Unit 2

Atoms and Molecules

Engr. Laurenz Junelle M. Oyardo
Topic Summary
• Fundamental Concept of an Atom
• Periodic Table
• Chemical Bonding
• Molecules and Compounds
• Chemical Formula
Fundamental Concept of an Atom

Greek philosopher Democritus – all

matter consist of very small, indivisible
particles which he name atomos (means
uncuttable).
Concepts and Principles
Atom is the basic building
block of matter. It is the
smallest particle of element.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass
and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the
atoms of all other elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any
compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements
present is either an
integer or a simple fraction.
4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or
rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.

Law of conservation of mass - matter can neither be created nor destroyed.

Law of definite Proportion
states that different samples of the same
compound contain its constituent element
in the same proportion by mass.
Law of multiple Proportion
if two elements can combine to form more
than one compound, the masses of one element
that combine with a fixed mass of the other
element are in the ratios of small whole
numbers
Structure of an Atom
Electron
It is the negatively charged particle that dictates the charge of
the atom.
Discovered by Joseph John Thomson.
Thomson model of the atom - An atom consists of a
(positively charge) jelly like mass with (negative charge)
electrons scattered through it. (plum-pudding model)
Robert Millikan – found the charge of an electron to be -
1.6022 x C from his oil drop experiment.
Cathode ray tube experiment
Structure of an Atom
Proton
It is a positive charge particle of an atom that describes what
the atom is. (identity)
Discovered by Ernest Rutherford.
Gold Foil Experiment
Gold Foil Experiment
1. The atom’s positive charges are all concentrated in the
nucleus, a dense central core with the atom.
2. Most of the volume of the atom is empty space.
3. Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a dense,
positively charged nucleus.
Structure of an Atom
Neutron
It is neutrally charged particle that helps dictates the total mass
of an atom.
Discovered by James Chadwick.
Structure of an Atom
Particle Mass Charge

-1.6022 x 10-
Electron 9.10938 x 10-31kg
19Coulomb

1.6022 x 10-
Proton 1.67262 x 10-27kg 19Coulomb

Neutron 1.67493 x 10-31kg 0

Structure of an Atom
Atomic number – The number of protons determines an
element’s atomic number. In a neutral atom (no net charge) the
number of protons is equal to the number of electron. The
chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely by its
atomic number.
Mass number – is the total number of neutrons and protons
present in the nucleus of an atom of an element.
 Structure of an Atom
Isotopes – are atoms of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

Atomic mass - The average atomic mass of an element is the

sum of the masses of its isotopes, each multiplied by its
natural abundance. (amu/atomic mass unit, unit for
average atomic mass which is equal to 1.6605 x 10-27kg)
 Periodic Table and
Periodic Trends
Engr. Laurenz Junelle M. Oyardo
Introduction to Periodic Table
Periodic table is a chart in which
elements having similar chemical and
physical properties are grouped together.
The elements are arranged by increasing
atomic number in horizontal rows called
period and in vertical column known as
groups or families. The periodic table was
developed by Dmitri Mendeleev and
Lothar Meyer.
Notes
-The elements can be divided into three categories-metals,
nonmetals, and metalloid. A metal is a good conductor of heat
and electricity, whereas nonmetal is usually a poor conductor of
heat and electricity. A metalloid has properties that intermediate
between those metals and nonmetals.
-Elements are often referred to collectively by their periodic
table group number.
Some element groups have special names.
Group 1A- Alkali metals, Group 2A-Alkaline Earth metals,
Group 7A Halogens and
Group 8A – Noble gases
Elements in Group 1B to 8B (middle of the periodic table)
called transition metals.
Periodic Law
Periodic law - states that when the
elements are arranged in the order of
increasing atomic number, elements with
similar properties appear at periodic
interval.
Example:
a. The inertness of noble gases
b. The reactivity of halogens
Periodic Trends
1. Atomic radius – (atomic size) which is one-half the distance
between the two nuclei in two adjacent atoms.
 The atomic radius of atoms generally decreases from left to right
across a period.
 The atomic radius of atoms increases from top to bottom within
a group.
2. Ionic radius
 When atom forms an anion (gain electron), its size increases.
 When atom forms cation (lose electron), its size decreases.
 Ions with the same number of electronic configuration
(isoelectronic), the radius decreases with increasing atomic
number.
Periodic Trends
3. Ionization energy – refers to the amount of energy needed to
remove an electron from an atom.
 Ionization energy decreases as we go down to the group.
 Ionization energy increases from left to right across the
periodic table.
4. Electron affinity - is a measure of the tendency of an atom
to gain electron.
 Electron affinity increases from left to right across a period.
 Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom within a
group.
Periodic Trends
5. Electronegativity - this is the ability of the atom to hold
electron tightly or the ability of an atom to attract toward itself
the electrons in the chemical bond.
 Electronegativity increases from left to right across a
period.
 Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom within a
group.