History Section II Notes by SJA

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Section-II From The Year 1900 To 1947
PAK STUDIES
(2059 & 0448)
PAPER 1
(History)
Section-2
(1905 to 1947)
For The Students Of Cambridge “IGCSE” and “O-Level”
From The Desk Of: Sir Junaid Ali
From The Desk of: Sir Junaid Ali “History and Culture of Pakistan” O-LEVELS 2059/01
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Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition reasons
Bengal was a very large province geographically and with population of (54 million)
(42 million Hindus) and (12 million Muslims) in West Bengal. 31 million in East
Bengal (18 Million Muslims) and (12 Million Hindus).
1- It was the demand of Muslims for they wanted a separate province.
2- Muslims wanted to cut the power of Indian National Congress which had started speaking
against British agitating people.
3- British claimed that Bengal was too large to govern as a single province.
Terms
East Bengal & Assam:
Dhaka as its capital. The eastern province would include Assam and three districts previously
considered to be a part of East Bengal, Dhaka and Chittagong.
It had a population of 31million people out of which 18 million were Muslims.
West Bengal:
Calcutta as its capital. It had a population of 54million out of which 45million were Hindus.
Reactions
 The Muslims greatly welcomed the partition and felt jubilant over it because in the newly
created East province, they were in majority.
 The Hindus on the other hand reacted violently to the partition because they had been
holding a privilege position in the socio - economic life of Bengal till the partition took
place.
 They now believed that they lose their status & declared that the partition was an attempt
to weaken & divide Bengal and called it "Divide and rule" policy of British.
 The Hindus greatly opposed this partition & started a movement generally known as
"Swadeshi Movement" in which they boycotted all English goods.
 Many Hindus observed he partition day as the day of National mourning. Even the Indian
national congress supported the Hindus.
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British Reaction against Hindu’s Reaction
1) Restrictions were placed on newspapers and public meetings
2) Press Act 1908 (even greater control)
3) Prisons filed with ‘revolutionaries’
But soon they realized that attempts to crush Hindus are not sufficient thus reforms showed up
Morley - Minto Reforms (Discussed below).
Assessment Opportunities:
Q1. What was Indian National Congress? [4]

Indian National Congress, byname Congress Party, broadly based political party of India. Formed in 1885, the
Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. It
subsequently formed most of India’s governments from the time of independence and often had a strong
presence in many state governments.
Q2. What was Partition of Bengal? [4]
The partition of Bengal 1905 was territorial reorganization or dividing of the province between West Bengal,
whose majority was Hindu, and East Bengal, whose majority was Muslim, but left considerable minorities of
Hindus in East Bengal and Muslims in West Bengal. While the Muslims were in favour of the partition, as they
would have their own province, Hindus opposed it.
Q3. Why did the British do partition of Bengal in 1905? [7]
The Bengal province was too large to be govern under one ‘Governor General’ or as a single unit. The
population of the 54 million people in Bengal, 42 million were Hindus. It seemed sensible to divide up the
province on religious grounds. It was a very large province that created significant administrative difficulties.
The British felt that partition of the province would make it easier to administer, especially at the time of a
new British government in power. The Hindu community saw it as a policy of ‘Divide and Rule’, an attempt by
the British to work against them. Whereas the Muslims were delighted considering it as an opportunity
establish good political platform. Conclusively the Bengal province was divided by the British as per the
administrative policy and for better governance.
Q4. Why did the British reverse the partition of Bengal in 1911? [7]
Answer:
 The Hindus’ objection to Partition was so great that it caused the British to reconsider it. The Hindus opposed it
by holding meetings and mass rallies, which put pressure on the British government.
 They thought it was a deliberate attempt to ‘divide and rule’ on the part of the British.
 The Hindus were so angry that they attempted to assassinate Lord Minto and started their boycott of British
goods under the ‘Swadeshi Movement’. There was also an outbreak of terrorist activities.

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Q5. What was the reaction of Muslims and Hindus over the partition of Bengal? [4]
Reversal of Partition (1911)
Since 1908 the Congress leaders had been spreading the story that the government was
thinking of ‘Dividing their Mother India. They even launched a movement for boycott the
British goods as well as promoted Indian made products. The Muslims were also asked to
participate in it but they refused to do so. Their refusal caused more agitation among the
Hindus & led to Hindu - Muslim riots. Lord Harding the new Viceroy agreed to reverse the
partition of Bengal. King George-V, who was visiting India, announced the decision at a
Durbar in Delhi.
Extra Notes:
 George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910
until his death in 1936. After the Liberal success in the election of December 1910, the House of Lords relented
and passed the Parliament Act (1911), and the king did not have to fulfill his pledge. Respect for King George
greatly increased during World War I.
 John Hardin original name Allan Francis Harding Born Feb 10th 1896. He commanded many battalions before
and after the WW-II Harding was promoted to the Field Marshal as well as Chief of the Imperial General Staff
(1952-1955).
Muslims Reaction to Reversal of Partition

The reversal of the partition was bitterly opposed by the Muslims, but the British were not to
be moved.
The Muslims now realized just how vital it was that the Muslim league prospered if Muslim
were to receive fair treatment in India. They became politically more conscious. They came to
the decision that they could not trust the British Government for the protection of their rights.
Muslims lost faith in British to allow them any real power. Muslims also realized that Minto -
Morley reforms did not provide Indians any genuine voice, which resulted as poor relations
between British and Muslims.
Simla Deputation (1906)

Deputation of prominent Muslims led by Aga Khan visited Viceroy - Minto at Simla.
Delegation Demanded, Muslims position should be estimated by their political importance not
on their numerical strength.
Due to the fact that Muslims were major land owners, and the percentage of Muslims in army
was very high. Without separate electorate there would be a communal violence.
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1. In all local/provincial elections Muslims should have their own representatives, elected
by Muslims
2. In the council Muslims should have higher percentage of seats than their percentage in
population
3. Lord - Minto agreed on separate representation for Muslims
Background (simla conference)

Muslims watched Hindus reaction on partition of Bengal and decided something had to be
done to protect their identity. Furthermore, INC was dominated by Hindus thus Muslims
needed a base of their own as their voice for the British (Hindus could not be trusted to favour
Muslims).
Muslims wanted to stand up and have some rights (They needed to get some reforms and right
of separate electorate to protect their interests, religion and language).
Formation of Muslim League

1906 at 20th session of the Muhammaden Educational Conference at Dhaka. It was chaired by
Nawab Viqar- ul –Mulk. The events following the partition of Bengal and Urdu-Hindu
controversy strengthened the desire of the Muslims to organize themselves politically as
separate community. The birth of All India Muslim League at Dacca on 30th December 1906
came as an expression of that desire and the Muslim-League was formed.
All India Muslim League (Aims)

Counter growing influence of Congress’
Ensure Muslim’s views are presented to British.
To protect and advance Muslims’ political rights and interests.
Promote loyalty for British government.
To remove any misunderstanding amongst Muslims.
To prevent the rise of hostility in Muslims towards other communities.
Reasons of formation of Muslim League

Hindu Urdu Controversy: In 1898 INC demanded that Hindi should be declared as the official
language of India.
Behavior of different Hindu Organization: Hindu extremist group " ARYA SAMAJ" demanded
that Muslims should be forcibly converted into Hinduism.
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Hindu Muslim riots: The frequent and never ending riots between Hindus and Muslims further
strengthened the formation of separate political party for the Muslims. These riots generated
the spirit on Muslims Nationalism among the Indian Muslims.
Reaction of the Hindus to the Partition of Bengal: The negative reaction of the Hindus when
the government declared the partition of Bengal in 1905 further convinced the Muslims to
establish their own separate political organizations.
Simla Deputation (1906): Minto accepted most of the demands & it was a great success for the
Muslims. After the acceptance of demands from Lord Minto, now Muslims of India realized
that it's high time to organize a political party, which can protect the rights of Muslims in India.
Morley Minto Reforms (1909)

Also known as the Indian Council Acts. Minto and Morley both believed that Indians’ demand
is fully justified. Basically it increased representation of Hindus and Muslims in different
councils.
Reforms:
Imperial Council increased to 60 members (non - official)
Central Executive Council increased to 60 members could discuss/advise government
Muslims would be elected by separate electorates.
Importance:
i. Appeared to give Indians more say, but they had no power, just an advisory role was given.
ii. British didn’t want to give locals power to change law.
iii. Importance: acceptance of separate electorates, it was major demand of Muslims
iv. Hindus believed that it was undemocratic.
Assessment Opportunities
Q: What were the terms of the Indian Councils Act of 1909? [4]
The first Indian Act also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909. The Imperial Council
increased to 60 members by adding more non-official members. The British retained control.
The Central Executive Council increased by 60 members and could discuss matters of
importance and advice on government policies including the budget. Provincial Councils also
increased to 50 members in larger provinces and 30 members in smaller provinces. Muslim
representatives to the Councils to be elected by a separate Muslim-only electorate.
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India before First World War
1912 - 1913: The British supported the Balkan states fighting against Turkey (which was a
major Islamic state). It showed up as a further example that how British had no interest in
supporting Muslims’ rights.
Muslim League demanded now self - government
During this period War Improved League - Congress relations. The war period (1914 – 1918)
War broke out in Europe in August 1914…resulting in mix views in India.
British needed Indians help. Muslims don’t wanted to fight against Turkey as it was against
their fate as Khalifa was head of Muslims, but British promised to not harm Muslims
Khalifa or Holy Places.
The Lucknow Pact (1916)
Background:
The failure of The British to grant more rights moved Congress and League together. In
1915 The two organizations held meeting at Bombay. At the same point a joint council was set
up to improve common understanding. Both League and Congress agreed, which brought them
further close together.
Joint Demands
1916 annual session at city Lucknow. Jinnah represented Muslim League and Mahajan
represented Congress. The Lucknow Pact was drown up. It showed that Congress is ready to
make concessions:
1. Muslims had the right for separate electorates.
2. Muslims would have 1/3 seats in the Councils.
3. No Act would be passed unless ¾ of that community’s member in the Council supported.
Joint demands against British

1. Number of elected seats of the Council should be increased
2. All provinces should have autonomy
3. Minorities should be protected
Importance
i. It marked the first acceptance by the Hindus that a degree of partition would be necessary
ii. The first Agreement between Congress and Muslim League
iii. Sowed that Muslims; have acknowledged they stood more chance if worked with Congress
iv. Marked a high - water mark on Hindu - Muslim unity.
v. Possibility of self - government was now seen.
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Q: How successful were political developments in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-continent between
1909 and 1919? Explain your answer. [14]
Answering Key:
Explains both the success & failures. Also produces a judgement or evaluation.
(Explains success and failure of one major events in detail for 7 marks. Additional explanation(s) of the every other
event up to a maximum of 09 marks. Explains success & failures of all events with the evaluation for 14 marks).
Success:
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between the Muslims and Hindus, which placed a number of political
demands to the British government in an attempt to show a united front and produce common aims. For the first time
Hindus acknowledged that Muslims had the right to a separate electorate and was therefore seen as a beacon of hope
for the future.
The Morley-Minto Reforms became law in 1909 as the Indian Councils Act. The importance of the Councils, which were
enlarged, was to ensure that Indian legislators were given a chance to express their opinions. The British also accepted
the right of Muslims to have a separate electorate.
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms held out concessions to political parties provided that they accepted the right of
the British to remain in control.
Failures:
The Morley-Minto Reforms were well intentioned but the councils that were enlarged could only give advice, with
power remaining in the hands of the British. The Indians objected to this as they wanted more say in their affairs.
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as they had hoped for greater concessions.
Central government reserved sweeping powers for itself with only minor concessions for the locals. As the Indians had
supported the British during WW1 they felt that the British government should reward this by giving them more
responsibility in running their own affairs.
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 followed the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and increased the resentment of the political
parties by including the right of arrest without a warrant and detention without bail. This was to cause great unrest.
The Montague Chelmsford Reforms (1919)

The Bill was introduced in India in 1919 and became Act of 1919. This Act, commonly known
as Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. Minto-Morley reforms, introduced in 1909, proved
unsatisfactory for Indian people. Resultantly, Indians demanded more representation and called
for greater self-government. Meanwhile, the World War I had started and Indians despite their
grievances and discontentment with the British joined the war with over one million soldiers
with the hope that after the war British would be obliged to concede to self-rule in recognition
of their loyal services. Thus Indians pressed for immediate reforms and it was felt that a civil
disobedience movement might be launched jointly by congress and Muslim league to compel
the British to accelerate the reforms. In view of these circumstances the British felt that
something must be done to pacify the Indians. Lord Chelmsford was sent to India as the new
Governor General. For six months he held numerous meetings with different government and
non-governmental people. Edwin Montague in collaboration with Lord Chelmsford collected
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data and made a report about constitutional reforms in 1918. The Bill was introduced in India
in 1919 and became Act of 1919. This Act, commonly known as Montague-Chelmsford
Reforms, introduced the following reforms:
1. Legislative Council will be known as Legislative Assembly.
2. The Assembly would have 145 members from which 103 would be elected for 3 years.
3. Legislative Assembly would hold separate electorate for Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs.
4. The Council of State would have 60 members; 33 would be elected
5. A Council of Princes 180 member, no power a ‘Talking-Shop’
6. Viceroy could pass any law if he felt it was necessary for India’s safety.
7. Extended voting rights was nothing but a joke as only 2% could vote
Diarchy System
This system was introduced in Provinces
Reversed Subjects (British)
Police
Revenue
Power Resources
Press/ Publications
Justice
Transferred Subjects (Indians)
Education
Public Health
Public Works
Forests
Indian Reaction on Mont Ford reforms
They were bitterly disappointed because they also favored British in World War 1 and also expected
more concessions then given. Indian Constitutional Act of 1919 was passed to satisfy Indian people.
On the contrary, Indian people opposed it because the Act went against Congress-League pact thus
resulting in the Hindu opposition. Muslims partly accepted the Montague-Chelmsford reforms with
certain reservations and demands regarding the safety of Muslim states. Gandhi categorically rejected
this scheme and congress denounced it as inadequate, unsatisfactory and disappointing. Besides these
problems, the events like Rowlatt act, the Jallianwal Bagh tragedy and Khilafat movement further
aggravated the situation and doomed the reforms to failure.
Why were the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms opposed by Indians in 1919?
 The reforms kept power in British hands in respect of law & order, finance, justice & administration and the
civil service.
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 The Indians only received minimal powers and even then the Viceroy (appointed by the British government)
could veto any decision made and introduce any law that was deemed necessary.
 Congress in particular were bitterly against the proposals since they felt they had supported Britain during the
war had lost thousands of men but was being short changed in receiving anything resembling real power in
their government.
 Although separate electorates had been given to Muslims, other minorities such as Sikhs were not given
separate electorate and thus they began to demand access to power
Rowlett Act (1919)

This act was passed when the protests over the Mont - Ford reforms were carried out by the
Indians. Main clauses of the Act as per the suggestion of the Committee were:
1. Arrest without warrant
2. Detention without bail
3. Provincial government ordering people where to live (Exile).
Amritsar Massacre
On 10 April two banks were attacked in Amritsar and 5 Europeans were killed there.
General Dyer banned all public meetings to restore law and order situation of Amritsar.
A peaceful meeting was going on in which 20,000 people were there in Jallianwala Bagh,
which had narrow entrances and was surrounded by 5 feet wall, but the troops. Started firing on
order on General Dyer in which 400 people were killed and 1200 were injured. General Dyer
was not given any kind of punishment but was removed from active service.
Assessment Opportunity
Q: Was the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 the sole cause of violence in India during 1919 and
1920? Explain your answer. [14]
Answering Key: Best response must explains Rowlatt Act and other reasons, and also produces the evaluation…
Simplistic Statement: The Rowlatt act was implemented to show a strong comeback of the British as earlier due to
WW-I the continent was going out of British grip, but this caused uproar in India because it appeared to go against the
central principles of British justice: trial by jury and safeguards against illegal imprisonment.
Explanation: The measures were seen as being repressive, especially as people could be made to live in a particular
place and were stopped from attending meetings. Strikes and demonstrations took place and the British made matters
worse by introducing further measures such as banning anti-British publications.
However there were some other major events that caused lots of violence in the sub-continent such as “0The Amritsar
massacre”. This occurred in 1919 when a large group of Indians were shot dead and injured, including women and
children, for holding an illegal meeting. Although General Dyer was reprimanded for ordering the shooting, his standing
in the British media was enhanced which offended Indians and resulted in further violence.
Later “The Government of India Act” which implemented the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms in 1919, retaining most of
the power in India with central government, at a time when Indians following their efforts in the First World War had
been expecting greater delegation of power. These measures were opposed, in some cases violently, and a deep
mistrust of the British government grew. Fundamentalist groups grew during the early 1920s increasing communal
violence between Hindus and Muslims.
Evaluation: In the light of the available details we can conclude that the Rowlatt act was one very brutal and inhumane
act introduced by the British in India and it caused lot of violence, civil and political unrest during that time but still that
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was not the only act of violence as there were other strong and unignorably violent events happened in the
subcontinent during 1919 to 1920.
Non – Cooperation Movement

March 1920 many Indians joined Gandhi’s Non - Cooperation Movement. The movement
arose from the widespread outcry of India over the massacre in Amritsar in April 1919. That
anger was later compounded by indignation at the government’s alleged failure to take
adequate action against those responsible, notably Gen. Dyer. The movement was to be
nonviolent and to consist of Indians resigning their titles; boycotting government educational
institutions, the courts, government service, foreign goods, and elections; and, eventually,
refusing to pay taxes. Noncooperation was agreed to by the Indian National Congress at
Calcutta in September 1920 and launched that December. British cloths were burned in huge
amount. Teachers and students set up their own institutes. Lawyers gave up their practices.
Widespread opposition of British started. In 1921 the government, confronted with a united
Indian front for the first time, was visibly shaken, but a revolt by the Muslim Moplahs of
Kerala (southwestern India) in August 1921 and a number of violent outbreaks alarmed
moderate opinion. After an angry mob murdered police officers in the village of Chauri
Chaura in February 1922, Gandhi himself called off the movement; the next month he was
arrested without incident.
Delhi Proposals (1927)

In March 1927 about 30 Muslims assembled in Delhi. Mohammad Ali Jinnah presided the
meeting & they agreed to forego separate electorate if their four proposals were accepted. The
conference aimed to discuss the future of constitutional reforms. These demands were known
as the Delhi Proposals and were:
1) Sindh should be separated from Bombay Presidency and constituted as seperate province.
2) Bengali & Punjabi Muslims should be represented in the Legislative councils in proportion
to their population.
3) Every new reform must be extended to the North West Frontier Province (KPK Now).
4) Muslims should be given 1/3 of the seats in the central legislature through joint electorates
Then the Muslims league would be prepared to give up separate electorates. These proposals
embodied the political demands of Muslims. The proposal was a cornerstone of Muslims
politics in India in the Late 1920s and Early 1930s. The most important aspect of the reforms
was that it signified the politics of Muslim League and change institutional politics of India
into the communal one.
Khilafat Movement (1919-1924)

After World War 1 the British decided to break the Ottoman-Empire, even though they
promised Muslims of the sub-continent against their participation in the war for British they
will protect it. The Muslim wanted to protect it because Khalifa (head of Muslims) was there
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And Muslims also wanted to protect holy places (Mecca, Medina & Jerusalem) for sake of
Islam.
Background and Establishment

At the beginning of 1st world war (1914) Khilafat was held by Turkey. In the First World War,
the Turks had fought on the side of the Germany against British, France and Russia. British
wanted Indian Muslims to fight in the war against the Turks, but they knew that British would
respect the rights of the Khalifa and Turkish Empire would be maintained. As a result of this
promise thousands of Muslims joined the British Army. Turkish side was defeated at the end of
the war. Muslims all over the world were concerned with how Turkey would be treated.
Istanbul had been the home of Caliphate and the Turkish Sultan was recognized as the Khali fa
(caliph). The Allies hoped to destroy the Ottoman Empire by encouraging, Turkey to become a
nation rather than an empire. The treaty of Versailles set out to divide Germany into two parts.
Khilafat Movement
General Secretary of Congress also supported this movement under Abdul Kalam Azad. This
movement was launched to pressurize the British into keeping their promises. Shaukat Ali
Jauhar & Muhammad Ali Jauhar was two very prominent Muslim leaders of the movement.
1st Khilafat Conference

On Nov, 1919 it held in Delhi. Gandhi was also present at the Conference. A resolution was
also passed asking the Muslims as religious duty to adopt the policy of non-cooperation with
the British.
2nd Khilafat Conference

In December 1919 it held in Amritsar. At the same time both Congress and Muslim League
were also meeting the city. It was agreed that all three organizations should work together to
oppose plans to dismember the Turkish Empire. A delegation was also sent to ask fair
treatment with Turkey, but they said Germany had justice! Turkey will also have justice and a
treaty of severs was introduced which contained splitting up of Ottoman Empire, but later was
replaced with treaty of Lausanne.
Non - Cooperation Policy

In August 1920 a full scale Non - Cooperation Movement was launched in with the
collaboration with Gandhi. Indians were asked to give up Government. Services, renounce title
and boycott courts of law and British goods, walk out of schools and colleges. Gandhi assured
the people that if this movement would be in a united, disciplined and non - violent fashion,
they would attain Self-Rule within a year. It was completely a mass movement.
Hijrat Movement
In 1920 Abdul Kalam Azad gave a call for Hijrat Movement and urged the Muslims to migrate
to a place where they can freely practice their religion, they called India as ‘Dar-ul-Harb’.
Nearly 18000 Muslims after selling their land and properties, migrated to Afghanistan. Many
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of them had to return due to no entry at border and were disappointed them. This caused a large
impact on Khilafat Movement.
Chaura - Chauri Incident

The non - cooperation movement was leading to violence In February 1922 at Chaura-Chauri
in a village near UP a trouble began between the police and the civilians. They put fire to the
police station where 22 policemen were burnt alive. Gandhi was so upset that he immediately
called of non - cooperation movement doing great deal of damage to the entire Khilafat
Movement. Gandhi was not with heart at Muslims from start he just wanted to bring up his
non-co-operation movement
Treatment of Turkey
In 1920, The Treaty of Sevres: British announced. The treaty indicated that Ottoman
Empire was to be split up. Arabia will be independent and Turkey’s land was to be given to
Greece. The Turkish rebelled against this treaty of Sevres, so The Treaty of Lausanne replaced
it in 1923. Some of the land was gained, but Turkey never regained the control of Muslim
territories in Middle East.
End of Khilafat Movement

Gandhi called-off his support which weakened Hindu - Muslims Unity
1922, Sultan was deprived of powers
1924, Kamal Atta Turk became the new Khalifa, he exiled Mahammad VI (last Sultan).
He also abolished the Khilafat. It no longer matters what Indian Muslims or British wanted.
Q: Was the withdrawal of Gandhi’s support the most important reason for the decline of the Khilafat Movement?
Explain your answer. [14]
Answering Key: Best response must explains the withdrawal of Gandhi’s support and other reasons. Also produces a
judgement & evaluation… (Explains the withdrawal of Ghandi’s support AND one other reason for 9 marks. Additional
explanation(s) up to a maximum of 13 marks.)
Simplistic Statement: Khilafat movement was started by the Muslims of the subcontinent in support of the longest
lasting empire of Muslima Khalifa the “Ottoman Empire”. The movement quickly turned into a huge protest to remind
British of their promise during the WW-I.
Explanation: Withdrawal of Gandhi’s support
• Gandhi saw an opportunity for self-rule by joining the Movement, the involvement of a Hindu-majority grouping was
welcomed by many Muslims.
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• By joining with a Hindu-majority grouping the objectives of the Movement were made less clear. Some perceived that
Gandhi and some Hindus and used it for their own political reasons.
• Chauri Chaura was a village in the United Province where trouble started between the police and a mob. Gandhi
decided that the Swaraj Movement was becoming too violent following the Chauri Chaura incident and so withdrew his
support.
Other reasons
• Thousands of Muslims migrated to Afghanistan in a religious protest against the British government. The Afghan
government was hostile to the migrants and refused to allow all the refugees to settle. • Many of the refugees who
returned to India died on the journey back or found themselves homeless and their jobs occupied which dispirited
them.
• Some of the leaders including Maulana and Muhammad Ali were imprisoned in 1921 which made the organisation
less effective.
• The refusal of Britain to accept the demands of the Movement.
• The decision of the Mustafa Kamal Ataturk to form a nationalist government in Turkey ended most of the impetus for
the Khalifat movement, which had previously served as a unifying force for Muslims.
• Mopla violence divided Muslims.
Failure of Khilafat Movement

Chaura - Chauri incident in Feb 1922, Gandhi called of his support and withdrawal Khilafat
Movement.
Muslims leaders of the movement were arrested in 1922 with the arrest of leaders the
movement lost its momentum.
It was first movement in which Hindus and Muslims worked together, their unity was
probably always resulted in failure.
Hijrat Movement at critical stage was another blow for Muslims.
Mustafa Kamal Pasha AKA “Ata Turk” who exiled Khalifa, Mehammad Vl and abolished
Khilafat and established nationalist government of Turkey
Consequences
Pros
This was the movement for which Hindu-Muslims both worked together
It healed their relations
Muslims realized they have political power.
Cons
It also brought some disadvantages.
Non - Cooperation Policy: Damaged British
Hijrat Movement: Was Economic Misery to Muslims
It failed in the end!
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(This here marked an end to 1900 till 1925 events)
Simon Commission 1927

In 1927 British Government announced to send a seven - member commission under the
chairmanship of Sir John Simon to prepare the report for the new reforms. The commission
had no Indian member, so Congress and a section of Muslim league announced to boycott the
commission.
Simon Report
i. Abolition of Diarchy
ii. Federal form of government with maximum powers for the provinces.
iii. Separate electorates for Muslims.
iv. Weightage for the Muslims in minority provinces.
v. Muslims demanded for the separation on Sindh from Bombay and introduction of
reforms in NWFP which was not rejected but postponed.
vi. Muslims should not be given one third of the seats in Central Legislature.
It was a 2 volume report presented in April, 1930 but rejected and for decision of future
constitution of India Round Table Conferences were scheduled.
What was the Simon Report?

Sir John Simon had chaired a commission in 1927 to consider further political reforms in India. There was no
Indian representation on the commission and this was opposed especially as its membership had been
carefully selected to oppose self-government. Congress and ML boycotted it. Simon Commission reported in
1930, main points were:
 Federal system with more powers to provinces,
 Diarchy ended with provincial government in hands of ministers responsible to elected legislatures.
 Governors to choose all ministers from parties that had majority support, Provincial Prime Ministers would be
free from control by the governor or central government.
 NWFP to be given a legislative council but no government
 No change in central executive and Council of Greater India to be set up representing India and the individual
provinces to discuss matters of all-India concern.
(All of these reforms/suggestions were unacceptable to both Congress and Muslim League.)
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Nehru Report
The Congress and Muslim League had already rejected the recommendations of the
Simon commission
i. Full dominion Status for India
ii. Separate electorates and weightage were rejected.
iii. Sindh should be separated from Bombay.
iv. Full provincial status to be given to NWFP and Baluchistan.
v. More voting rights to the Locals.
vi. India to be govern on bicameral (Two-House) system.
Muslims dislike the findings of the Nehru report as most of the Muslims demands were
rejected. Quaid - e - Azam proposed three amendments in the Nehru report which were as
follow:
One - third representations for the Muslims in the Central legislature.
Muslims representation in the Punjab and Bengal on the basis of population.
Federal form of government with maximum powers (autonomy) for the provinces.
Hindu majority rejected all these amendments. It was last attempt M.A Jinnah to reconcile. The
Nehru report marked the end of any future cooperation between the Congress and the Muslim
league.
Jinnah’s Fourteen Points

In 1929 Quaid - e - Azam decided to give its own formula for the constitutional reforms in
reply of Nehru report which was asking to make so many unbearable sacrifices.
Major points were:
1) The future constitution should be federal
2) All provinces should have same amount of autonomy.
3) Equal representation of rights with all minorities.
4) One - third Muslim representation in the Central Assembly.
5) Separate electorates for all.
6) Full liberty of religion for all communities.
8) No bill shall be passed in any elected body if 3/4 of any community in that body opposed it.
9) Sindh should be separated from Bombay.
Salt March (1930)

17
It began on 12th March from his famous ‘Salt March’. It widely showed up. It was 24 day’s
long. British forbade making of salt accept under British license. Gandhi for getting support of
people started his non-cooperation with new name salt march in support of sellers of salt.
Allahabad Address (1930)

The annual session of the Muslim league was held at ALLAHABAD in 1930, which was
presided over by Allama Iqbal. In the address Iqbal discussed the political situation of the
Subcontinent. He was fully convinced that the Muslims of India would ultimately have to
establish a separate homeland, as they could not live with the Hindus in the united India. He
viewed that Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and NWFP should be group together to make a
separate state Iqbal's address further clarified the 'Two Nation Theory' and demanded a
separate homeland for the Muslims. It was the first occasion when a demand for a separate
homeland was made from the Muslim League platform.
Importance of Allahabad Conference

Allama Iqbal was the 1st Muslim leader to suggest partition of the subcontinent in keeping
with the two-nation theory. He has, therefore been called ‘The father of the ideology of
Pakistan’
His views acted as an inspiration to many Muslims who were uncertain about how to defend
their religion and culture. Iqbal gave them a clear cut objective, as he set out a goal for
Muslims to work towards a separate homeland.
Allama Iqbal was also the inspiration for other Muslims leaders. In 1934 Chaudhry
Rehmat Ali’s Pakistan scheme was built up on his ideas.
They were also to be the basis of Jinnah’s Pakistan Resolution in 1940.
Iqbal Poetry was source of inspiration for Muslims of India
ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES (1930 - 32)
Simon report was not accepted British Government realized that without the cooperation of
Indians it was not possible to introduced constitutional reforms. There were three sessions of
Round Table Conference held at London during 1930 to 1932 as suggested by Simon report.
For discussion of any future constitution of India should be in London.
First Round Table Conference (1930)
In this conference all the parties were present except Congress. Congress was not present due
to Gandhi was imprisoned. Muslim delegation included Sir Aga Khan, Muhammad Ali Johar,
Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Important issues decided at the conference were:
i. The Princely States agreed to extend their cooperation in forming an All India Federation.
ii. The British agreed that representative government should be introduced at provincial level.
iii. Separation of Sindh from Bombay.
iv. To introduce Federal System of government in India.
v. No agreement was reached as to the question of Muslims weightage in future constitution.
18
Since congress was India’s largest party and absent from 1st Round Table Conference
So any of decision was not finalized.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931)

British wanted Congress participation in the Second Round Table Conference because the
government had realized that without Congress. So any solution for Constitutional reforms
would be difficult.
1) The Congress will end its civil disobedience movement.
2) The Congress will attend the second Round Table Conference.
3) The government will withdraw all ordinances against Congress.
4) The government would withdraw all notification relating to offences not involving violence.
5) The government should re lease all persons detained during Civil disobedience movement.
Second Round Table Conference (1931)

Gandhi adopted an unreasonable attitude on all matters and refused to accept any rights of
minorities. After adopting the stiff attitude Gandhi sat back quietly and observed the
proceedings. This conference was dead locked on issue of weightage and minorities and didn’t
reached any final conclusion.
Communal Award (1932)

British Prime minister Ramsay Mc Donald introduced communal award in 1932 in which he
allowed all minorities to have separate electorate and weightage for them. Muslims were
delighted with it but Gandhi was so angry with the decision and threatened to start yet another
non-cooperation movement
Third Round Table Conference (1932)

The Congress once again didn’t attend the conference because Gandhi had started his Non-
cooperation movement. Quaid e Azam did not take part in this conference and Sir Aga Khan
led the Muslim delegation. The Conference could not solve the problems of Hindu Muslims
and proved a formality. Gandhi and Nehru were in jail. The Conference ended after few
meetings without achieving anything.
Q: Why was the Second Round Table Conference of 1931 unsuccessful? [07]
Answering Key: Explains one reason for 5 marks and two (+) reasons up to a maximum of 7 marks
Reasons:
Gandhi did not accept that the 14 Points of the Quaid-e-Azam should be included in future discussions.
• Gandhi did not accept the demands about the rights of minorities.
• The Conference was unsuccessful because Gandhi refused to recognize the rights of the Muslim.
19
Q: Why were three Round Table Conferences held between 1930 and 1932? [07]
Answering Key: Explains all the reasons of failures with defining why & what was the RTCs. (7 marks)
Reasons:
The Indians had opposed the Simon Commission but a report was still produced. The British decided that a RTC should
be held in order to discuss the Commission’s recommendations on the future government of India.
It was realized that without the attendance of the Congress in the first RTC little progress on the future of the sub-
Continent could be achieved.
Lord Irwin met Gandhi and made progress so that anther Round Table Conference could be held.
In this Gandhi took a hard line refusing to recognize the problem of the minorities and also claiming to represent the
Congress alone which he said spoke for the whole of India.
The Conference broke up amidst threats that the British would impose a solution if agreement couldn’t be reached. It
was then agreed that a third Conference would be held.
Government of India Act (1935)

Round Table Conference’s failed. To decide future Indian constitution Government of
India Act, 1935 was introduced. It was a last set of legislation provided by the government of
India.
i. India was to be a federation.
ii. India should be governed on Bicameral (two house parliament) system
iii. Diarchy was dropped on provincial level, but started at central level.
iv. Provinces were given greater autonomy.
v. Provinces increased to 11.
vi. More voting rights were given.
Evaluation:
This Act of 1935 failed to win appreciation from various sectors.
The political leaders of India rejected it for it failed to meet the demands of the different
political faction.
The federal system was defective in many ways.
ELECTIONS (1937)
Government wanted to hold elections in (1936-1937) Muslim league and INC wanted to
contest to deliver their message to Indians. The results of the election were shocking for the
Muslims league, which could not get mentionable support from the voters. Congress achieved
a big victory and managed to get clear majority in five provinces and formed coalition in few
other provinces (Bombay, Bengal and N.W.F.P) to form its ministries on the eight provinces.
Reasons for the defeat of Muslim League

i. It was the 1st major election of the Muslim League as a mass party.
ii. Congress was the oldest, richest and best organization political party where as Muslim
iii. League was middle class organization with insufficient funds.
20
iv. There was no link between the masses and the leaders of Muslims League who belonged to
the high class society so it was quite ‘image problem’.
v. As the provincial autonomy was guaranteed according to the act of 1935, so this thing made
Muslims League leaders overconfident and no fear or threat of Hindu domination in the
Muslims majority provinces.
Formation of ministries
Congress took offices in 8 provinces. The congress was also reluctant in sharing the power
with the Muslims League and laid down degrading conditions for the Muslim League to be
included in the ministry. The Muslim League rejected these terms and pure Congress ministries
were formed.
Q: What were the outcomes of the provincial elections of 1937?
The elections caused great disappointment for Muslims as Congress won absolute majorities in 5 provinces and largest
single party in 4 others. Muslims won only 109 seats that were reserved for Muslims. However that was the first major
election that Muslim League fought and on a united basis, learnt a number of lessons:
 –Realized it had to improve organization and planning, knew its support lay in more areas where Muslims were
in a minority and where they were a majority they didn’t feel threatened by Hindus.
 --Realized they had an image problem.
 –Wealthy aristocrats relating to desperately poor and illiterate Muslims.
 Led to Congress atrocities in some areas (Bande Matram, Wardha Scheme etc.)
Rule of Congress (1937 – 1939)

i. The congress began it rule by imposing its will on the Muslim minorities in the provinces
under its rule.
ii. The Muslims were forbidden to eat beef.
iii. Severe punishments were awarded to those who slaughtered the ‘mother cow”.
iv. Hindi was imposed as the official language in all the provinces.
v. Azan was banned and organized attacks were made on the Muslims who were busy in
worship in the mosques.
vi. Noisy processions were passed near the mosques at prayer times.
vii. Pigs were pushed into the mosques and Azan was interrupted.
Bande Matram:
It was a song in which degrading remarks were used against the
Muslims and it says to expel Muslims from subcontinent. It was compulsory for everyone to
daily recite before commencing of day.
Vidiya Mander scheme:

This educational policy aimed at converting the non-
Muslims to Hindus. It was made compulsory to bow in front of Gandhi picture. This scheme
was introduced by Dr. Zakir Hussain
Wardha Scheme:
21
An education scheme was launched by Gandhi, It was introduced in all Congress education
ministries.
Spinning Cotton by hand was made a part of the school curriculum
Teaching was to be in Hindi.
No religious education.
Outbreak of World War 1939

In 1939, World War 2 broke out. Lord Linlithgow announced India was at war with Germany.
Congress was angry on not being informed before the announcement about Viceroy’s Decision
and refused to cooperate. They demanded Self-Rule and when immediate Self Rule was not
promised.
Day of Deliverance (1939)
1939, 22nd December Congress resigned from government. Muslims celebrated at the end of
the age of Congress Tyranny and they named it “The Day of Deliverance” offending the
Congress Deeply.
Pakistan Resolution (1940)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim who pointed out that the Hindus and the Muslims
were separate nations. In 1930 Allama Iqbal gave the idea for a separate homeland for the
Muslims. In 1933 Chaudhary Rehmat Ali advised for a separate Muslim state. In 1940 Pakistan
resolution was passed on idea of two nation theory for creation of separate Muslim state.
Cripps Mission (1942)

Sir Stafford Cripps were sent to gain support of Indians to join British in war. He agreed to
give more rights to Muslims and he also promised to provide new constitution assembly and
elections also but after the war. They agreed to give dominion status. Gandhi regarded the
proposals of government as a “Post - dated Cheque on a falling bank”. All India Muslim league
also rejected the proposals because there was no guarantee that the proposals didn’t contained
reference to Establishment of Pakistan.
Quit India Resolution (1942)

On 8th August 1942, the India National Congress Committee passed its ‘Quit India
Resolution’ calling for immediate withdrawal of the British. The British responded firmly by
arresting most of the senior leaders of congress as well as by banning the Congress party. For
several weeks there was widespread rioting and the British lost control in some parts of the
Country. However, they got it back through the use of air bombing and gas. Thousands of
Indian lost their lives.
Quaid - e - Azam During this movement, termed it as a Black mail, saying that congress was
trying to exploit Britain’s problems to win advantage for itself.
Gandhi - Jinnah Talks (1944)

22
A number of letters and conversations were held between the 2 leaders in 1944 however the
result was as
1) Gandhi wanted British to move from India without partitioning whereas Jinnah wanted a
separate partitioned country.
2) Gandhi wanted to have more power with central government whereas Jinnah wanted local
autonomy.
3) Gandhi claimed himself as representative of India where Jinnah used to call him spokesman
of INC.
4) He rejected two nation theory whereas Jinnah wanted it.
SIMLA CONFERENCE (1945)

In 1945 Lord Wavell the Viceroy of India announced a plan for the transfer of power of India
to its natives. To discuss the details of the plan Lord Wavell invite d representatives from the
various political parties in a conference at Simla in June 1945.
Wavell Proposals
An Executive council should be set up as Interim Government under the present constitution
(Government of India act 1935) until a new constitution could be agreed on.
The Executive Council would contain equal number (5 each) of Muslims and Hindus.
All portfolios would be given to Indians except defence and Viceroy.
To discuss the formation of the Executive Council and the future handover the Viceroy called a
Conference of all the political parties in Simla. The Muslim league delegation while Gandhi,
Abdul Kalam Azad represented the Congress. They deliberately included Muslim members in
the delegation to demonstrate that not all Muslims were members of the Muslim league. There
was a deadlock over the Muslim league’s demand that all the five members of the Executive
Council should be the nominees of the Muslim League.
The Viceroy accepted four and Chief Minister of Punjab and Unionist party leader Khizar
Hayat Tiwana demanded one Muslim seat out of Muslim quota, which was accepted by the
Viceroy.
Jinnah also pointed out as the Sikhs and Scheduled Castes on the Council were bound to vote
with the Hindus, this would mean permanent Muslims minority in the Executive Council.
Jinnah also objected Lord Wavell could see no solution to the problem and closed the
conference on 14th July 1945. Another British attempt to find a solution had failed.
ELECTIONS (1945 - 46)

The general elections to the provincial and central legislatures were held in 1945-46. Both the
parties took an active part in these elections because the constitutional future of India was
dependent on the results of these elections. Both Congress and Muslim league contested the
election on two exactly opposed slogans. Congress wanted to keep Subcontinent united,
whereas Muslim League wanted to divide it.
23
Results of Election:
The results showed that the Muslims league won all the 30 Muslims seats in the Central
Assembly and 446 out of 495 Muslims seats in the Provincial Assemblies.
The Congress won the same victory in the Hindu majority areas.
In Bengal, the Muslim League won 113 out of 119 Muslim seats and formed ministries in
Sindh.
The Victory of Congress in N.W.F.P was a serious blow to the league, Muslim League won 17
out of 36 Muslim seats and Congress took 19 Muslims seats and Dr. Khan Sahib formed
ministry with Congress.
In Punjab, Muslim league won 79 out of 86 Muslim seats and Khizar Hayat Tiwana formed the
ministry with Congress.
Congress won total 930 seats gaining an absolute majority in 8 provinces. Result of the
elections not only divided the assemblies between Muslim League and Congress but also
approved
The Muslim league claim that, it was a sole representative’s party of the Muslims of
Subcontinent and demand for the establishment for a separate Muslim homeland was true.
THE CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946)
The British Prime minster, lord Clement Attlee announced that a special mission consisting of
03 cabinet Ministers would be sent to India to discuss the constitutional issues with the viceroy
and Indian political leaders. The Cabinet mission was consisted of Lord Oathic Lawrence, Sir
Stafford Cripps and A.V Alexander.
Quaid-e-Azam made it clear to the mission that the Muslim majority areas should be grouped
together to make a sovereign and independent Pakistan comprising of six provinces.
Congress was opposed to any partition and would not accept Jinnah’s idea.
The mission conducted meeting with top leaders of India in Simla Sir Stafford Cripps openly
supported Congress.
Abdul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Vallabhai Patel represented
Congress.
Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan, Nawab Ismail and Abdul Rab Nishtar represented the
Muslim league.
Muslim League demanded two separate constitution making bodies be set up for framing the
respective constitution.
Both the parties could not accept the proposals of each other.
The Cabinet Mission and Viceroy formulated a three-tier constitutional plan, which was as
follow:
Long term Plan:

1) It rejected the idea of establishing Pakistan.
2) There would be three different parts to post-British India.
(Hindu Majority Territories, Muslims Majority Provinces, Bengal and Assam)
24
3) Each part would have local autonomy and would be able to draw up its own constitution.
4) Foreign affairs, defence and communication would be managed by a central Indian Union.
Short term Plan:
The mission also proposed of setting up of an interim Central Government in which the Indian
national should hold all portfolios.
Gandhi criticized and rejected the plan and called it ‘An appeal and an advice.
Muslim league accepted long term and short term plans.
The viceroy broke his promise by refusing to form the government only with Muslim league.
On other hand Nehru, however said that Congress would not feel bound by the plan once the
British had gone.
The Muslim league felt that this made further discussions pointless. Any agreement might just
overturned after the British had gone. So the Cabinet Plan was dropped.
Direct Action Day

Muslims were afraid that British might pull out without finding a solution, so they will suffer
from Congress rule anyway. So in 1946, a peaceful demonstration to show that Muslims
wanted Independence and British should hurry up with it. However, in Calcutta it turned to
serious rioting and 4000 people died in ‘Great Calcutta Killing’
Partition of India
3RD JUNE PLAN (PARTITION PLAN 1947)
Lord Mountbatten was appointed a s the last viceroy of India and he was told by the prime
minister, lord Clement Attlee to hand over the power to the Indian by 1st June 1948. Attlee had
deliberately set a short time span for arrangement to be made. He feared that if more time were
given, there would only be more disagreement. When Mountbatten reached India, he faced
problems like Muslim League wanting partition and congress opposing it and he had very short
time. In March 1947 there were riots and killing between Muslims and Hindus in Punjab. Soon
the trouble spread to other provinces. After negotiations, he had worked out a partition plan.
The Congress met on 1st may 1947 and gave its acceptance of the partition plan and Muslim
League also gave its approval.
Mountbatten got approval from the British Government and the plan was issued on 3 rd June
1947. The main characteristics of the plan were:
India would be divided into 2 different states on the midnight of 14 and 15 August 1947
India act 1935 would be modified to adopt as the temporary Constitution for India/Pakistan.
Boundary Commission would be set up to demarcate the boundary of India & Pakistan.
Military and Financial assets would be divided between India and Pakistan.
Legislature of Sindh would be given chance to vote Pakistan.
25
Referendum would be adopted to decide NWFP future.
Muslims members in the legislative assembly of Bengal and Punjab were given chance to
vote for Pakistan. Which means they can join Pakistan.
Appropriate measures would be adapted to decide the future of Baluchistan.
Rulers of Princely states would be given option to join Pakistan or India or remain
independent.
RADCLIFFE AWARD (1947)

The issue which was not solved on 14th August was the boundary between Muslims and non-
Muslims areas.
Lord Mount batten had appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to head a boundary Commission to
establish new borders, particularly in Bengal and Punjab.
Radcliffe had four assistance, two nominated by the Muslim league and two by Congress.
The decision of the boundary Commission (known as Boundary reward on Radcliffe award)
was announced on 16th August 1947.
 The Muslim League was disappointed to hear that Calcutta was given to India, even
though the Muslim areas surrounded it.
 In Punjab both Ferozpur and Gurdaspur were given to India. Again the Muslims were
disappointed by this decision.
 Ferozpur had a Muslim majority and Pakistani had evidence to suggest the Radcliffe had
originally awarded it to Pakistan but had been forced b Mount batten to change his mind.
Gurdaspur also had a Muslim majority.
 By awarding it to India the Indian now had a border with Kashmir and future disputes
between India and Pakistan became inevitable.
 Jinnah told people of Pakistan that the awards were Wrong and unjust and perverse.
 However, the partition had been take place two days earlier.
INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947

The British Government passed the Indian independence acts on 15 July 1947.
The act ordered that from 15 August two independent dominions be established by the names
of India and Pakistan.
These dominions have complete freedom to pass any act or bill and the Government of India
act 1935 was to be the provincial constitution until replaced.
The princely states were given the option to join one or either of the country.
26
On 14th of August 1947 Pakistan was created and this Mark the end of the section-II
From 1900 to 1947. As every end is a new beginning to see you soon…
Best Of Luck Dear Ones…
Pakistan Zindabad!!!
By: Syed Junaid Ali

History Section II Notes by SJA

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1

Section-II From The Year 1900 To 1947

1- It was the demand of Muslims for they wanted a separate province.

1) Restrictions were placed on newspapers and public meetings

2) Press Act 1908 (even greater control)

3) Prisons filed with ‘revolutionaries’

Q1. What was Indian National Congress? [4]

Reversal of Partition (1911)

Muslims Reaction to Reversal of Partition

Simla Deputation (1906)

Background (simla conference)

Formation of Muslim League

All India Muslim League (Aims)

Reasons of formation of Muslim League

Morley Minto Reforms (1909)

Joint demands against British

The Montague Chelmsford Reforms (1919)

Rowlett Act (1919)

Non – Cooperation Movement

Delhi Proposals (1927)

Khilafat Movement (1919-1924)

Background and Establishment

1st Khilafat Conference

2nd Khilafat Conference

Non - Cooperation Policy

Chaura - Chauri Incident

End of Khilafat Movement

Failure of Khilafat Movement

(This here marked an end to 1900 till 1925 events)

Simon Commission 1927

What was the Simon Report?

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points

Salt March (1930)

Allahabad Address (1930)

Importance of Allahabad Conference

Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931)

Second Round Table Conference (1931)

Communal Award (1932)

Third Round Table Conference (1932)

Government of India Act (1935)

Reasons for the defeat of Muslim League

Rule of Congress (1937 – 1939)

Vidiya Mander scheme:

Outbreak of World War 1939

Cripps Mission (1942)

Quit India Resolution (1942)

Gandhi - Jinnah Talks (1944)

SIMLA CONFERENCE (1945)

ELECTIONS (1945 - 46)

THE CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946)

Long term Plan:

Direct Action Day

RADCLIFFE AWARD (1947)

INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947

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