SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA, Accredited ‘A’ Grade by NAAC &
Affiliated to Savithribai Phule University)
Kopargaon – 423 603, Maharashtra.

L27
LECTURE HANDOUTS

Electrical I/I

Course Name with Code : ES1003 / BEEE

Course Faculty : Dr.G.Vijayakumar

Unit : V – Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits

Date of Lecture:

Topic of Lecture: Op-Amp applications: Inverting amplifier, Non-inverting amplifier.

Introduction :
An operational amplifier is a three-terminal device consisting of two high
impedance input terminals, one is called the inverting input denoted by a
negative sign and the other is the non-inverting input denoted with a positive
sign. The third terminal is the output of the Op-Amp.
Prerequisite knowledge for Complete understanding and learning of Topic:
 Transistor & OP AMP
Inverting Operational Amplifier

In the inverting operational amplifier circuit, the signal is applied at the inverting
input and the non-inverting input is connected to the ground. In this type of
amplifier, the output is 180⁰ out of phase to the input, i.e. when positive signal is
applied to circuit, the output of the circuit will be negative. By assuming the Op-
Amp is ideal, then the concept of virtual short can be applied at the input terminals
of the Op-Amp. So that voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to the voltage at
non-inverting terminal.

The circuit diagram of an inverting op-amp is shown below. In this circuit, the
negative terminal is connected through feedback to create a closed-loop operation.
While working with op-amps, we need to remember two essential rules like there is
no flow of current in the input terminal & the other one is V1 is always equal to V2.

This is because the positive input terminal is at OV as it is Grounded.  In the above

configuration, the op-amp is connected by using feedback to create a closed-loop
operation. When dealing with operational amplifiers there are two very important
rules to remember about inverting amplifiers, these are: “No current flows into the
input terminal” and that “V1 always equals V2”. However, in practical op-amp
circuits, the above-mentioned two rules are broken to some extent because the
input junction and feedback signal ‘X’ are at equal potential. When the positive
input is at zero volts, then the junction is called a “Virtual Earth”. So due to this
virtual earth, the op amp’s input resistance is equivalent to the input resistor value
(Rin).
Here, the inverting op amp’s closed-loop gain can be fixed through the ratio of the
two exterior resistors. Once we apply the input signal through the ‘Ri’ resistor to the
inverting terminal of the op-amp, the non-inverting terminal is connected to the
ground. Further, a feedback is provided to stabilize the circuit. Now , the output can
be controlled through a feedback resistor ‘Rf’. This specifies that the inverting
amplifier’s voltage gain can be decided through the fraction of the ‘Rf’ to the ‘Ri’
including the negative sign that indicates the reversal phase. In addition, the
inverting amplifier’s input impedance is ‘Ri’.

Like DC amplifiers, these amplifiers provide outstanding linear characteristics to

make them ideal. In addition, they are frequently used to change the i/p current to
the o/p voltage in the Transresistance form otherwise Transimpedance Amplifiers
form. The output voltage (Vout) equation shows that the op-amp circuit is linear for
a fixed gain of an amplifier like Vout = Vin x Gain. So this property is very helpful in
changing a small sensor signal to a better voltage.

Non-Inverting Operational Amplifier

When the signal is applied at the non-inverting input, the resulting circuit is known
as Non-Inverting Op-Amp. In this amplifier the output is exactly in phase with the
input i.e. when a positive voltage is applied to the circuit, the output will also be
positive. By assuming the Op-Amp is ideal, then concept of virtual short can be
applied i.e. the voltage at the inverting and non-inverting terminal is equal.
A non-inverting amplifier works like a voltage follower circuit because this circuit
uses a negative feedback connection. So it gives a part of the output signal as
feedback to the inverting input terminal instead of giving a complete output signal. 
The non-inverting op-amp circuit diagram is shown below. In this circuit
configuration, the output voltage signal is given to the inverting terminal (-) of the
operational amplifier like feedback through a resistor where another resistor is given
to the ground. Here, a voltage divider with two types of resistors will provide a small
fraction of the output toward the inverting pin of the operational amplifier circuit.

Video Content / Details of website for further learning :

https://www.elprocus.com/non-inverting-op-amp/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyOfonR_rEw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gRsM9-O39U
Important Books/Journals for further learning
Edward Hughes, “Electrical Technology”, Sevent Edition, Pearson Education.
B L Theraja, Electrical Technology, Chand Publications, New Delhi

Course Faculty