Bolted Joints CTT Tair SUE Tiras Table 8-1 UfouTuT Lp Diameters and Areas of Major a ST rm Lae Coarse-Pitch and Fine- CCC eC C] ee ye ee ec ee te 2 i - : : Pitch Metric Threads. Pom me ma Tee i 4 2 1S 104 15 125 116 16 2 157 144 15 167 157 20 25 m5 25 15 m 259 4 4 353, 324 2 384 30 35 561 519 2 e21 36 4 817 159 2 O15 2 45 1120 1050 2 1260 1230 48 5 1470 1380 2 1670 1630 56 55 2030 1910 2 2300 2250 4 6 2680 2520 2 3030 2980 n 6 460 3280 2 3860 3800 80 6 4340 4140 15 4850 4800 90 6 3590 5360 2 6100 6020 100 6 6990 6740, 2 7560 7470 10 2 9180 9080 The equations and dats used to develop this table have been obtained from ANSI BI.1-1974 and BI8.3.1-1978. The minor diameter was found from the equation d, = d ~ 1.226 869p, and the pitch diameter from d, = d ~ 0,649 519%, The mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter was used to compute the tesilestress area,Table 8-2 Diameters and Area of Unified Screw Threads UNC and UNF* Creel (a ueuccer hd Den) ach oars Lc tics Threads Stress Diameter Threads Stress Diameter: Size De a ee pence) f Mi in? in? N i in’ 0 0.0600 80 0.001 80 0,001 51 1 0.0730 o 0.00263 0.002.18 n 0.00278 0,002.37 2 0.0860 56 0.00370 0.003 10 a 0.00394 0,003 39 3 0.0990 48 0.004 870,004 06 56 0.005 230,004 51 4 0120 40 0.00604 0.004 96 48 0.006 61 0,005 66 5 0.1250 40 0.00796 0,006 72 4 0.008 80 0,007 16 6 0.1380 2 0.00909 0.007 45 40 0.01015 0,008 74 8 0.1640 2 00140 0011 96 36 0.01474 0.012 85 10 0.1900 4 00175 0.014 50 32 0.020 0 0.017 5 2 0.2160 4 0042 = 0.0206 8 0025s = 0.0226 t 0.2500 » 00318 = 0.0269 8 00364 = 0.0326 * 03125 18 0.052 4 0045 4 4 0.058 0 0.052 4 i 03750 16 00715 0.067 8 4 0.0878 0.0809 t 04375 4 0.1063 0.0933, 20 0.1187 0.1090 } 0.5000 B 1419 01257 0 01599 0.148 6 % 05625 R 0.182 0.162 18 0.203 0.189 i 0.6250 mM 0226 0202 18 0256 0240 i 0.7500 10 0334 0302 16 0373 0351 i 08750 9 0462 oat9 4 0509 0.480 1 1.0000 8 0.606 0551 n 0.663 0.625 M 1.2500 1 0.969 0.890 n 1073 1.024 If 1.5000 6 1.405 1.294 12 1581 1521 **This table was compiled from ANSI B1.1-1974. The minor diameter was found from the equation d, = d ~ 1.299 038p, and the pitch diameter from d, = d ~ 0.649 519p. The mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter was used to compute the tensile-stess ara.Table 8-3 Preferred Pitches for ‘Acme Threads Table 8-4 Screw Bearing oe Pressure p, Low speed Source: H. A. Rothbart and Steel Bronze =10 fpm T. H. Brown, Jr, Mechanical Cast iron <8 fpm Design Handbook, 2nd ed., ‘McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006, Steel Bronze ae Cast iron 20-40 fpm Steel Bronze =50 fpm Table 8-5 Coefficients of Friction f or ee) for Threaded Pairs Steel, dry 015-025 015-023 015-019 0.15-0.25 ‘Source: H. A. Rothbart and Steel, machine oil —0.11-0.17 0.10-0.16 0.10-0.15 0.11-0.17 T.H. Brown, Je, Mechanical Design ‘2nd ed, Bronze 0.08-0.12 0.04-0.06 - 0.06-0.09 McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006. Table 8-6 een Running eee) ‘Thrust-Collar Friction Soft steel on cast iron 02 17 Coefficients. Hard steel on cast iron 0.09 0.15 ‘Source: H. A. Rothbart and Soft steel on bronze 0.08 0.10 T.H. Brown, Jr, Mechanical Hard steel on bronze 0.06 0.08 Design Handbook, 2nd ed. ‘McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.Table 8-7 Suggested Procedure for Finding Fastener Stiffness © » Given fastener diameter d and pitch p in mm or number of threads per inch Washer thickness: 1 from Table A~32 or A~33, [Nat thickness (Fig. (a) only]: H from Table A~31 Grip length: For Fig. (a): 1'= thickness of all material squeezed between face ‘of bolt and face of nut _ fete, asa Berea: ee ned Fastener length (round up using Table A-17*): ForFig. (a): L>I+H For Fig. (bi: L>h+ LSd Threaded length Ly: Inch series: farts L=6in 2d+ hin, b> 6in Metric series: 2d+6mm, L125 mm,d =< 48mm y= \2d+ 12mm, 125 200mm Length of unthreaded portion in grip: -y Length of threaded portion in grip: -h ‘Area of unthreaded portion: Age re /4 ‘Area of threaded portion: A, from Table 8-1 or 8-2 Fastener stiffness: 4- ee d+ Ale ‘Bolts and cap serews may not be available in all the preferred lengths listed in Table A-I7. Large fasteners may not be available in fractional inches or in millimeter lengths ending in a nonzero digit. Check with your bolt supplier for availabilty.Table 8-8 Stiffness Parameters of Various Member Materials’ "Source: J, Wileman, M, Choudury, and L. Green, “Computation of Member Sines in Bolted Connection,” Tans. ASME, J. Meck. Desig, vol. 113, December 1991, pp. 432-437. Table 8-9 SAE Specifications for Size oe Cornette No. in 1 Ht 2 H HH 4 HE 5 H IH 320 a Ha 8 HE a oH jal Poisson Elastic Modul Lu LCTTy cc) -) A i Steel 0.291 207 30.0 0.787 15 0.628 73 Aluminum 0.334 1 10.3 0.796 70 0.638 16. ‘Copper 0.326 119 173 0.795 68 0.635 53 Gray cast iron 0.211 100 5 0.778 71 0.616 16. General expression 0.789 52 0.629 14 Steel Bolts Pa ee eS TAGE ert eri eee aca a} i es O Bo 8 ee 5 f& 2 O ee O ee 85 120 2 Low-carbon martensite, Q&T QO Sf fee e 5 9 6 eee a 5 9 © ee e "Minimum strengths are strengths exceeded by 99 percent of fasteners.Table 8-10 ASTM Specifications for Steel Bolts EE Met) cence eed Tensile Yield Le ORL a a E Dal kpsi i pec ecea) A307 fey 33 60 36 ‘Low carbon ARS, ba 85 120 92 Medium carbon, Q&T et ab " os a1 A325, he 85 120 2 ‘Low-carbon, martensite, ‘ype? it " 105 81 gar A225, fH 85 120 2 ‘Weathering steel, oe itp “ 105 81 e Q © O O A354, 10s 125 109 Alloy stecl, Q&T sPeBC 4 95 us 9 A3S4, he 120 150 130 Alloy stecl, Q&T ‘rade BD Asso fet 85 120 2 ‘Medium-carbon, Q&T eb " os a1 43 55 20 58 A490, bub 120 150 130 Alloy steel, Q&T type | A490, felt 120 150 130 ‘Weathering steel, type 3 Q8T sm strengths are strengths exceeded by 99 percent of fasteners.Table 8-11 Metric Mechanical-Property Classes for Steel Bolts, Screws, and Studs ntti nta ett Size ery Tensile ier] Ce ae oe a ee a (Er cA) fad ie Ruel Decca) 46 M5-M36 25 400 240 Low or medium carbon 48 MI6-MI6 310 420 340 Low or medium carbon 38 MS-M24 380 520 420 Low or medium carbon 88 ‘MI6-M36 600 830 660 Medium carbon, Q&T 98 MI.6-MI6 650 900 720 Medium carbon, Q&T 109 M5-M36 830, 1040 940 Low-carbon martensite, Q&T 129 MI.6-M36 970 1220 1100 Alloy, Q&T Table 8-12 Crea A) Computation of Bolt and Cota c Mesnber:Siiffzeasea: Steel 2 2.57 12.69 0.168 0.832 members clamped using 3 1.79 11.33 0.136 0.864 at in lgNO steel bolt. 10.63 od 0.886 c= ky + hm Table 8-16 Be ee See) Cr Fatigue Stress Grade Grade Threads Threads Fillet Concentration Factors Ky 0102361058 22 28 24 for Threaded Elements 48 6610109 30 38 23Table 8-17 Fully Corrected Endurance Strengths for Bolts and Screws with Rolled Threads* Table A-17 Preferred Sizes and Renard (R-Series) Numbers (When a choice can be made, use one of these sizes; however, not all parts or items are available in all the sizes shown in the table.) er emeees oes Erteuceueueas SAE 5 18.6 kpsi 16.3 kpsi SAE 7 20.6 kpsi SAE 8 23.2 kpsi 1S0 88 MI6-M36 129 MPa 180 9.8 M1.6-—MI6 140 MPa 1s0 10.9 MS-M36 162 MPa 1S0 12.9 M1.6-M36 190 MPa ir i Si 16 Ss Bo Bs sb i os eH BB Hh Hh 1 2, 2b 2s 28, 3, 34,38, 33,4, 4, 44, 4h 5, 5h, 5b, 55,6, 64, 7, 7h 8, 81, 9, 95,10, 103,11, 115,12, 124, 13, 13}, 14, 144, 15, 154, 16, 164, 17, 17}, 18, 18}, 19, 19}, 20 ere MC 0.010, 0.012, 0.016, 0.020, 0.025, 0.032, 0.040, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 44,4.6,48, 50,52, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 6.0,7.0,7.5, 85, 90,95, 10.0, 105, 11.0, 11.5, 120, 125, 130, 13.5, 1400, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 1755, 180, 185, 19.0, 19.5, 20 0105, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 14, 15, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300 Renard Numbers” Ist choice, RS: 1, 1.6, 2.5, 4, 63, 10 2d choice, R10: 1.25, 2,3.15, 5, 8 ‘3d choice, R20: 1.12, 14, 18, 2.24, 2.8, 3.55, 4.5, 5.6, 4th choice, R40: 1.06, 1.18, 1.32, 15, 1.7, 1.9, 2.12, 2.36, 2.65, 3, 3.35, 3.75, 4.25, 4.75, 53, 6, 67,73,83,95Table A-24 ‘Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals (a) Typical Properies of Gray Cast ron {The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) numbering system for gray cast iron is such thatthe numbers correspond tothe minimum tensile strength in kpsi, Thus an ASTM No, 20 cation has a minimum tensile stength of 20 kps. Not particularly thatthe tabulations ae typical of several heats aed fea Stress- Lr ee Le a ey ASIM Strength Strength ___of Rupture __Flasticity, Mpsi teva eres Para eC ST Ce or Od rs ra 0 2 3 % 96M 3956 0 156 100 3B %6 7 2 SMS 4660 us ™m 105 0 u 109 0 1164 52466 4 2a 110 s 365 4 BS S72 58-69 6 2 Ls 0 as 10 ” 16-0 6478 18s 2s as 0 25 164 B a2s 7280 us 22 135 @ as isis SS 42S TEAS us sa 130 ‘Pa or machin species. "The mls fet fatima compen comes cll tthe per val ih ing en Fron dis or cote ht fon| Table A-29 Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts ie OQ, Ne ee CT Cc acc ce ® Petry Pr au a ul uJ ia Ua ul = a Cs = t i a & 0.01 é $B 4 oo i & i & oor k jog @ 001 : BoB E on Fm i # 8 & EB om % HE om it #8 oom i rs CT] 1 ub eo a 0.03, Wf a 0.03 ry a 0.062, ub a a ec] rm He to 2 00 = =92 0.062 a % 8 % 8 008 2% 8 00 38 BF 008 ry a 1 a 1 0.03 4 1 0.03 a 0.062 8 35883582 10 438 03 3 5.68 04 16 685 Od MI2 18 7.95 06 2 795 06 MI4 21 9.25 06 4 9.25 06 MI6 4 10.75 0.6 27 10.75 06 27 75 06 M20 30 13.40 08 cy 13.40 08 4 1340 08 Mos 36 159 08 «41-1590 O89 10 M30 4 1975 «1000 509755091 M36 55° 235510 60 35510 60-2355 1STable A-31 Pee Dimensions of Nominal Width Lelia Ns ale Hexagonal Nuts Sat Ma Hexagonal Slotted __JAM. t z < £ Z i i a 3 a s | B 2 a af r a a 7 i & a 8 & < L 3 2 1 é i a i 4 i & & i 2 1 a 2 s 6 z a a 6 3s i B B 3 i i a a i 3 ib a B Z : i a B 5 1 18 3 2 a i is i 5 a 1 1 é 1 & K Me # 1s @ u I Ns u 3 4B as uh 4B 5 4B 4 1% 4B 8 MIO 16 84 93 5.0 MI2 18 10.8 12.0 6.0 Mi4 2 12.8 141 10 MI6 4 14.8 16.4 8.0 M20 30 18.0 203 10.0 M24 36 215 23.9 12.0 M30 46 25.6 28.6 15.0 M36 55 31.0 347 18.0Table A-32 Por Co TES Basic Dimensions of oro oes rT oD Das American Standard #6 0.138 0.156 0.375 0.089 Plain Washers (All #8 0.164 0.188 0.438 0.039 Dimensions in Inches) #10 0.190 0219 0.500 0.089 #12 0.216 0250 0.562 iN 0.250 0281 0.625 iw 0.250 0312 0.734 EN 0312 0344 aw 0.312 0.375 in 0375 0.406 iw 0375 0438 EN 0.438 0.469 zw 0.438 0.500 iN 0.500 os3t tw 0.500 0.562 %N 0.562 0.594 zw 0.562 0.625 in 0.625 0.656 iw 0.625 0.688 iN 0.750 iw 0.750 EN 0.875 zw 0.875 IN 1.000 iw 1,000 2.500 uN 12s, 2.250 nw 12s. 1250 2.750 HN 1.250 1375 2.500 uw 1.250 1375 3.000 BN 1.375 1500 2.750 BW 1375 1.500 3.250 uN 1.500 1.625 3.000 uw 1.500 1.625 3.500 a 1.625 1.750 3.750 B 1.750 1875 4.000 ue 1.875 2.000 4.250 2 2.000 2125 4.500 2 2.250 2375 4.750 2 2.500 2.625 5.000 2 2.150 2.875 5.250 3 3.000 3125 5.500 use W when not specified.Table A-33 Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers (All Dimensions in Millimeters) aT ae mT UCT Dy oD aie 16N 1.95 4.00 0.70 10N 1085 20.00 230 16R 1.95 5.00 0.70 WOR 10.85 28.00 2.80 Low 1.95 6.00 0.90 10W 10.85 39.00 3.50 2N 250 5.00 0.90 LRN 1330 25.40 280 2R 250 6.00 0.90 QR 1330 34.00 3.50 2W 250 8.00 0.90 QW 13.30 44.00 3.50 25N 3.00 6.00 0.90 WN 1525 28.00 280 25R 3.00 8.00 0.90 MR 15.25 39.00 3.50 25W 3.00 10.00 1.20 4W 15.25 50.00 4.00 3N 3.50 7.00 0.90 16N 17.25 32.00 3.50 3R 3.50 10.00 1.20 16R 17.25 44.00 4.00 3W 3.50 12.00 140, 16W 17.25 56.00 4.60 35N 4.00 9.00 1.20 20N 21.80 39.00 4.00 35R 4.00 10.00 140 OR 21.80 50.00 4.60 35W 4.00 15.00 195 Ww 21.80 66.00 5.10 4N 4.70 10.00 1.20 uN 25.60 44.00 460 4k 4.70 12.00 140 UR 25.60 56.00 5.10 4W 4.70 16.00 230 aw 25.60 72.00 5.60 5N 5.50 11.00 140 30N 3240 56.00 510 5R 5.50 15.00 1.15 30R 3240 72.00 5.60 SW 5.50 20.00 230 30W 3240 90.00 640 6N 6.65 13.00 195 36N 38.30 66.00 5.60 OR 6.65 1880 175 36R 3830 90.00 6.40 ow 6.65 25.40 230 36W 3830 110.00 850 8N 890 1880 230 8R 8.90 25.40 230 3W 890 32.00 2.80 N= nartow; R= regular; W = wide. "Same as sorew or bol sie.Mechanical Springs Table 10-1 Uae aa Formulas for the CC Mie ae ICT) Dimensional Plain Ground Closed Ground Characteristics of End coils, NV, 0 1 2 2 Compression-Springs. Total coils, N, Ny N,+1 N,+2 (Ny = Number of Free length, Ly pNy+d—plNp +1) pM + 3d Active Coils) Solid length, L, — d(N, + 1) aN, aN, + I) Source: From Design Pitch, p (lo-d)/N, Lyfe + 1) (lp - 30)/N Handbook, 1987, p. 32. Courtesy of Associated Spring, Table 10-4 Constants A and m of S,, = A/d” for Estimating Minimum Tensile Strength of Common Spring Wires Source: From Design Handbook, 1987, p. 19. Courtesy of Associated Spring. Relative ONS Seu Ce ry Dyes A, (7 CI) LT ci) i) cose Clu) IV-D LE ‘Music wire* A228 0.145 0,004-0.256 201 0.10-6.5 nu 26 OQ&T wire’ A229 0.187 0.020-0.500 M7 05-127 1855 13 Hard-drawn wire? A227 0.190 0,028-0.500 140 07-127 1783 10 Chrome-vanadium wire’ A232 0.168 = 0,032-0.437 169 08-111 2005 3 Chrome-silicon wire! A401 0.108 0,063-0.375 202 16-95 1974 40 302 Stainless wire’ A313 0.146 = 0.013-0.10 169 03-25 1867 16-11 0.263 0.10-0.20 128 25-5 2065 0478 0.20-0.40 90 5-10 211 Phosphor-bronze wire** —B159 0 0,004-0.022 M45 0.1-06 1000 80 0.028 = 0,022-0.075 121 06-2 913 0.064 =—-0,075-0.30 110 2-15 932Table 10-3 High-Carbon and Alloy Spring Steels Source: From Harold C.R (Cason, “Selection and Application of Spring Materials" Mechanical Engineering, vo. 78, 1956, pp. 331-334, Remoed ‘Material Music wire, 080-0.95C Oil-tempered wire, 0.60-0.70C Hand-drawn wire, 0.60-0.70C Chrome-vanadium Chrome-silicon Specifications UNS G10850 AISI 1085 ASTM A22851 UNS G10650 AISI 1065 ASTM 229-41 UNS 10660 AIST 1066 ASTM A227-47 UNS G61500 AISI 6150 ASTM 231-41 ‘UNS G92540 AIST 9254 Desai ica ‘This isthe best, toughest, and most ly used of all spring materials for small springs. It has the highest tensile strength and can withstand higher stresses under repeated loading than any other spring material. Available in diameters 0.12 to 3 mm (0.005 to 0.125 in. Do not use above 120°C (250°F) or at subzero temperatures, This general-purpose spring steel is used for many types of coil springs ‘where the cost of music wire is prohibitive and in sizes larger than available in music wite, Not for shock or impact loading. Available in diameters 3 to 12 mm (0.125 to 0.5000 in), but larger and smaller sizes may be obtained. Not for use above 180°C (350°F) or at subzero temperatures. ‘This isthe cheapest general-purpose spring stee! and should be used only where life, accuracy, and deflection are not foo important. Available in diameters 0.8 to 12 mm (0.031 to 0.500 in), Not for use above 120°C (250°F) or at subzero temperatures. This is the most popular alloy spring steel for conditions involving higher stresses than can be used with the high-carbon steels and for use where fatigue resistance and long endurance are needed. Also good for shock ‘nd impact loads. Widely used for aireraft-engine valve springs and for temperatures to 220°C (425°F) Available in annealed or pretempered sizes 0.8 to 12.mm (0,031 to 0.500 in) meter. This alloy is an excellent material for highly stressed springs that require long life and are subjected to shock loading. Rockwell hard- nesses of C50 to C53 are quite common, and the material may be used up to 250°C (475°F). Available from 0.8 to 12 mm (0.031 to 0.500 in) inTable 10-5 Mechanical Properties of Some Spring Wires Elastic Limit, Cerne Dre Reeie) Loemoricn) oa Music wire A228 65-75 45-60 <0.032 a eA, iba 827 0.033-0.063 290200 1185817 0.064-0.125 28.5 1965 1758.0 0.25 280193 116 80.0 HD spring A227 60-70 45-55 <0.032 pa ia 807 0033-0083 287197916 80.0 0.060.125 286 = 1972S 93 >0.125 285 1965 a 786 Oil tempered A239 85.90 45-50 285 1965 2 72 Valve spring A230 85-90 50-60 95 MBA 72 Crome-vanadium A231 88-93 65-75 25 m4 712 A? 88.93 95 M4 72 Chrome-silicon A401 85-93 65-75 25 m4 72 Stainless steel a3i3* 675 45-55 8 193 10 90 17-7PH 75-80 55-60 posed 758 au 65-70 42-55 9 200 2 72 420 675 45-55 29 200 n2 712 431 16 50-55 30 206 us 193 Phosphor-bronze BIS9 75-80 45-50 1s 1034 6 414 Beryllium-copper BI97 70 0 7 172 65 48 15 50-85 19 13 73 503 Inconel alloy X-750 65-70 40-45 31 2372 712 Table 10-6 | Reenter emcee biaximan Alora Cece Cnt) aa a) Torsional Stresses for eal Cae Pa oma) (includes K,) Helical Compression saad ca Music wire and cold- 45 60-70 pings in Static peapersere' Applications Hardened and tempered 50 65-15 Source: Robert EJoenes, carbon and low-alloy “springs” Chip. 6 in Joseph steel Ee eee AMS Austenitic stainless 38 35-65 4 (ts) Stnderd Handbook steels of Machine Design, 3rd, Nonferrous alloys 38 38-65 ‘McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004,Table A-28 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges* (All Sizes Are Given in Inches) es re oe ene) ee) coe ea ea een) eins Ee ean Gauge: een eA Cr Tubing, are oe ote Perea Sheet and is Core Rico) Cas Caan Except Drills and re Esa ei SZ Sc Drill Steel 10 0.500 0.490 6/0 05800 0.468 75 oasis 0.008 5/0 05165 0437s 0.4305 ‘0.005 4/0 0.460 0 ose 0.406 25 03938 0.006 3/0 0.4096 oaas oars 0305 ‘oor 2/0 03648 0380 034375 03310 ‘0.008 o 03289 0x40 032s 0.3065 0.009 1 02893 0300 0.28125 02830 oo = 022702280 2 02576 028s 0.265 62s 020s oon 0219 ato 3 02094 0289 025 02391 02887 oo 02202130 4 02083 0238 0.264375 0242 0283 0013 020702080 5 01819 0220 021875 0.2002 02070 oor = 02080208 6 0.1620 0203 0.208 125 0.1943 0.1920 0016 = 02m 02040 mh 01483 oso ous7s 0.1793 01770 os — 019902010 8 0128 5 46s on 875 O64 0180 oo = 01970990 9 ones 0.188 0.15625 ous oes oom = 19s. 01960 0 01019 oss 0.140625 os oso 0ms = 1am " 0.000 74 420 ons 01196 0120s 006 oss 2 0.080 81 0.109 0.109357 1046 10s om9 ass. as90 B 0.071 96 0.085 0.09375 0.0807 ois Ce ry 0.058 08, 0083 078 125 0077 0.0800 003308001820 Is 0087 07 oon oon03i2s 00673 o0r20 ms 780.1800 16 0.080 82 0065 006s 0.0898 0.062 0x7 = 07s. 0770 ” 0.085 26 0088 0.05625 0.0838 0st0 oo = 01m = 0730 18 0.01030 019 0s ows oom oon 0.168 tes 0 03s 89 012 0083 75, oss oso 008 0161 at660 20 0.031 96 0.035 0037s 0.0389 0.0348 oois ost ats 0 a 028 46 0x2 0034 375, 0029 00317 oo” 0ST aso 2 02s 35 0.028 0031 25 0.0299 0.0286 oo 018s auls70 2 oon $7 aos 0x8 125, 0.0269 0.028 8 00st 0.153 S40 2% ‘0020 10 00 ooxs 0.0239 0.0230 00ss ost ——auts20 25 001790 000 ‘oon 875, 00209 0020s 0059 ods uta s 26 ots 94 ois, 018 75, 00179 ors 1 0060 0.146 .ts70 n 0018 20 016 ‘0017 1875 0016s 00173 0067 0.43 ata 0 28 01264 ous 01s 625, 00149 0.0162 oot 0.139 aatsos 29 0011 26 0013 0018 0625 0013s oo1so 007s 01M .1360 0 001003, oo12 oo12s 0120 couse os = 0.127 a.t28s 3 0.008 928, 010 00109375 ows 00132 oss 0.10 0.1200 2 ‘0.007 950, 0.009 ‘0010 15625 0.0097 oo128 0m = ols att 0 3 (0.007 080, 0.008 (0.008 375, 0.0090 ous 00s 0.112 autt30 3 (0.006 305, 0.007 ‘0.008 593 75, (0.0082 0108 10 auto 38 (0.005 615, 00s ‘0007 8125 007s 0.009 5 0.4108 0.1100 36 (0.005 000 0.004 (0.007 031 25, 0.0067 0.0090 0.106 0.1068, 2 0.008 453, 0005 640625 0.0064 0.008 5 04103 0.1080 38 (0.003 965, (0006.25, 0.0060 0.08 0 41a. s 9 (0.003 531 007 s 00 0.0995 0 ‘0.003 145 0070 oo7 00980Shafts Table 11-2 Dimensions and Load Ratings for Single-Row 02-Series Deep-Groove and Angular-Contact Ball Bearings Fillet Penne een) roe ee ey Peer ces OnE try oo a on Cio G A a 0 30 9 06 125 20 5.07 224 494 212 n 2 0 06 145 28 6.89 3.10 702 3.05 15, 38 " 06 75 31 7.80 355 8.06 3.65 "7 40 2 06 195 au 9.56 450 9.95 475 2» a7 4 10 25 41 127 620 B3 655 as 2 1s 10 30 a7 140 695 148 165 30 a 16 10 35 35 195 100 203 10 35 n "7 10 41 6s 255 137 220 150 40 80 18 10 46 n 30.7 166 319 186 4s 85 19 10 2 n 332 186 358 12 0 90 2 10 56 2 35.1 196 317 ns 35 100 a 1s 6 90 36 25.0 462 285 ea 110 2 1s 70 99 47s 280 559 355 6 120 2 1s um 109 559 340 67 415 » 12s m4 Ls ” 14 61s 378 689 455 15 130 25 1s 86 119 663 405 ns 49.0 80 140 2% © 20 93 17 702 450 806 35.0 85 150 2% © 20 9 136 83.2 53.0 904 63.0 0 160 3 (20 104 146 95.6 20 106 nS 95 170 3220 110 156108 695 121 85.0 Table 7-1 First Iteration Estimates for Stress-Concentration Factors K, and K,,. Warning: These factors are only estimates for use when actual dimensions are not yet determined. Do not use these once actual dimensions are available. Bending Torsional _ Axial Shoulder fillet—sharp (r/d = 0.02) 27 22 3.0 Shoulder fillet—well rounded (r/d = 0.1) 17 15 19 End-mill keyseat (r/d = 0.02) 2.14 3.0 = Sled runner keyseat 17 — — Retaining ring groove 5.0 3.0 5.0Table 6-2 eee Sere Paramneere fhe Maia Seu mcs ra) b Surface Modification Ground 134 158 0.085 Factor, Eq. (6-19) Machined or cold-drawn 2.70 451 0.265 Hot-rolled 144 317 As-forged 399 m. (4/03) =0.879d""" = 0.11 S=d=2in 5 = 2091 2 kpsi (6-8) 700 MPa —S,,, > 1400 MPa Table 6-6 Pee eon Amplitude and Steady Ss. Sw 15.8 Coordinates of Strength can So eS and Important 5, Intersections in First Sm = Quadrant for Modified a Goodman and Langer Saas Failure CriteriaTable 6-7 Amplitude and Steady Coordinates of Strength and Important Intersections in First Quadrant for Gerber and Langer Failure Criteria ee cr sel +vi+(3)] Tied Fatigue factor of safety eb] 9Figure 6-20 Notch-sensitivity charts for steels and UNS A92024-T ‘wrought aluminum alloys subjected to reversed bending or reversed axial loads. For larger notch radi, use the values of q corresponding to the r = 0.16-in (4-mm) ordinate. (From George Sines and J. L. Waisman (eds) Metal Fatigue, McGraw-Hill, New York. Copyright © 1969 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reprinted by permission.) Figure 6-21 Notch-sensitvity curves for materials in reversed torsion, For larger notch radi, use the Values of quar Corresponding tor = 0.16 in (4 mm). 08 3 gu 02 5 § 04 z 02 ‘Notch radius r, mm, Lo 1S 20253085 (a GPa) Steels Alum. alloy 0040.06 00801002046 Notch radius r, in [Notch radius r, mm Y.) Seat See) Xj 0040060080102 Noteh radius r, inFigure A-15-8 Round shaft with shoulder fillet in torsion, 7 = Te/J, where c= d/2 and J = wd*/32. Figure A-15-9 Round shaft with shoulder fillet in bending. o) = Mc/l, where c = d/2 and I = md*/64. 30 10 0 0.05 0.10 020 0.25 0.10 05 rd 020 025 030Table 9-1 Torsional Properties of Fillet Welds* Welded Joints Perens acl Mad Renate 1 A= 0.707hd ¥=0 =a /2 i yad/2 s z= (30? +d?) 2 ebay A= Laldhd F=b/2 12 a ATL ae 2 es (b+ d)' — 6d? 3 fp A= 0.107Kb + d) imag 4 ea ft 4 2Ab+ a) toc 5 e 80+ 6bd? + 0° ot 4. feb} A= 0.0TH2b + d) er a= ta T jaafr c HL | ot (+a) 5. feb A= LAlah + d) Le a] a TL ake A= 14l4ahr J4= 20?Table 9-2 Bending Properties of Fillet Welds* ene Cee) s a z=0 < yud/2 2 ee a A= Laldnd Ebr Lae all yaa/2 U ald aa 3: | pee Febeel = A= 1L4l4shb B= b/2 Ga yud/2 ale = e a A= 0707H2b + ay eG = C6 +a) yad/2 0.707 + 2d) bp e b+ y +b + 25? Lala + a a2 aj2 oa é (0b +d) A= 0.707K(b + 2d) pa 2ats + 4 OF A= LAlAib + d) e t= $0b +a) A= 1AldmhrTable 9-3 Oe occ noe een Minimum Weld-Metal Number* kpsi (MPa) kpsi (MPa) eC) Properties E60xx @2 (427) 50 (345) 17-25 ETOxx 70 (482) 57 (393) 2 E80xx 80 (551) 67 (462) 19 E90xx 90 (620) 71 (531) M7 E100xx 100 (689) 87 (600) 1316 El20xx 120 (827) 107 (737) 4 Table 9-4 oe A ce ie n Stresses Permitted by the Tension Butt 0.605, 1.67 AISC Code for Weld Bearing Butt 0905, Ll Metal Bending Butt 0.60-0.665, 1.52-1.67 Simple compression Butt 0.605, 167 Shear But or fillet 0.305%, Table 9-5 Pnee Fatigue Reinforced butt weld 12 Stress-Concentration Toe of transverse fillet weld 15 Factors, Kj, End of parallel fillet weld 27 “butt joint with sharp comers 20eee er an cue Table 9-6 Allowable Steady Loads and Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes 3s of Fillet Welds Surength Level of Weld Metal (EXX) | mo | so | 9 | 10 | no | 120 Allowable shear stress. on throat, si (1000 psi) of fillet weld ‘or partial penetration groove weld t= iso | 210 | 20 | 270 | soo | x30 | 360 Allowable Unit Force on Fillet Weld, kiinear in tgs 1273 | 148sh | 1697 | 1909 | 2121 | 23338 | 2545 Leg Allowable Unit Force for Various Sizes of Filet Welds Siz in Aiea in 1 1273 | 1485. | 1697 | 1909 | 2121 | x33 | ass 18 us | 1299 | 1485 | 1670 | 1857 | 2041 | 2227 3M 95s | tld | 1273 | 432 | 1592 | 1750 | 19.09 5/8 196 | 928 | 161 | 1193 | 1327 | 1458 | Is91 In oat | 742 | 848 | 954 | toe | 67 | 273 16 sst_ | 650 | 142 | sas | 928 | oat | 114 3/8 4m | ss | 636 | 716 | 795 | 875 | 958 5/16 398 | 464 | s30 | 597 | 663 | 729) 795 1a 318 | 3m | 424 | 477 | sao] 53 | 636 3/16 29 | 278 | 318 | 358 | 398 | 438) 47 18 159 | 86 | 212 | 239 | 265 | 292 | su8 1/6 0795 | 0930 | 105 | 119 | 133 | 146 | 159 ‘le welds scaly tse by he joint AISC-AWS Task Corie. f= 010h Tw. Bienes z E z E To} i ' A — To2t Ly 6 } i Nato xed ies of te tier ‘Mian sf de pion sm go ow in "ora file well si, cl eso 0 hve in let eld revi mateTable A-20 Deterministic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths for Some Hot-Rolled (HR) and Cold-Drawn (CD) Steels {The strengths listed are estimated ASTM minimum values in the size range 18 to 32 mm ( to 1j in). These strengths are suitable for use with the design factor defined in Sec. 1-10, provided the materials conform to ASTM ‘AG or A568 requirements or are required in the purchase specifications. Remember that a numbering system is not a specification.] Source: 1986 SAE Handbook, p. 2.15 ys KE} cy 5 Cy ut ty acini aT) OS gee ee ec US CECI CL Laos Sal (cs e UC d G10060 1006 HR 300 (43) 170 (24) 30 355 86 CD 330 48)—280 (41) 20 45 95 G10100 1010 HR -320(47) 180 (26) 8 50 95 cD 310 (53) 300 (44) 20 40 105 G10150 1015 HR 34050) 190 (27.5) 8 50 101 cD 390 (56) 320 (47) 18 40 ut 10180 1018 HR = 400 (58) 220 (32) 5 50 116 cD 440 (64) 370 (54) 5 40 126 G10200 1020 HR -380.(55) 210 30) 5 50 nT cD 470 (68) 390 (57) 15 40 131 G10300 1030 HR 470 (68) 260 (37.5) 20 a 137 cD 520 (76) 440 (64) 12 3 149 610350 1035 HR = 500(72)_——-270(39.5) 18 40. 143 CD 550 (80) 460 (67) 12 35 163 10400 1040 HR 520 (76) 290 (42) 18 40. 149 CD 59085) 490 (71) 2 35 170 10450 1045 HR 510 (82) 310 (45) 16 40 163 CD 63091) $30(77) 2 35 179 G10500 1050 HR 620 (90) 340 (49.5) 5 35 179 CD 690 (100) $80 (84) 10 30 197 G10600 1060 HR (680 (98) 370 (54) 12 30 201 G10800 1080 HR = 770112) 420 (61.5) 10 5 29 G10950 1095 HR 830 (120) 460 (66) 10 5 248Table 7-1 First Heration Estimates for Suress-Concentration Factors K, and K,, Warning: These factors are only estimates for use when actual dimensions are not yet determined. Do mot use these once actual dimensions are available eel Shoulder fillet—sharp (v/d = 0.02) oy Shoulder fillet—well rounded (r/d = 0.1) 7 End-mill keyseat (r/d = 0.0. 244 Sled runner keyscat “7 Retaining ring groove 50 3.0 50 Miscing values an the table ate not readily available