.

1 mol N2 3 mol H2 2.02 g H2

35.0 g N2 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 7.57 g H2 needed
28.02 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol H2

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The hydrogen is in excess because 12.0 g >7.57 g. So the nitrogen is the limiting reactant. The amount of
ammonia produced will be based on the starting amount of nitrogen.

1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.04 g NH3

35.0 g N2 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 42.6 g NH3
28.02 g N2 1 mol N2 1 mol NH3
5. First, calculate the theoretical yield of LiOH from the stoichiometry and the starting mass of Li3 N.

1 mol N2 3 mol LiOH 23.95 g LiOH

23.5 g Li3 N ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 48.5 g LiOH
34.83 g Li3 N 1 mol Li3 N 1 mol LiOH
Now, calculate the percent yield.
40.2 g
⇥ 100% = 82.9% yield
48.5 g
6. The theoretical yield can be determined from the actual yield and the percent yield.

Actual Yield 27.8 g

T heoretical Yield = = = 32.3 g NH3
% Yield/100% 86.0%/100%

The theoretical yield is larger than the actual yield, reflecting the loss of some of the product.

Review Questions
1. The limiting reactant depends on the mole ratio of the reacting substances. It is possible that there can be a
larger amount of one reactant and it is still limiting.
2. The limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield of products.
3. Actual yields are less because of incomplete reaction, competing side reactions, and loss of product due to
spills or during transfer from one container to another.
4. The product likely has impurities which cause the yield to appear higher than it actually is.
5.
a. The balanced equation indicates that six times as many moles of lithium than nitrogen are required. Since
0.740 is not six times larger than 0.180, lithium is the limiting reactant.
b. Calculate the moles of N2 that will react with all of the Li.
1 mol N2
0.740 mol Li ⇥ = 0.123 mol N2 reacts
6 mol Li
There are 0.180 –0.123 = 0.057 mol N2 in excess.
c. 0.740 mol Li ⇥ 2 6mol Li3 N
mol Li = 0.247 mol Li3 N
6.
a.
1 mol F2 2 mol NH3 17.04 g NH3
45.8 g F2 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 8.22 g NH3 needed
38.00 g F2 5 mol F2 1 mol NH3
The NH3 is in excess (20.6 >8.22), so F2 is the limiting reactant.
b. 20.6 –8.22 = 12.4 g NH3 left over after the reaction.
c.
1 mol F2 1 mol N2 F4 104.02 g N2 F4
45.8 g F2 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 25.1 g N2 F4
38.00 g F2 5 mol F2 1 mol N2 F4
1 mol F2 6 mol HF 20.01 g HF
45.8 g F2 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 28.9 g HF
38.00 g F2 5 mol F2 1 mol HF

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16.2 g
d. 25.1 g ⇥ 100% = 64.6% yield
7.
a. Calculate the volume of O2 gas that would be required to react with all of the potassium.
1 mol K 1 mol O2 22.4 L O2
26.3 g K ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 3.77 L O2 needed
39.10 g K 4 mol K 1 mol O2
There is excess O2 present, so potassium (K) is the limiting reactant.
b. 4.89 L –3.77 L = 1.12 L excess O2
1 mol K 2 mol K2 O 94.2 g K2 O
c. 26.3 g K ⇥ 39.10 g K ⇥ 4 mol K ⇥ 1 mol K2 O = 31.7 g K2 O
8. First, calculate the theoretical yield from the stoichiometry. Then, apply the given percent yield.
1 mol PCl3 1 mol PCl5 208.22 g PCl5
37.8 g PCl3 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 57.3 g PCl5
137.32 g PCl3 1 mol PCl3 1 mol PCl5
% Yield 80.8%
Actual Yield = T heoretical Yield ⇥ = 57.3 g ⇥ = 46.3 g PCl5
100% 100%
9. The limiting reactant must be determined first.
1 mol Ni 2 mol AgNO3 169.88 g AgNO3
26.7 g Ni ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 155 g AgNO3 needed
58.71 g Ni 1 mol Ni 1 mol AgNO3
There is excess AgNO3 , so nickel (Ni) is the limiting reactant.
1 mol Ni 2 mol Ag 107.87 g Ag
26.7 g Ni ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 98.1 g Ag
58.71 g Ni 1 mol Ni 1 mol Ag
10. For each step, calculate the theoretical yield first, then apply the 92.5% yield.
1 mol NH3 4 molNO 30.01 g NO
1.00 ⇥ 103 g NH3 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 1760 g NO
17.04 g NH3 4 mol NH3 1 mol NO

92.5%
Actual Yield = 1760 g ⇥ = 1630 g NO
100%

1 mol NO 2 molNO2 46.01 g NO2

1630 g NO ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 2.50 ⇥ 103 g NO2
30.01 g NO 2 molNO 1 mol NO2

92.5%
Actual Yield = 2.50 ⇥ 103 g ⇥ = 2310 g NO2
100%

1 mol NO2 2 mol HNO3 63.02 g HNO3

2310 g NO2 ⇥ ⇥ ⇥ = 2110 g HNO3
46.01 g NO2 3 mol NO2 1 mol HNO3

92.5%
Actual Yield = 2110 g ⇥ = 1950 g HNO3 = 1.95 kg HNO3
100%

Points to Consider

Now that you have an understanding of the quantitative relationships that exist between chemical substances in
chemical reactions, we will turn our attention to the states of matter and their relationships to one another.

• What are the three states of matter?

• How can changes in temperature and pressure affect the state of a sample of matter?

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Sample Answers
• The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
• An increase in temperature can change a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas. An increase in pressure can
change a gas to a liquid or, in most instances, a liquid to a solid.

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