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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background

PAK STUDIES
(2059 & 0448)
PAPER 1
(History)
Section-1
(1656 to 1883)
For The Students Of Cambridge “IGCSE” and “O-Level”
From The Desk Of: Sir Junaid Ali

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Cultural and Historical Background to the Pakistan Movement.
Contents:
 Decline of the Mughals
 British Rule
 The War of Independence.
 Religious Thinkers
 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
 Languages
 Decline of the Mughals
Key Topic: What were the causes and consequences of the decline of the Mughal Empire?

Religious Reasons:
 Aurangzeb’s religious reforms
 Reinstituted Jizya Tax on non-Muslims.
 Destroyed Hindu Temples
 Enforced Islamic Laws
 Banned Suttee (Hindu Tradition) All of which led to Hindu’s (who formed majority in India) agitation.

Aurangzeb’s wars.
 Fought a war against the Rajputs.
 Attempted to expand North (in a campaign against NWFP Pathans)
 Numerous Rebellions (Sikhs, Satnamis, Jatts).
 The Maratha War which was the costliest.
All these wars resulted in heavy taxes, and emptied the Mughal treasury. Leaving the Mughal Empire in
economic misery.

Aurangzeb’s love for luxury.

 Built palaces, spend huge sums on himself.
 Pearl Mosque for his own private prayers in Dehli made him unpopular. Furthered economic decline.

Indefinite law of succession.

 The dead Mughal emperor’s sons would fight for power.
 He tried preventing this by dividing the empire between his 4 sons.
 Didn’t work Muezzin was first emperor. Died. His sons fought.
 In 10 years, 12 claimed the throne. These wars cost a lot weakening the economy.
 Many capable soldiers, nobles died. Left the empire divided and weak lazy ass successors.
 Were lazy, incompetent unable to control government handed the government over to the Mansabdars
(Nobles put in charge, system started by Akbar. These were often corrupt, disloyal and sought their own gains)
 These often corrupt nobles grew in power.
 Some princes and rulers were assassinated by courtiers such as Farukhsiyar and Alamgir
 Thus, there was an imbalance of power. Any emperor who would take control could not rule.

Military Inefficiency.
 Mughals used to be powerful, disciplined armies.
 Used to fight with clever tactics. With strong commanders.
 They became complacent with time and didn’t feel the need for an army.
 Army became weak. Less disciplined. No modern advancements in warfare.
 Army was also made of different groups: Persian. Afghani etc.
 The Mughals lacked a naval fleet as well, despite having numerous ports.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Vast Empire.
 Over 1000’s of Communication issues and transport was very difficult.
 It took months before news of rebellions reached the emperor, and he couldn’t react in time.
 The Mansabdary system was weak and corrupt.
 Bihar, Deccan, Bengal managed to declare independence at points.

Invaders.
 Nadir Shah, Persian leader invaded. Defeated Muhammad Shah at Karnal 1734
 He sacked Delhi. Left after 2 months with many jewels, good and the peacock throne.
 Ahmed Shah, an Afghan came in 1747.Attacked Kabul, Peshawar and Lahore. Had control over Punjab
by 1749. Kashmir, Multan by 1756.

British.
 Finally took control and effectively ended Mughal Rule.
 The British Military were better equipped.
 Also employed local Sepoys.
 Had military experience from their combat against the French, Portuguese.
 Won decisive Battles: Plassey, Buxar. Mir Jafar betrayed Indians, helped British.
 Exploited captured lands for a lot of profit.

Assessment Opportunities:
Were the invasions by the Persians and Afghans the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Explain your answer. [14]

Answering Key: Highest level answer will Explains the invasions of the Persians and Afghans AND other
reasons and also produces a evaluation…
Simplistic Statement: There were a number of reasons for the Empire’s decline. As the Empire started to
decline; it found itself at risk from invasion.
Explains the invasions of the Persians and Afghans OR other reasons:
 The Afghans under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas at Panipat. They had
been in control of much of the Empire for some time. The Afghans however were unable to make the
most of their victory and returned to Kabul. However they were able to invade the Empire a number
of times during the 18th Century. The Persians under Nadir Shah captured much of the Empire’s
wealth and returned home with gold, jewels and the Peacock throne from Delhi. However there were
other reasons for the decline.
 Aurangzeb had an intolerant attitude to non-Muslims. He introduced a tax on non-Muslims called the
Jizya. He destroyed Hindu temples and tried to ban Hindu practices.
 Taxation was high as he had to pay for the cost of military campaigns such as the Deccan Wars and he
spent highly on luxurious palaces. Because of these he became an unpopular rule.
 After his death Mughal Emperors were renowned for living an extravagant lifestyle and spending
money with little thought to the effect it had on the economy of the Empire. This led to inefficiencies
and a lack of interest in the running of the Empire.
 The absence of a definite line of succession led to a significant amount of in-fighting amongst his
successors which, also led to instability and the downfall of the Empire.
 The Marathas were skillful Hindu guerrilla fighters who defeated a Mughal army in 1737 and took
control of Delhi and eastwards towards Bengal. By 1760 they were the most powerful people in India
and nothing could the Mughals do to stop it.
 The British expansion into the sub-continent was rapid and their forces and equipment was no match
for the Mughals who fell into rapid decline as a result.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
 British Rule (SOCIAL STATISTICS)

British Reforms/Rule.
 India was very wealthy, but this wealth was heavily exploited by the British, with all this wealth going
over to the British.
 In 1829 they banned Suttee (A common Hindu tradition)
 Replaced Persian with English as the government language.
 Indians could no longer get government jobs.
 Indians had to send their children to co-ed schools with westernized Educations.
 They disliked this as it went against their culture and religion.
 Christian Missionaries came and set up schools, and seemed to try and convert the local populace to
Christianity. This was resented by the Indians.
 British brought in the railway system, which is also annoyed the Indians as they felt that the British
were trying to intervene in India too much.
 British sold cotton in India (thanks to Industrial Revolution) and collapsed the Indian Textile Industry,
leaving millions jobless and poor.

Assessment Opportunities:
Why did the British build railways in India during the nineteenth century? [07]
Answer: Explains one reason for 5 marks and two (+) reasons up to a maximum of 7 Marks.
 Railways transported raw materials easily/cheaply to the ports for export/ manufactured goods to be
sold throughout India, increasing British profits.
 Railways carried troops swiftly around India helping the British to maintain law and order and extend
power. (Note: It was not for the First War of Independence).
 British could travel the country and spread their ideas / culture, gaining support / to govern effectively.
 In times of famine food could be transported quickly to affected areas.
 To win support of Indians who found them useful for travel as families were able to travel to visit
relatives in other parts of India.

Why the British took control over the EIC? [07]

Answer: Explains one reason for 4 marks and two or more reasons up to a maximum of 7 Marks.
 The Volume of trade and profit to the British EIC was extremely significant.
 The British needed to shape their foreign policy, since the Russians seemed to be trying to expand. This
couldn’t be done under the EIC.
 British Prestige was at stake. They needed expansion to regain the image they had lost in their
disgraceful loss at Kabul by the Afghans.
 The crown did not feel that a thing of such importance should remain in the hands of a private
company. They thus took control of the EIC.

Why European nations became involved in the subcontinent [07]

Answer: Explains one reason for 4 marks and two or more reasons up to a maximum of 7 Marks.
 India had certain raw materials that the rest of the world did not have and they desired, including
spices, cotton, sugar, silk, jute etc.
 The British had a great regard for the raw materials, since they had recently undergone the industrial
revolution and wished to expand their industries.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
 The Middle Eastern countries had a tax on Europeans, and the Byzantine Empire was now under the
ottomans who sought cheaper trade routes.
 They avoided land routes in the Middle East, since trading via sea was cheaper, more effective and
gave economy of scale.
 British went to India since other lands (e.g. Africa) were already under Portuguese control. They also
fought against the French here.
 British Taking control of India:
“The IndIan ResIsTance”
Successes:
 In 1666, EIC grew proud, refused taxes and issued coins. Aurangzeb sent a force and defeated them.
 EIC paid a fine, apologized, reduced activities and restored its services.
 In 1756, Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud Daulah defeated EIC and managed to drive them away from and
they captured Calcutta.
 Tipu Sultan had French support, and used his strong army against the EIC at several times. Defeating
them.
Failures:
 In the year 1757, in the battle of Plassey the British, under Robert Clive defeated Siraj ud Daulah’s
forces with the help of Mir Jafar’s betrayal. Siraj died, and the Mir Jafar was placed as a puppet ruler.
 In The Battle of Buxar of 1764, the British defeated the Mir Jafar’s son, Mir Qasim and Shah Alam II
and the Nawabs of Oudh. This extended their influence, gave them Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. They
collected Revenue from there, managed to get a bigger army. Ended true Muslim Rule.
 In 1782, first Governor General (GG), Warren Hastings signed a treaty with the Marathas. They could
now focus on other places, and Maratha take over was prevented.
 In 1799, GG Wellesley invaded Mysore and killed Tipu Sultan. They thus killed a strong enemy and
took control of his lands in Mysore.
 In 1803, the British entered Delhi, forced Shah Alam II to accept rule under “British Protection”.
Which basically meant that the Emperor no longer had any real power.
(British were true rulers by this point).
 They provoked the Amirs of Sindh into war despite a treaty signed between the two parties in an
attempt to make up for their disgrace in Afghanistan.
 British managed this partly because of the Industrial Revolution, which made them technologically
superior, giving them an edge over the Indians with their weapons, techniques.
Assessment Opportunities:
Who was Robert Clive?
Robert Clive was a British general in EIC armed forces in India, defeated the French, Plassey 1757 showed qualities as a
soldier and leader by defeating Nawab of Bengal. Made Governor of Bengal and enabled British supremacy there,
increased power of merchants and established Oudh as a buffer state between Bengal and the Marathas. Introduced a
number of reforms – dual system government, civil reforms, abolition of private trade system, Society of Trade, military
reforms etc.
Why Robert Clive was appointed as the first Governor of Bengal?
 Clive commanded the British army to victory at the battle of Plassey in 1757 and established relations
with Mir Jafar. The battle increased Clive’s reputation and his importance to the East India Company
(EIC) because he became the foremost commander of British forces in India.
 The battle was also a success for the EIC because they now controlled the profitable trade in Bengal. As
a reward for being considered responsible for the EIC amassing immense fortunes, especially in
Bengal.
 Clive’s reputation and importance was further enhanced by his success at the battle of Buxar in 1764
which increased British control of eastern India.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
 The War of Independence.
Key Topic: What were the causes and consequences of the War of Independence 1857–58?

Reasons for outbreak:

The war of independence is marked as one grand Indian resistance against the British uprising in the Sub-
Continent. As the rebellion was not successful to stop British from taking control of India ultimately, there was
not a single reason responsible for the War of Independence but usually there were some major obvious
reasons responsible for the War of Independence in 1857. But actually there were lots of reasons which can be
categorized as under:

Political Reasons:
o The British introduced the Doctrine of Lapse, allowing them to confiscate the territory of any local
ruler who did not have a real male heir. This did not please the Indian landlords as they were being
deprived for their lands and thus rebelled.

o In 1857 the Mughal Emperor had little power left but was still an important symbolic figure. The
British moved the Royal family form the Red fort of Delhi to a more obscure Qutub Sahib. Indians saw
this as mistreatment.

o At a lower level of society there was a resentment of the lack of opportunities for native Indians in the
Civil service. This resulted in more hatred for the British as their rights were not considered.

o In 1834, English replaced Persian as the official language of administration. This created resentment
because it wasn’t only seen as cultural intervention but also increased Indian unemployment as they
didn’t know English.

Military Reasons:
o Greased Cartridge Incident
o Most of the sepoys were Indian, whereas officers were always British.
o They sent Indian troops to fight in Afghanistan. Unpopular as Hindus didn’t want to leave mother India
and Muslims didn’t want to fight other Muslims.

Religious Reasons:
o Furthermore, regular rumors that Muslim, Hindu, Sikh soldiers would be forced to convert to
Christianity. Angered Indian soldiers who felt that their religion was under threat.
o Hindu tradition suttee was abolished, widow remarriage allowed. Pardha was ridiculed by the British,
o Christian Missionaries made schools, taught Christianity, expected locals to give up own religion.
o Employers sometimes offered incentives for this.

Social Reasons:
o British had a very low view of the Indians.
o They tried to spread their own culture, and considered the Indians inferior and were reluctant in giving
them high posts.

o The British were tried in special courts, but Indians/Locals were tried in ordinary courts. Judgments
were made by the British and were often cruel/harsh.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
 Reasons for failure
Disunity among Indians:
o There was disunity among the rebels. They lacked a common purpose and everyone fought for personal
interest, often refused to fight unless they were harmed.

o Nana Sahib was only interested in getting Doctrine of lapse reversed and was ready to come to terms if
this demand was accepted. Thus, Muslims lacked a common cause from the Indians, weakening them.

o Some of the princely state rulers supported the British in order to maintain their own power.

o Such as the ruler of Kashmir, who sent 2000 troops to help the British, thus their strength against the
war grew, and the Indians were less competitive.

o Lord Canning, the Governor General, adopted a conciliator policy towards the rebels. He allowed many
concessions for them announcing the rebels who gave up their arms were to be forgiven. Thus, quite a
few leaders left the battlefield to join in negotiations with the government.

o There had been a great deal of vandalism in the war and the local population was harmed and became
displeased with the rebel’s nefarious activities. Instead, they sympathized with the British who stood for
law and order. Hence the British strength increased even further, rebels weakened.

British Strength:
o Punjab and Sindh had been conquered by the British with their troops from Bengal and Central

o Asia. So, when the troops rebelled in 1857, the Punjabi and Sindhi did not support. Meaning a much
smaller amount of rebels against the British might.

o The Last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, who was considered the main leader of the revolt showed
incompetence during the war. More interested in poetry and luxury, and neglected the affairs of
combat. Thus, his poor administration meant weak control.

o The British had experienced the Industrial Revolution and were technologically much more superior.
They had advanced weaponry, giving them an edge over the Indian forces who had traditional/outdated
weaponry.

o The British were a superpower at that time and had well trained, confident soldiers led by outstanding
generals such as Edwards and Neil, who fought with devotion and loyalty to the British Queen. The
rebel leaders in comparison were indecisive and short sighted and hence were easily defeated by the
British.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Assessment Opportunities:
Was an absence of leadership the main reason why the War of Independence in 1857 failed? Explain your
answer. [10]

Answering Key: Highest level answer will Explains the the absence of leadership AND other reasons for Max
09 Marks and also produces evaluation…

Simplistic Statement: The war of independence was a large scale resistance against the British Rule in 1857
which ultimately failed. There were a number of reasons for the failure of the war and the absence of the
leadership was one of the very important reason:

Reason can be explain as:

• No single leader e.g. Bhadur Shah was not accepted by most Hindus.
• Many people at the time thought Bhadur Shah did not have strong leadership skills and he was more of a figurehead.
• Bhadur Shah and the Rani of Jhansi worked alone, and neither would support the other.
Other reasons can be (Write developed points only).
• Lack of unity and common cause amongst the Indian population.
• The Punjab was uninterested in helping the rebellion, sending men and supplies to help the British.
• Some of the Indian princes were more interested in restoring their own powers and often supported the British.
• Muslims were more likely to oppose the British in the war but there wasn’t a sense of unity with Sikhs & Hindus.
• A series of uprisings against the British, the Indians weren’t coordinated or strong so the British overcame them.
• The British had modern methods of fighting. Whereas Indians lacked weaponry and skills as well.
• The British army was well disciplined and supplied by some of the local rulers.
• The British used diplomatic as well as military mechanisms to limit the extent of the conflict.
Evaluation:
Absence of the supreme leadership was far most needed at the time of the war but surely there were other
equally important reasons responsible for the failure of the war of independence in 1857 which marked the
begging of the British Rule in the subcontinent.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
 Results of the war of Independence:
Negative Impacts:

 The Indians failed their main objective of ending British Rule/Driving them out of the subcontinent.
They not only failed, but ended as slaves to the British. They British attained complete autonomy over
the country and established a rather tyrannical rule over the Indians.

 The Mughal Empire was removed from the Indian political scene forever as the country came directly
under the British Crown by the 1858 proclamation by Queen Victoria. The Muslims were greatly
dismayed by this as the main figure of Muslim authority was exiled.

 The war left a trail of mutual fear and distrust in the minds of the ruler and the ruled. The British
became cautious, rigid, and reactionary in their attitude towards the Indians especially the Muslims,
considering to be solely responsible for the revolt, since the wanted to restore the Mughal Empire. Thus
the British began to develop a policy of suppressing the Muslims in their every walk of life. This hatred
continued for half a century.

 The army taking the initiative in the War of Independence was thoroughly revised. The number of
European Soldiers was increased. Dismaying the Indians who took part in an attempt to gain better
posts and salaries through the revolt. Instead, some soldiers became jobless

 The forces that had rebelled were executed by the British. Cruel punishments, such as being blown to
pieces by a canon were used.

Positive Impacts:

o The British tried to being about a change in their administration and policies. They ended the “British

o East India Co’ to the happiness of the Indians who were now relieved of the Company’s tyranny. Thus
they are now to be ruled through a new, possibly less cruel ruler.

o New reforms and constitutional changes were introduced. An act for the better government of India was
passed and introduced. It involved a Secretary of State with a council of 15 members to help him.

o Policy of centralization in the 1833 act was changed, and new principles of decentralization and
Indianisation were recognized. Indians could now be elected in provincial councils and attain power at
a provincial level.

o Moreover the 1861 Act restored legislative powers to the governments of Bombay and Madras. New

o Legislative Councils were established in many provinces including Punjab, Bengal etc. Thus, Indians
were given much more political say, which had been an aim of theirs in the War of Independence.

o The British policy of annexations was changed. The queen declared no more extensions to their present
territorial possessions.

o Doctrine of Lapse was abandoned and Indians could now inherit ancestral lands with ease.

o Greased Cartridge supply stopped. Indians relieved of a very sensitive Religious issue.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Assessment Opportunities:

Q: Was the introduction of the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ in 1852 the most important reason for the War of Independence in
1857? Explain your answer. [14]

Answering Key:
Explains Doctrine of Lapse & other reasons. Also produces a judgement or evaluation.
(Explains Doctrine of Lapse in detail for 7 marks. Additional explanation(s) of the other reasons up to a maximum of 12
marks. Include evaluation for up to 14 marks).
The Explanation:
Doctrine of Lapse, under which any local kingdom not having a direct heir was to be taken over by the British, had
been introduced without any consultation or care for local feeling. It caused great unrest. Other reforms had also
been introduced similarly.
The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in 1832 deeply upset both the Muslims
and Hindus who were concerned about the loss of their culture through a change of language.
A number of social reforms had been imposed without consultation or care for local feeling which also caused
unrest. Indians had to send their children to coeducational schools and were forced to abandon purdah, which
again was seen as a threat to their culture.
The British introduced a new cartridge, which was coated in both cow and pig fat. Because the soldiers had to chew
the fat it caused great resentment since the Muslims forbade pig fat and the cow was a sacred animal in the eyes of
the Hindus.
(And other reasons can also be a good addition to the answer for maximum marks)

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
 Religious Thinkers
Key Topic: How successful were the religious thinkers in spreading Islam in the subcontinent during the
18th and 19th centuries?

Shah Wali Ullah (1703 to 1762)

(Real Name: Qutub-Ud-din… Born on 21st February 1703 to a Noble man name Shah Abdul Rahim)

Shah Wali Ullah believed that most of the problems of Muslims of the sub-continent was due to their
incomplete Knowledge and understanding of the Holy Quran. As the Holy Quran is in Arabic whereas
common Muslims knew Persian. He wanted that the Quranic teachings be made accessible to the common
people so they may act on them accordingly. He further believed that the decline of the Mughal Empire was
collective responsibility of all the Muslims of the Sub-continent because the Muslim community was divided
into sects, such as Sunni and Shia. Thus they were vulnerable to attacks on their religion. SWU wanted them to
put aside their differences so that a more united and strong community could be created.

Many Un-Islamic practices had entered Islam due to constant interaction with Hindus and other no Muslim
communities. Thus they had forgotten the moral and spiritual principles of Islam. Hence SWU wished to
revive Islam to purify the Islamic Society with all such malpractices. His influence could still be felt in the
subcontinent as he was the most comprehensive and influential reformer of the 18th century.

Major Work of SWU:

 Translation of Quran into Persian, the local language, despite opposition of the ulemas. So it was easier
for common Muslims to act on Islamic teachings. Thus Islam was revived among the locals. This also
paved way for his sons to translate it into Urdu, making it available to even more people.

 Also tried to stop the Muslims dividing into sects. Studied the differences between Sunni and Shia
objectively and wrote an account of the first four caliphs in a way acceptable to both groups. Thus tried
to reconcile between them to unite the Muslims

 Wrote 51 books on different aspects of Islam like Fiqha and Hadees. Significant among them were the
“Hujjatullah-ul-Baligha” and “Izalat-ul-Akhfa”. This helped Muslim understand Islamic principles
and act on them.

 He also taught at the Madrassa Rahimiya for many years. Important as it paved for the youth to
familiarize themselves with the fundamental principles and glorious past of Islam hence inducing
solidarity and pride in them regarding their religion.

 Tried to unite the Muslims against the Marathas and Sikhs so Islam could be protected and revived. It
was he who invited Ahmed shah Durrani from Persia. He defeated the Marathas and the Muslims were
saved from non-Muslim tyranny.

 Revived Islam in the prevalent economic system by stressing on social justice, equilibrium. He made
laborers and craftsmen more aware by stressing that they should be paid justly and urged traders and
business to adapt a fair Islamic system of trading thus eliminating sense of corruption in Business
activities.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Haji Shariat Ullah
Why he wished to revive Islam in the subcontinent.
 Haji Shariat Ullah believed that Muslims of the sub-continent (Bengal) were leading miserable lives
because they had started following Hindu practices due to their interaction with them.
 Muslims in Bengal were suppressed by the Hindu and British landlords.
 HSU wanted to end this tyranny. Thus they started the Faraizi Movement to purify the Islamic society.
 He started the Movement to create a sense of Jihad in Muslims so that they could fight for their rights.
 Muslims had forgotten the basic principles of Islam and did not practice religious obligations i.e.
Faraizi prayer and fasting.
 Thus he started the Faraizi movement to insist upon them to follow the fundamental pillars of Islam.

Major Work of HSU:

He began his reform movement known as the “Faraizi Movement” started as a reaction to the anti-Islamic
policies of British and Hindus. The movement insisted upon the fulfilment of Fariaz i.e one’s religious
obligations imposed by ALLAH and His Prophet (PBUH).

His followers came to be known as the “Faraizis” on account of their insistence of the fulfillment of one’s
duties. As a result many Muslims declared themselves to the performance of their duties and became staunch
Muslims

Brought the Muslim peasantry together against the cruel exploitation by the Hindu Zamindars, infused a spirit
amongst the Peasants who got together to direct Jihad against the then religious and social oppression to fight
for their rights. This confidence and awakening of the Bengalis from their slumber prepared the grounds for
future works of his successors like Titu Mir and Dadu Mian.

Worked towards elimination of Hind customs that had crept into Muslim society due to their continuous
interaction.

Significant as he attempted to purify the lives of Muslims so that they could not only distinguish
Islamic practices and rituals but also follow the true Islam.

Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi

Why he launched the Jihad movement against Sikhs of Punjab.
The Sikh rulers of Punjab were not letting the Muslims practice their religious freely and even the Azaan was
banned. This angered SASB and he launched the Jihad movement against the Sikhs for Muslim religious
freedom. He launched it against the two main anti Muslim forces, British and Sikhs in Punjab.

He was aware that British were hard to defeat as a superpower, and thus hard to defeat. Therefore he launched
the Jihad against the Sikhs first as they were a relatively weaker force and he thus was more likely to win
against them.

SASB knew that Punjab was surrounded by Muslim tribes, which encouraged him to fight against the Sikhs as
these could help him

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Major Work of SASB:

 Launched the Jihad Movement against the Sikhs in Punjab as they were not letting the Muslims
practice their religion freely.
 He gathered an army and launched war on them. Although the Mujahedeen were later defeated, this
shows his commitment to liberate Muslims from oppressive rulers and grant them their due rights.
 This movement not only infused a great deal of determination and moral courage but also had influence
on future generations, inspiring them. It was like a forerunner for the Pakistan Movement.
 It Unified Muslims together of different regions, created awareness among of them regarding their
political, religious and cultural rights. It was also the first movement meant to free Muslims from
tyranny rather than place a ruler in power.

Reasons for the movement’s failure.

 SASB was not well trained in military tactics. Most of the fighters were teachers, or spiritual leaders.
This made it difficult for the Mujahideen forces to fight against the Sikhs and come up with clever
strategies to defeat them.

 On the other hand, the Sikhs were tough and well trained under Ranjit, who was a strong military ruler.
 The Muslim army was disunited. The Muslims were of many different backgrounds. Soldiers often
mistrusted each other and were reluctant to agree with one another. As a result, due to internal conflicts
there wasn’t always full support from everybody. Which weakened the Muslim forces.

 The Pathans did not tolerate being in an army that they weren’t ruining themselves. They weren’t ready
to compromise which strained their relations with other Muslims. This weakened the Muslim forces as
there was less support from Pathan tribes.

 SASB imposed taxes on locals to bear military costs, but local people were pissed off since they had
never paid such a tax and were thus resented SASB. As a result, SASB lost support of the local people
which further weakened his forces. He thus lost money from taxes and his funds became limited and
thus not all the military costs could be afforded. They could not improve upon/buy more needed
military equipment.

 Moreover, SASB’s army was not as sincere to him. There were attempts by Yar Muhamad Khan to
assassinate SASB. He thus had to tackle with internal threats as well as external ones. Thus, his
attention was diverted from his main goal, which was to defeat the Sikhs. Yar Muhammad’s army
betrayed him in battle in Akora, weakened his fighting and causing his defeat.

 When SASB was moving to Balakot, traitors informed Sikhs of the Muslim’s route. Thus, the Sikhs
prepared themselves and strengthened their forces which made it easier for them to defeat the Muslims.
So, when they launched their surprise attack at Balakot, the Muslims were unprepared for this
unexpected attack, and were defeated. Sikhs outnumbered the Muslims in this battle. The weaker
Mujahideen lost, and SASB was killed, effectively ending the movement.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Assessment Opportunities:
Did Shah Wali Ullah contribute more to the spread of Islam than anyone else in the sub-continent before 1850?
Explain your answer. [14]

Answering Key:
Best answer will explain importance of work of all the religious thinkers including Syed Ahmed, Shairatullah
and Shah Wali Ullah. (12 Marks). Evaluation is must to achieve level 5 answer (14 Marks).

Simplistic Statement:
During the 18th and 19th centuries Islam in the subcontinent was going through a rough patch and need the
revival and for that there were different religious figures appeared in the subcontinent prominent of them were
Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmed Shaheed and Haji Shariat Ullah.
Start the explanation of Shahwaliullah above all such as:
SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their ignorance about Islam and the Holy Quran.
He encouraged them to concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the Holy Quran into
Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at that time. His books were designed to spread the
principles of Islam amongst the Muslims. However he was not the only one who was important in the spread of
Islam at this time. (Develop comprehensive details about him to secure 7Marks).
Further explaining other thinkers will give you additional marks such as:
SASB spread Islam through the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to liberate the
Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were banned from prayer and had to undergo
many humiliations, which made it difficult to practise their religion.
In addtion to this HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi Movement which insisted that Muslims should
perform their faraiz (religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were unhappy with the
Muslim practices. A huge group of followers grew which were called ‘Faraizis’
(Explainign and comparing these three will give ou maximum of 12 Marks).
Evaluation:
In the light of the given details I beehive that every religious thinker was important in his own capacity and
framework but surely Shah Wali Ullah’s diversity of work and spread out influence make him one of the most
comprehensive reformer of the 18th century and his influence could still be felt not only in the subcontinent but
throughout the World.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
Key Topic: How important was the work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to the development of the Pakistan
Movement during the 19th century?
Why he was considered Pro British:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan saved the lives of many British women and children during the WoI. Since the Muslims
were fighting against the British, this angered the Muslims and they started calling him pro-British.
Sir Syed wanted the Muslims to not fight against the British in WoI. As he believed that they would be easily
defeated by the British, as they were a superior power. Therefore he was called Pro British as everyone thought
he was trying to establish British Power.
Muslims of the subcontinent believed that the British were invaders. Whereas Sir Syed believed that the
Muslim should accept that British were rulers of the Indians and should accept their ideas, such as Western
Education therefore this angered the Muslims and they labeled him pro-British.

Why he established the Aligarh movement:

The British considered the Muslims guilty for the 1857 uprising. So after the war, the British started the policy
of repression against the Muslims. Sir Syed wanted to end this policy. He thus started the movement to
strengthen relations between Muslims and British by removing doubts of the British of Muslim loyalty.
Muslims considered the British as only invaders, and didn’t accept cooperation with them. SSAK believed that
Muslims should accept that British were now rulers and to accept British ideas, such as Western Education, so
that they could improve their social and economic relations which will enable them to take jobs in civil service
and army.

The Hindus of the sub-continent were progressing socially, politically and economically due to their
cooperation with the British. This worried SSAK as he believed that the Muslims would get dominated by the
Hindus and therefore he established the Aligarh Movement to inform the Muslims about the Hindu threat and
counter it therefore he established the Aligarh Movement to inform the Muslims about the Hindu threat, and
counter it.

Why SSAK tried to improve British – Muslim relationship.

The British considered the Muslims responsible for the War of Independence. Therefore they started a policy
of repression against them. As SSAK wanted an end to this tyranny, therefore he tried to improve British –
Muslim relationship to remove British Doubts about Muslim loyalty.
Muslims considered British as foreign invaders and were thus reluctant to acquire Western Education whereas
SSAK believed that Western Education was important for Muslims to live a prosperous life. Therefore he tried
to bridge the gap between the two communities so that Muslims could accept British Ideas.
SSAK feared that the Hindus would dominate Muslims as due to their co-operative attitude towards the rulers,
they were developing economically, socially and politically. Therefore, SSAK tried to improve the British –
Muslim relationship so that Muslims could come on par with the Hindus.

Why did SSAK want insist upon Muslims to acquire Western Education?

SSAK asked Muslims to acquire western educations so that Muslims could get civil service jobs because no
language of administration was English and to improve their social and economic condition Hindus received
educations from English schools which improved their confidence and they viewed illiterate Muslims as
inferiors.
This worried SSAK and he asked Muslims to acquire education to come on par with the Hindu.
SSAK believed that as Quran stressed upon knowledge and exploring the universe, therefore western education
of science was in line with the Quranic teachings. So he emphasized upon Muslims to acquire education to
understand the full majesty of God as the creator.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Why SSAK developed his two nation theory:

Firstly Urdu had been the official language of India for many years. However the Hindus wanted it changed to
their language, Hindi. This view wasn’t shared by the Muslims as Urdu was their main language. This
provoked SSAK to give his “Two Nation Theory” as he realized that the Hindus and Muslims were two
different nations because of their opposite cultures.

Secondly the Hindus wanted parliamentary system in India. Sir Syed, however rejected this by saying that as
Hindus were in majority they wanted to dominate the Muslim minority b winning ever election. So that’s why
SSSAK advocated his “Two Nation Theory” as he realized that these nations could not live in harmony.
Thirdly the Congress spoke of open competitive examinations for government jobs. However, SSAK rejected
this as Muslims were not educated enough to pass these exams and so most of the posts would be taken over
the educated Hindus.

Efforts to improve British Muslim relations:

 Wrote the loyal Mohammadans of India – Gave a detailed account of the loyal services which Muslims
had given and named various Muslims who had shown particular loyalty to the British. He not only
defended Muslims from British accusations that they were disloyal but also called on them to end their
hostility towards the Muslims

 Wrote pamphlet: “Essay on the causes of the Indian revolt” – Pointed out causes of the WOI. (Poor
management of India, forced conversions). Pamphlet helped convince the British that they were wrong
to blame the uprising on Muslims. Some British readily decreased hostility and sympathized.

 Sir Syed removed the “Nadarath” misunderstanding – British thought this was insult. Sir Syed said it
meant
 “Helper”. Thus term reflected the positive term the Muslims had of the British.

 Wrote rebuttal of an English book on The Holy Prophet (pbuh)’s life – Corrected errors concerning the
life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and Islam. Tried to convince the British that their Islamic knowledge
was limited and needed to improve upon it to remove misconceptions.

 Wrote Tabyin ul Kalam (Commentary on the bible) – Pointed out similarities between Islam and
Christianity. This was incomplete, but shows his commitment in improving Muslim British
relationship.

 Established British Indian association – A platform where members of both communities could interact
with each other and discuss various issues…helped to improve the level of understanding and
cooperation between the two people.

 Wrote pamphlet “Ahka Amet’ame ahle kitab” Food laws of people of the book – Told Muslims that
they were allowed in Islam to dine with other chirstians …Urged upon them that they were closer to the
British than the Hindus (Who were reluctant to eat with the Muslims)

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Efforts to make Muslims acquire western education:

 Journal on Tehzib ul Akhlaq – This journal included articles from influential Muslims who agreed with
Sir Syed that there was a need for new approach regarding education. Some Ulemas attacked it, yet it
played a major part in bringing about an intellectual revolution amongst the Muslim thinkers.

 Scientific society at Ghazipur – Translated scientific writings from English, Persian or Arabic into
Urdu; the main language of the Muslims. Muslims knew knowledge of science was being improved.
Helped reduce Muslim hatred towards British as they read about scientific works and realized that they
were more than just invaders but had done a lot for humanity through scientific inventions

 Founded schools in Ghazipur, Muradabad. These efforts of Sir Syed shows his commitment towards
expanding educational opportunities for Muslims as Muslims were reluctant to go in British Schools

 Established MAO (Muhammad Anglo Oriental) school in 1875, made into college in 1877 – Provided
Western and Islamic education on the pattern of English Public School system. This proved beneficial
for Muslims in many ways: Provided quality educations to the Muslims of India and after graduating
from this institute they could get better jobs in the Government Department

 It became a symbol of unity for Muslims in the absence of the Muslim League. Many future leaders of
Pakistan such as LAK and Ayub Khan were educated there and many historians believe that this
institution contributed the most for the formation of Pakistan

 It also helped to improve British Muslim relationship as noy only many British were teaching in this
institute which created respect in the hearts of Muslims for the British but also after receiving English
education, now the Muslims were in a better position to communicate with the British in their language
and remove misconceptions

 Mohammaden Educational Conference – Aim was to publicize the new educational Methods being
used at MAO. This helped improve Muslim education standards.

 Also played a major role in establishing a Muslim political platform in the days before the League was
established as it attracted famous orators and writers who discussed the political problems of the
Muslims in India It was after the 29 session of the same organization in December 1906 at Dhaka that
major leaders gathered to form the Muslim League, which was the founding party of Pakistan.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
 Languages (Urdu)

Why Pakistan Choose Urdu as its national language:

 Because of its long History in the subcontinent. Widely used in the Mughal Period, dating as far back
as the sultans of Delhi. Used by the Mughal armies and became widely spoken and understood all over
the subcontinent

 It was natural that such a well-established, natural language be chosen. It had a high status in the
subcontinent. Some of the finest early poets such as Amir Khusrau wrote in Urdu and Sir Syed’s
school at Aligarh became known as a center for Urdu study. Many religious books, including the Quran
were translated into it. Thus it was rather important due to its rich literary tradition.

 It was very closely associated with the Pakistani Movement. Sir Syed supported it, and the Muslim
League was formed to defend Muslim interests and thus Urdu by extension.

 The Quaid was very keen on it, seeing it as a unifying force. Saw it as appropriate to promote a
language that was a unifying force for the people of the subcontinent.

Promotion of Urdu:

 Urdu is the medium of the national Media. Since media is well known to everyone, and everyone
watches television, listens to the radio with interest for interest/entertainment, the language is promoted
as more people are exposed to it.

 Urdu is the medium of instruction in many schools. Develops interest in students towards their national
language, as a lot of subjects are taught in Urdu. They frequently read, write, & communicate in Urdu.

 Urdu is taught up to MA, MPhil and PhD in different institutions (Urdu university). Thus scholars
research the language and explore different aspects of its poetry and prose, modernizing it.

 It is the compulsory subject to pass grade 10 and 12 in educational institutions. Therefore, the language
is promoted as students get familiar with its literature and grammar.

 It is the official language of courts (along with English). Thus promoted as it is frequently judicial
proceedings (Judges in their judgements, lawyers in their arguments)

 Mushairas are frequently held in Pakistan where poets recite poetry in front of the public, who
appreciate it. This encourages them to write more in Urdu and are often given awards for their works.

 It is the national language of Pakistan and is frequently used in all 4 provinces. Thus it’s not only a
unifying force but also being promoted by people due to their regular use.

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Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background

Initial Failures of Urdu as a National Language:

 East Pakistan strongly opposed the selection of Urdu as the national language after independence. As
their language, Bengali was spoken by 54% of the total population, leaving Urdu as a minority. This
offended them to a great extent and eventually led to the creation of Bangladesh. Urdu ended up
disintegrating rather than unifying Pakistan.

 In Urban areas people prefer English over Urdu, and thus send their children to English medium
schools for their better future, especially as they’re aware that the civil service exam is taken in English.
Urdu is thus sidelined.

 In local areas people prefer their local languages instead of Urdu, Hindering the development of Urdu
as many of them don’t even know it.

 Other Languages:

Why they have been promoted:

Literature and work undertaken by authors in areas such as Sindhi gas been popular and is a part of India’s
history. Thus, it should be kept alive. So the government set up bodies to promote it, such as the Sindhi literary
board. Many Languages have played an important role in the history of the subcontinent. An example of this is
Pushto literature, which was important in helping to create opposition towards the British rule. Thus it is
important to preserve this history or future generations. Balochi had little development before 1947 and its
literature was in decline. The government felt that it should be kept alive rather than lost forever. They thus
sought to keep it on par with the other languages.

Punjabi:

 Books on academic subjects like Law, Medicine, Science, History and Philosophy published in
Punjabi. Thus developed as it’s been used as a means of imparting education. The language is promoted
as students and scholars do research in different aspects of its literature.

 Radio Pakistan in Lahore, plus TV shows. These promote it though dramas and serials and news.
Punjabi theater and films are also widely appreciated by because of their quality. Thus, by using it as a
source of information and entertainment its understanding has been improved among the masses.

 Quran was translated into Punjabi by Muhammad Ali Faiq. Thus promoted on religious lines as Punjabi
Muslims read it with interest.

 Punjabi Mushairas (poetry recitation sessions) are also held where poets recite their poetry in front of
public. They are appreciated and it helps the people learn Punjabi. Poets themselves are also
encouraged and are given wards.

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 20
Section-I: Cultural and Historical Background
Sindhi:

 Sindhi literary board was a step towards Sindhi’s development as it has published different books and
magazines in Sindhi and Sindhi literary figures like Fakir Nabi Baksh became well known.

 Bazm e Talib ul Mawla Publishes books in Sindhi and have thus become known because of their
services towards Sindhi literature.

 Sarmast Academy established as tribute to Sindhi poet Sachal Sarmast also promotes the language, by
printing his words and making them available to the common people.

 The Sindhiology department teaches Sindhi literature at Jamshoro up to MA level which helps students
learn more about the language.

 It is a compulsory language subject in schools of Sindh as an alternative to Urdu.

 It promotes its importance among the students and fosters their interest in Sindhi as they’re taught
Sindhi literature and Grammar.

Pashto:
 Establishment of Peshawar University and the post graduate Pashto literature classes promote the
language and literature among the masses and it is thus more widely known now.

 Academy for the promotion of Pashto Literature was set up in 1954 prepared a widely accepted
dictionary, helped creating vocabulary and increasing understanding of Pashto amongst the people.

Balochi:

 Broadcasts in Balochi on radio Pakistan Karachi, and Quetta Television help to make it more important
through news and entertainment programs.

 Balochi Literary Association was set up and there are now weekly and monthly magazines published in
the languages under it. Nan Kissan and Olassis being a few of them. Thus, this association promoted
Balochi by encouraging different writers and helping in gaining more resources.

 Many notable poets and writers such as AHA shad, Issac Shamim and others are also making Balochi
widely available to the interested people through their works.

Best Of Luck Dear Ones…

Pakistan Zindabad!!!
By: Syed Junaid Ali

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