Modern Chemistry Chapter 3

Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter

 Law of Conservation of Mass- mass is

neither created nor destroyed during
ordinary chemical reactions or physical
changes

e.g. 20 g A + 20 g B  40 g AB
 Law of Definite Proportions- a chemical
compound contains the same elements in
exactly the same proportions by mass
regardless of the size of the sample or the
source of the compound

 e.g. If 10 grams of A combine with 20 grams of B to

form compound AB, how many grams of B will be
necessary to combine with 20 grams of A to form AB?
Answer 40: grams of B.
 Law of Multiple Proportions- if two or
more different compounds are composed of
the same two elements, then the ratio of
the masses of the second element combined
with a certain mass of the first element is
always a ratio of small whole numbers

 e.g. H2O & H2O2 or NO2 & N2O5

Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
1- All matter is composed of extremely
small particles called atoms.
2- Atoms of a given element are identical
in size, mass and other properties.
3- Atoms cannot be subdivided, created or
destroyed.
4- Atoms of different elements combine in
simple whole-number ratios to form
chemical compounds.
5- In chemical reactions, atoms are
combined, separated, or rearranged.
 Modern Atomic Theory
 Dalton’s theory was a good one, but it has
since been modified.
– Atoms are divisible into even smaller
particles.
– Atoms of a given element can have
different masses.
– Atoms can be destroyed.

 Do Section Review #3 on page 71.

 Section review #3 page 71
IF each compound contains 1.0 g oxygen and the
three samples contain:
compound A: K = 1.22 g / 1.22 = 1.0
compound B: K = 2.44 g / 1.22 = 2.0
compound C: K = 4.89 g / 1.22 = 4.0

1:2:4 ratios of potassium  multiple

proportions
 The Structure of the Atom

 Atom- the
smallest particle of
an element that
retains the
chemical properties
of that element
 Atomic Nucleus- the small, densely packed,
positively charged central portion of the atom that
contains nearly all of its mass but nearly none of
its volume
– Neutron- The neutral particle of the nucleus
of an atom.
– Proton- The positively charged particle of the
nucleus of an atom.

 Electron Cloud- The large area surrounding the

nucleus of an atom in which the electrons are
located.
– Electron- the negatively charged particles of
an atom
 The Discovery of Electrons
 In the late 1800’s, electric current was passed
through cathode ray tubes. It was discovered
that the cathode ray was attracted to the
positive pole of a magnet and repelled by the
negative pole.
– This led to the discovery of electrons.
– In 1909, Robert Millikan measured the negative
charge of the electron.
– From this, it was found that the mass of an
electron is 9.109 x 10-31 kg.
– The mass of an electron is 1/1837th the mass of
the simplest hydrogen atom.
– The negative charges of the electrons equal the
positive charges of an atom (protons).
 Composition of the Nucleus
 Protons- are positively charged particles
in the nucleus (their + charge = - charge
of an electron)
– mass = 1.673 x 10-27 kg or 1836/1837 the mass
of a protium atom

 Neutrons- neutral particles of the nucleus

– mass = 1.675 x 10-27 kg = mass of 1 electron
+ 1 proton
 Composition of the Nucleus
 How can the numerous positively charged
protons exist packed into the nucleus
without flying apart due to their like
charges repelling one another?

 Nuclear forces- are short range forces

(proton-proton, proton-neutron, &
neutron-neutron) that hold the nuclear
particles together.
 The Size of Atoms
 Atomic radius ranges between 40 &
270 pm (10-12 m)
Discuss how small a picometer would be.

 Nuclear radius = 0.001 pm.

The size of the nucleus to the entire atom
would be about the same as if you placed a
dime at the center of the football stadium.
 Counting Atoms

 Atomic number- is equal to the number

of protons in the nucleus of each atom of
an element

 Mass number- is the number of protons

plus neutrons in a single atom of an
element.
 Counting Atoms
 Isotopes- are atoms of the same element that
have different masses due to different numbers of
neutrons

– We designate isotopes using one of two different

designations.
– Hydrogen has three isotopes; protium (m# = 1),
deuterium (m# = 2), and tritium (m# = 3).

 hyphen notation H-1 H-2 H-3

1 2 3
 nuclear symbol notation H H H
1 1 1
 Practice problems page 80
1- bromine-80  35 protons
35 electrons
80-35 = 45 neutrons

2- carbon-13  13

C
6

3- 15 electrons, so 15 protons & element is

phosphorus. 15 + 15  phosphorus-30
 Identifying Isotopes
element symbol atomic # mass # p+ n0 e -

calcium 40 ____

uranium 92 235 ____

uranium 238 ____

13 27 ____

I-127 ____
 Relative Atomic Masses
 Atomic mass unit (amu)- exactly 1/12th
of the mass of a carbon-12 atom

 Average atomic mass- is the weighted

average of the atomic masses of the
naturally occurring isotopes of an element

– see table 4 on page 82

 Calculating Average Atomic Mass
We will be calculating the “average mass” of the science
textbooks in the classroom. This is the approximate method
used to determine average atomic mass of the isotopes of an
element.
1- Using a bathroom scale, find the weight of the physics
textbooks and count their number. What is the average
weight of each book?
2- Find the weight of the chemistry textbooks and count their
number. What is the average weight of each book?
3- Add the weights of the textbooks and add the numbers of
books.
4- Divide the total weight by the total number of books to find
the average weight. How does this compare to the
average weight of each book?
Relating Mass to Numbers of Atoms
 Mole (mol)- the
amount of a
substance that
contains the same
number of particles as
there are in 12 grams
of carbon-12

 The concept is similar

to that of a dozen.
 Avogadro’s
number- is equal to
the number of
particles in one mole
of a substance and is
equal to 6.022 x 1023
 Molar Mass
 Molar Mass- the
mass of one mole of a
pure substance

– We can find molar

mass by using the
average atomic
mass found on the
periodic table and
changing the units
from amu to grams.
 Mole-molar mass conversions
#mole x molar mass = mass (#grams)

mass (#grams) ÷ molar mass = #moles

 Mole Hill
#moles
(mol)

÷ molar mass x molar mass

(g/mol) (g/mol)

mass in grams mass in grams

(g) (g)
 Gram to Mole Conversions
 We can use conversion factors to convert
between grams and moles.

2.00 mol He x 4.00 g He = 8.00 g He

1 mol He

8.00 g He x 1 mol He = 2.00 mol He

4.00 g He

Do practice problems #1-4 and #1-3 on page 85

 Chapter 3 vocabulary
law of conservation of mass law of definite proportions-
law of multiple proportions- atom-
atomic nucleus- neutron-
******** electron cloud-
electron- protons-
neutrons- nuclear forces-
atomic number- mass number-.
isotopes- atomic mass unit
average atomic mass- mole
Avogadro’s number- molar mass-
 Chemistry Chapter 3 Test
Questions:
 definitions & uses of the Laws of Conservation of Mass, Definite
Proportions, & Multiple Proportions
 definitions of proton, neutron, electron, atomic nucleus (& its
characteristics), nuclear forces, atomic number, mass number,
isotopes, average atomic mass, mole, molar mass, &
Avogadro’s number
 determine the number of protons, electrons, & neutrons of an
element from its atomic and mass numbers
 mass to mole & mole to mass calculations