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INTRODUCTION
We share a pedigree with the frog. Both of us are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, animals with
backbones. Although we are mammals and frogs are amphibians, we are close enough to share many
anatomical and physiological characteristics. This laboratory exercise is the first in a series that will help
you discover many of these similarities but also many of the differences between the frog and ourselves.
In this exercise you will examine various external features and relate them to how they help the frog in its
environment.
STUDENT OBJECTIVES
1 Observe the external features of the frog.
2 Relate the external structures to their functions.
3 Observe the structure of a leg muscle and leg bone of the frog.
4 Compare amphibious structures with those of a human.
5 Demonstrate a mature and responsible attitude when using preserved specimens for biological study.
PRE-LAB QUESTION(S)
1. Describe three characteristics of a typical mammal and three characteristics of a typical amphibian.
2. Describe three similarities and three differences between a mammal and an amphibian.
MATERIALS
Preserved frog, dissecting pan lined with a paper towel, dissection kit, toothpick, hand lens, dissection
manual, charts or pictures of various types of frogs, liter-size plastic bag with twist-tie, plastic gloves,
safety glasses or goggles, and video of frog dissection.
PROCEDURE
Work in pairs. If the smell of the preservative is very strong, rinse the frog under running water at the sink
and pat it dry. Lay the frog in the dissecting pan, belly side (ventral) side down.
7. Observe the oval TYMPANIC MEMBRANES on each side of the head. These act as external
eardrums. The males have larger membranes than the females. Observe the EXTERNAL NARES
(nostrils).
2. Observe how the forked tongue is attached to the anterior of the mouth.
It is usually covered with a sticky secretion. The tongue is thrust out only
in the presence of moving objects. The frog does not respond to non-
moving prey!
3. With your finger, feel along the edges of the jaws for the small conical
TEETH, and on the upper part of the mouth find the two additional teeth,
the VOMERINES. In frogs, teeth are replaced as needed.
4. Use your finger or your probe to find the soft opening to the esophagus
at the back of the mouth. Distinguish this from the slit-like, cartilaginous
GLOTTIS, the opening to the respiratory system.
5. Use your probe to fine the EUSTACHIAN TUBE openings located on the
sides of the upper jaw. These lead to the tympanic membrane. Find the
internal opening of the NARES. Note the bulge of the eyeballs on the
roof of the mouth. When the frog swallows, it closes its eyelids. This causes the eyeballs to press
down into the mouth and thus helps to push the food into the esophagus.
NOTE: Please save the used frog for the second lab on the frog.