Fundamentals of the Human Body

CCST4047

Part 1

Chapter 3: Homeostasis of
the Human Body

http://celestialmusingsblog.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/yinyangbalance.jpg
 Chapter Outline

1. Internal Communication: The Role of the Nervous System

– Neuron Action Potentials: The Creation of Signal

– Unconscious Body Processes are Regulated by the Autonomic Nervous

System (ANS)

2. Internal Communication: The Role of the Endocrine System

3. Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

2
http://wellfedfamily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/scales-clip-art.jpg
 Internal Communication plasma
∅
↑ ! solutes J OO
Internal communication is important for body function ↑osmolarihy
• The nervous system is for rapid internal communication =
↓ TH 20 ] / H 0 potwial
• The endocrine system is for internal chemical communication
.

contund

3
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/5d/cc/14/5dcc14d20dd041f0c37b06b8811717ad.jpg
https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/8528b0149aa08e36c0305fb9f259949d5984950d.png
 1. The Nervous System

A major regulatory system that detects sensation and controls movement,

physiological process, and intellectual function.
Consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

4
https://o.quizlet.com/wmmTXwYDSfE8Gq7YnEabLA.jpg
http://www.faqs.org/photos/the-nervous-system-workings-how-the-nervous-system-functions-2565.jpg
 Membrane Potential

All body cells are polarized at rest

• Cells have uneven distribution of sodium

(Na+), potassium (K+) and large
intracellular protein anion across the
plasma membrane

• Leading to uneven distribution of positive

and negative charges

• Displaying membrane potential (voltage)

– Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

5
http://faculty.irsc.edu/FACULTY/TFischer/AP1/resting%20membrane%20potential2.jpg
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/an/m2/s3/assets/images/anm2s3_1.jpg
 Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
Uneven ion distribution across the plasma membrane at rest
• Extracellular fluid: more positively-charged ions (i.e., Na+)
• Cytosol: more negatively-charged molecules (i.e., proteins) and less Na+
These induce the potential difference (voltage) across the membrane

The resting membrane potential (RMP) of a non-conducting neuron: − 70mV

1.5V - 70mV
Na+ Ca2+
+ + + + Na
+
+
Na + +
- - - +
+ - - - SO 2- - - - +
+ - 4
K + - + Na+
K +
-
+ - K+
- +
Na+ - PO 2- PO42- -
+ - 4 +
+ - - - K - -
+ - + Na+
+ - +
+ + +
Ca2+
+ + Na+
http://www.clker.com/clipart-6946.html
http://www.thesciencefair.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=1740-6&Category_Code=EM 6
 Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
RMP is related to the distribution of Na+ and K+ across the membrane

The transmembrane protein sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) maintains the

RMP at rest
The membrane protein keeps pumping Na+ out and bring K + in (3 Na+ out and 2 K + in)
across the membrane using ATP (active transport)
– Compensating the ion leakage from the closed channels
– Maintaining uneven distribution of Na+ and K+ and leading to the cytosol is
slightly –ve with respect to the extracellular fluid

7
http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nakatpase.gif
 8
https://www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2010/2010_Exam_Reviews/Exam_3_Review/11-08_RestMemPoten.jpg
http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm 9
 Action Potential
Neurons and muscle cells are excitable
• They can undergo transient, rapid change
in membrane potentials due to the
change in membrane permeability
• Generating electrical signal (action
potential) (AP)
• Action potentials travel down neuronal
axons in an ion cascade

10
https://www.pharmacy180.com/media/article/article-Cell-Membrane-Potent-Niv.jpg
https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-7c39e912ce3ad206b9d560618d17ba35-pjlq
 Action Potential
When there are marked changes in
membrane permeability, leading to ion
movement in a part of a neuron, this can
generate an action potential (electrical
signal).

During an action potential, the membrane

potential rapidly, transiently reverses from
–ve to +ve. This refers to depolarization.

Action potential is the “membrane

Hyper- potential” of a neuron that is
polarization conducting an impulse

11
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Action_potential_propagation_animation.gif
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/wp-content/blogs.dir/458/files/2012/04/i-91bc1a5f2d248f09ffed13e377b9c940-ActionPotential.jpg
 Depolarization: Generation of Action potential

Without stimuli, a neuron displays the RMP ~-70 mV

A stimulus with adequate strength/a ligand causes the

opening of (1) stimulus (ligand)-gated Na+ channel Action potential
• allowing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into the neuron +30
• producing a local depolarization (graded potential)

Voltage (mV)
0
When the membrane potential reaches the “threshold
potential” (i.e., - 55mV)
• Causing the opening of (2) Voltage-gated Na+
channel ( 55 mV )
-

-55 Threshold 2
-70 Resting
– allowing more Na+ to diffuse into the cell
1
• Neuron membrane potential must reach the Stimulus
threshold potential (value) for further
depolarization
0 1 2 3 4 5
• Positive feedback mechanism
Time (ms)
If the graded potential cannot reach the threshold,
leading to failed initiation (i.e., no action potential) Graded potential
• This is an all-or-none response (failed initiation)
12
 Depolarization: Generation of Action potential

Complete Depolarization: a massive Na+ influx

• Initiated by the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
when threshold is (-55mV) is reached
• Membrane polarity is reversed from -70mV to +30mV:
from –ve to +ve
• Voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open for about 1ms (a
very short period!) before they automatically close

Stimulus-gated Na+ channel Voltage-gated Na+ channel

https://www.pharmacy180.com/media/article/article-Cell-Membrane-Potent-Niv.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sodium_channel_open_closed.jpg/170px-Sodium_channel_open_closed.jpg 13
 Action potential (AP) Propagation

Voltage difference between “adjacent membrane

region” of a neuron allows the propagation of AP
along a nerve fiber (axon)
• ions moving through the “voltage-gated Na+
channels” along the neuron’s plasma
membrane
• movement is faster in myelin-coated axon

14
http://people.emich.edu/pbogle/PHED_200/overheads/ch9_art/09_10.jpg
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8427265/26/images/49/Schwann+cell+Depolarized+region+%28node+of+Ranvier%29+Cell+body+Myelin.jpg
 Action potential
Repolarization
• Reversed membrane potential triggers the
opening of the (3) voltage-gated K+ channel
• K+ channels open while Na+ channels close
– K+ leaving the cell according to the conc.
gradient
– Less +ve ions inside the cell restores the
RMP
– Refractory period: Na+ channels cannot be
activated shortly

Hyperpolarization
• Massive K+ outflux
• Membrane potential is less than RMP
(hyperpolarized)
• Na+/K+ ATPases and leaky channels are used
to help the cell return to the RMP
https://www.pharmacy180.com/media/article/article-Cell-Membrane-Potent-Niv.jpg
https://www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2010/2010_Exam_Reviews/Exam_3_Review/11-15_RefractryPds_1.jpg 15
 Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2ctEsGEpe0

16
http://apps.cmsfq.edu.ec/biologyexploringlife/text/chapter28/28images/28-05.gif
http://mikeclaffey.com/psyc2/images/action_potential_axon.JPG
 The Chemical Molecules Used by the Nervous System
Neurotransmitters

Video:
https://screencast-o-matic.com/watch/crVYo89TGy

17
https://chemistrytalk.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/1225_Chemical_Synapse-1.jpg
 The Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS) maintains constant
conditions within the body.

A process known as homeostasis.

Most of its activity is independent

(autonomic) of the conscious mind.
18
https://kaiserscience.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/the-nervous-system-overview-the-autonomic-nervous-system.jpg
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Visceral Effectors
The ANS involuntarily send signals to
visceral (internal) effectors to affect their
functions.
These visceral effectors include:
1. Smooth muscle
2. Certain glands (e.g., adrenal gland)
3. Cardiac muscle
4. Fat cells (adipocytes)

19
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/snsvsans.jpg
 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Special and so important
The two divisions of ANS control
internal body environment
involuntarily:

Resting: Parasympathetic nervous

system (PSNS)
(conserves energy and resources
during relaxed states, including
sleep)

Under stress: Sympathetic nervous

system (SNS)
(mobilizes energy and resources)

20
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/autonomic.gif
 Example: Regulation of Blood Pressure

• Regulatory center in the brainstem uses the

autonomic nerves (SNS and PSNS) to control
heart function and blood pressure
• Using a negative feedback mechanism

21
http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/q5163594.jpg
 Chapter Outline

1. Internal Communication: The Role of the Nervous System

– Neuron Action Potentials: The Creation of Signal

– Unconscious Body Processes are Regulated by the Autonomic Nervous

System (ANS)

2. Internal Communication: The Role of the Endocrine System

3. Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

22
http://wellfedfamily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/scales-clip-art.jpg
 Like the brain and nerves, the
endocrine system in involved in
the information business.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

23
http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/images/9417.jpg
 The Endocrine System

Hormones are chemicals (proteins,

lipids or amino acid derivatives)
• secreted from specific secreting
cells or glands
• secreted into the bloodstream and
carried by blood and tissue fluids
• affect target cells at distant places
of body

Neurotransmitters are also chemicals

but secreted from neurons

24
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/hormone_2.gif
 Chemical Signals

25
P.12, Vander A., Sherman, J and Luciano, D. (2010) Human Physiology, 12th ed. (McGraw Hill)
 Chapter Outline

1. Internal Communication: The Role of the Nervous System

– Neuron Action Potentials: The Creation of Signal

– Unconscious Body Processes are Regulated by the Autonomic Nervous

System (ANS)

2. Internal Communication: The Role of the Endocrine System

3. Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

26
http://wellfedfamily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/scales-clip-art.jpg
 Homeostasis

The body is an integrated system consisting of

an order and interactive organization of cells

Homeostasis
• the tendency to resist change in order to
maintain a stable, relatively constant
internal environment
• using _____________feedback mechanism

Video: Blood Sugar Level Homeostasis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X78C5ajmKJs

27
http://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/homeostasis_med.jpeg
http://livewellnaturally.com/Images-of-Articles/homeostasisChart.jpg
28
 Homeostasis Involved Internal Communication
Internal communication is necessary among sensor, control center
(integrator/ regulatory center) and effector.

Example: Thermoregulation

29
https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/8528b0149aa08e36c0305fb9f259949d5984950d.png
 Response of Effector: Feedback Mechanisms

30
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/167/2014/11/20062418/feedback_terms.jpg
 Responses: -ve and +ve feedback mechanisms
1.Negative (inhibitory) feedback
• Deviation from a given normal set
point is detected by a receptor, and
signal from the receptor triggers
compensatory responses until the
set point is again reached

2.Positive (stimulatory) feedback

• Deviation from a given normal set
point triggers responses that will
cause further deviation from the set
point
• Domino effect

Negative feedback is a way to correct the change

→ Allows the internal environment back to the
normal state (similar to a thermostat)
31
http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~wxcheng/envs23/lecture2/negative_fb.JPG
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio112/chap01/Slide4.JPG
 Homeostasis

32
http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_animalmovement_graphik_43.png
 part partk est
Inext weak ) l -

2 ussigment 6
→ Poster END
3 4 pm
-

→ UCQ
 For Your Information Only
Chemical messengers in “local” responses

Paracrine substances are synthesized by Autocrine substances are produced by a

cells and released into the tissue fluid. cell which excretes them into the tissue
Compound diffuses to neighboring cells fluid which then act on the same cell that
which are the target cells. secreted it.

Systemic Local
Hormone

Bloodstream

e.g., cytokine
interleukin-1 in
monocytes

e.g., insulin e.g., clotting factors

34
http://www.nature.com/jcbfm/journal/v20/n10/images/9590992f1.jpg