Chapter 4

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salsabil marzougui 1
CHAPITRE 4
BILAN DE MATIÈRE
Material balance
2
 A material balance is the application of the

principle of mass conservation to the analysis of
a system;
 By carefully analyzing the incoming and outgoing
material flows.
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“Black box” model
3
Material flows can be more easily understood and analyzed

using the concept of the black box. These boxes are schematic
representations of actual flow processes. The black box
transforms incoming flows (materials, energy, information, etc.)
into deliverable work
Incoming material flow Outgoing material flow

Black box

If there is only one entry and only one exit
4
Influent Effluent
χ0 χ1
χ 0 :influent: flow entering
χ 1 : effluent : flow leaving
In the case of steady state

 no accumulation of matter
 no material consumption χ0 = χ1
 no material production
5
The black box can be used to establish the mass flow balance
or also the volume flow balance.
In the case of steady state
 Flux massique (χ 0 ) = Flux massique (χ 1 )
ṁ x0 = ṁ x1
if ρ est constante
 Flux volumique (χ 0 ) = Flux volumique (χ 1 )
Qχ0 = Q x1
6
 If there is only one entry and only one exit (case

of steady state)
Influent Effluent
χ0 χ1
[χ0]=[χ1]
7
 If there are several inputs or outputs (case of

steady state)
Effluent
Influent χ1
χ0 χ2
[χ0]=[χ1]+ [χ2]
Σ[χ i ]=Σ[χ j ]
Bilan de matière
8
In the general case (transitional state)
produced
Influent consumed Effluent
accumulated
Influent + production - consumption- effluent = accumulation (Eq 1)

(material is per unit of time)
Application du bilan de matière
9
 Air / water / soil pollution

 Solid waste accumulation
 Hydrological cycle
 Global warming
 Marine intrusion
 Etc ...
Water / soil pollution
10

Hydrological cycle
11

Solid waste accumulation
12

Global warming
13

Marine intrusion
14

Application of the material balance
(black box) on an aquifer
15
Infiltration Surface runoff

(precipitation) Pumping well (agriculture,
Recharge well industrial, domestic)
Black
Evaporation,
Marine intrusion Box evapotranspiration,
Underground runoff

Bilan de
matière
16
Single Multi
material material
Division Combination Mixing Separation
χ 1
χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 χs2
χ0 χ 2 χs Q 2 ,C 2 χ 2 χs Q,C χ 2 χ s2
χ 2 2
2
χ 3 Q3,C3 χ 3 Qs,Cs Q3,C3 χ 3 χs3

17
Single Material
Flow Balance

Single material flow division
18
Effluent
Influent χ1
χ0 χ2
 Transient state (per time unit):

Eq 1  χ0 + production – consumption - χ1 -χ2 =accumulation
 Steady state (without production, consumption or accumulation) (per
unit of time):
Eq 1  χ0 - χ1 -χ2 = 0  χ0 =χ1 + χ2  χ0 = Σ χi

Application 1: Rejection of waste
19
A city generates 102 tonnes / day of waste (considered to

be of the same composition), which all goes to a transfer
station. At the transfer station, the waste is divided into four
streams directed to three incinerators and a landfill site. If
the capacity of the incinerators is 20, 50 and 22 tonnes /
day, how much waste must go to the landfill? It is assumed
20
that the regime is permanent and consumption and χ 0
50
production are negligible. 22
χ
Application 2: Agriculture
20
During the summer, a farmer irrigates crops in his field using well water.
Each summer, 300,000 m3 of water is pumped from groundwater
through the well. Irrigation water returns to the soil where it returns to the
atmosphere using the evapotranspiration process. If 30% of the
irrigation water is lost through evapotranspiration during a summer
month, what is the amount of water that infiltrates to the groundwater
tank?

Bilan de
matière
16
Single Multi
material material
Division combination Mixing Separation
χ 1
χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 χs2
χ0 χ 2 χs Q 2 ,C 2 χ 2 χs Q,C χ 2 χ s2
χ 2 2
2
χ 3 Q3,C3 χ 3 Qs,Cs Q3,C3 χ 3 χs3

Combination of single material flow
22
A black box can also receive χ1

many influents and reject an
χ
effluent 2 χs
χ n
 Transient phase (per unit time):

Eq 1  Σ χi + production – consumption - χs =accumulation
 Steady state (without production, consumption or accumulation) (per unit of time):
Eq 1  Σ χi - χs = 0  Σχi = χs

Application 3: Wastewater
23
A main sewer trunk has a flow of 4 m3/ s. If the flow to the sewer is higher, it
will not be able to transmit all the wastewater, stocks of wastewater will be
created. Currently, three districts contribute to the sewer and their maximum
flows (peak flow) are 1; 0.5; and 2.7 m3/s. The engineers want to develop an
urban area which will contribute to a maximum flow of 0.7 m3/ s to the main
sewer. Would this exceed the capacity of the sewer?

Complex processes that can run
through a flow of a single material
24
The previous examples illustrate the basic principle of material balances. The two
hypotheses used to approach the above analysis are that the flows are in steady
state (they do not change over time) and that no material is being destroyed
(consumed) or created (produced). If these possibilities are included, the material
balance will be complete and real, the mass balance equation becomes:
Material Material Material Material Material

accumulated = entering per - leaving per + produced per - consumed
per unit of time unit of time unit of time unit of time per unit of time
Dr. salsabil marzougui Eq.1

25
For a given material A with mass MA, the mass balance equation per unit of time
is equal to:
Mass MA Mass MA Mass MA Mass MA Mass MA
accumulated = entering - leaving + produced - consumed
Eq.2
In the case where the density does not vary, the Mass balance equation per unit of
time becomes in terms of volume:
Volume VA Volume VA Volume VA Volume VA Volume VA

accumated = entering - leaving + produced - consumed
Eq.3

26
The Mass or volume per unit of time represents the concept of flow Q:
- the mass flow Qm (Mass flow)
- the volume flow Qv (volume flow)
so the material balance equation (Mass or volume) is as follows:
Flow QA Flow QA Flow QA Flow QA Flow QA

accumulé = entering - leaving + produced - consumed
Eq.4
Special cases:
a)many systems do not change flow over time; flows at a given time are exactly equal
to flows later = no accumulation
b)In many simple systems, the material in question is neither consumed nor
produced Dr. salsabil marzougui
Casea) + b)
27
The equation Eq.4 becomes as follows:

Flow QA Flow QA
entering = leaving Eq.5
Steady State

Application 4: Waste Water
28
A sewer that transports rainwater to node 1 (see

figure) at a constant flow of 2,000 L / min (QA). At
node 1, it receives a constant lateral flow of 100 L
/ min (QB).
What is the flow to node 2 (QC)?

Application to the hydrological cycle
29
A system can contain any number of processes or

flow junctions, all of which can be treated as black
boxes. For example in the hydrological cycle:
Precipitation falls to the ground; part of it drains,
and another part penetrates into the ground,
where it joins a reservoir of underground water.
If there is water that is used for irrigation, it will be
extracted from the groundwater tank by wells.
Irrigation water can evaporate and / or re-enter the
basement.

Application 5: Hydrological Cycle
30
We assume a precipitation flow of 100 cm / year, 50% of which infiltrates the soil.
The farmer irrigates the crops using well water. 80% of the well water extracted is lost
by evapotranspiration; the rest go back into the ground. How much groundwater can
a farmer with an 810 ha farm extract from the ground each year without depleting the
volume of the groundwater tank?

The 7 rules for a complex process of a black box with
several materials
31
Before presenting examples of systems using multiple materials, however,

some general rules useful to tackle all material balance problems should
be established. The rules are:
1. Draw the system in diagram form, indicating all flows (inputs and
outputs) in the form of arrows.
2. Add the available information, such as Flows / concentrations ...
Assign symbols to unknown variables.
3. Draw a line around the components to be balanced. Everything inside
this line becomes the black box
32
4. Decide which material to balance. This could be in the form

of volumetric or mass flow.
5. Write the material balance equation starting with the basic
equation
Mass/ volume Mass/ volume Mass/volume Mass/ volume Mass/ volume

accumulated = entering per - leavingper + produced - consumed
per unit time unit time unit time per unit time per unit time

33
6. If only one variable is unknown, resolve it.

7. If several variables are unknown, repeat the procedure using
different black boxes or different materials for the same black box.

34
Multi-material flow
balance (different
materials)
35
Mass and volume balances can be developed with several materials flowing in
the same system, two cases arise:
1st case: the process is a mixing process, in which several Q1, C1χ 1
entering flows are combined to produce a single leaving Q2,C2χ 2 χs
flow; Q3,C3 χ 3 Qs,Cs
2ème cas: un seul/plusieurs flux enterings sont fractionnés en plusieurs flux

leavings, en fonction de certaines caractéristiques du matériau.
Q1, C1 χ 1 χ s2
Q2,C2 χ 2 χ s2
Dr. salsabil marzougui Q3,C3 χ 3 χ s3
Bilan de
matière
16
Single Multi
material material
χ 1
χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 χs2
χ0 χ 2 χs Q 2 ,C 2 χ 2 χs Q,C χ 2 χ s2
χ 2 2
2
χ 3 Q3,C3 χ 3 Qs,Cs Q3,C3 χ 3 χs3

Mélange des flux de matériaux multiples
37
Q1, C1 χ 1
Q2,C2 χ 2
χs
…
Qs,Cs
Qn,Cn χ n
QA×C QA×C QA×C QA×C QA×C


Application 6
38
The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh to form

the Ohio River. The Allegheny, which crosses forests and small
towns in the south, has an average flow of 9.6 m3 / s and has a
weak silt load, 250 mg / L. The Monongahela, meanwhile, flows
north at a flow of 13 m3 / s through old steel cities and poor
agricultural countries, carrying a silt load of 1,500 mg / L.
a) What is the average Flow in the Ohio River?
b) What is the concentration of silt in Ohio?

39
Step 1. Draw the system. The figure shows the

confluence of the rivers with the identified
Flows.
Step 2. All available information is added to the
drawing, including known and unknown
variables.
Step 3. The confluence of the rivers is the black
box, as shown by the dotted line.
Step 4. The Water Flow must be balanced
first.e, comme le montre la ligne en pointillé.
Étape 4. Le Flow d'eau doit être équilibré en
premier. Dr. salsabil marzougui
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Step 5. Write the balance equation (for water)

Water flow Water flow Water flow Water flow Flow
This system is assumed to be in steady state, the first term is zero. In addition, since
water is neither produced nor consumed, the last two terms are null. Thus, the
materialbalance becomes:
Water flow Water flow
0 = entering - leaving

41
Step 6. Solve the problem
The solution process should now be repeated for the silt from step 5.

42
Step 5. Write the balance equation (for the silt)

Example: Wastewater treatment process
43

Application 7
44
Raw primary sludge at a solid concentration of 4% is mixed with

used activated sludge at a solid concentration of 0.5%. The Flows
are respectively 0.07 and 0.1 m3 / min.
1- What is the resulting solid concentration?
This mixture is then thickened to a solids concentration of 8% of
solids.
2- What are the quantities (in m3 / min) of the thickened sludge and
the thickener overflow (water) produced? Assume perfect capture of
solids in the thickener.
In steady state
45
Primary Sludge
C2 thickener
Q2 Overfull
C4
Q4
Mix
Used activated C3
sludge Q3
C1 Q1 Thickened sludge
C5
Q5

Bilan de
matière
46
Mono- Multi-
matière matière
Division combinaison mélange séparation
χ Q1, χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 χs2

χ 1 χs C12 ,C 2 χ
Q χs
χ Q,C χ 2 χ s2
0
1 χ Qs,C
2 2
2 Q3,C3 Q3,C3 χ 3 χs3
χ χ
2 3 χ3 s
2 Dr. salsabil marzougui

Bilan de
matière
16
Single Multi
material material
χ 1
χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 Q1, C1 χ 1 χs2
χ0 χ 2 χs Q 2 ,C 2 χ 2 χs Q,C χ 2 χ s2
χ 2 2
2
χ 3 Q3,C3 χ 3 Qs,Cs Q3,C3 χ 3 χs3

Separation of multiple material flow
47
χ 1 Y1, Q1
χ 0 Y0, C(χ1 )
C(Y1 )
Q0
C(χ0 ) χ 2 Y2, Q 2
C(Y0 )
C(χ2 )
C(Y2 )
The material balance equation for the volume flow:
In the case of a permanent regime:

48
The mass balance equation for Mass Flow:

Example: glass bead separator
(transparent or colored)
49
Crushed glass is separated into two types

of glass: transparent or clear glass and
opaque glass.
-First of all, decide which material property
to exploit.
This becomes the code, or signal, which
can be used to tell the machine how to
divide the individual particles in the feed
stream.
In the case of glass, the code could
obviously be transparency, and this
property is used in the design of the
separation system.. Dr. salsabil marzougui
50
-In this device, the pieces of glass fall from a conveyor belt and pass through
a light beam.
-The amount of light transmitted through the box is read by a photoelectric
cell. If the light beam is interrupted by a piece of opaque glass, the photocell
receives less light and an electromagnet is activated which pulls the door to
the left. A piece of transparent glass does not interrupt the light beam so the
door does not move.
-But an opaque glass can be found in a box full of transparent parts or vice
versa, the light may not correctly identify the clear glass.

Recovery
51
The two components x and y must be separated so that x passes into product flow 1
and y into product flow 2.
However, part of y may end in error in product stream 1
and part of x in flow 2.
The recovery of component x in flow 1 Flux 1

Rx1 = (x1 / x0) × 100
The recovery of component y in flow 2 Flux 2
Ry2 = (y2 / y0) × 100
If the recovery of x and y is 100%, the separator is a perfect device (it

must minimize x2 and y1). Dr. salsabil marzougui
Application 8
52
A separator receives used oils containing (in terms of weight) 70% oil and 30% water.
The flow at the top is pure oil, while the flow at the bottom contains 10% oil. If a flow of
0.07 m3 / min is introduced into the tank, how much oil is recovered?
Q1
Top Flow C1 (water)
Separator C1 (oil)
Oil + Water Bottom Flow
Q0
Q2
C0 (water)
C0 (oil) C2 (water)
C2 (oil)
Purity
53
 The purity of x in flow 1:

x1
Px1 = × 100
x1 +y1
 The purity of y in flow 2:

y2
Py2 = × 100
y2 + x2

Polyline Separator
54
 Recovery:
x11
Rx11 = ×100
x10
 Purity:
x11
Px11 = × 100
x11 + x21 + ⋯ + xn1

Application 9
55
The solid waste treatment plant has two classifiers that produce a fuel derived from
waste (RFD) from a mixture of organic (A) and inorganic (B) waste.
a. What is the flow of A and B from

classifier I to classifier II
(QA2 and QB2)?
b. What is the composition of the

classifier II output flow (QA3 and QB3)?
c. What is the purity and recovery of component A?

Efficiency
56
Recovery and purity are not sufficient to compare

between two systems, we must also define
efficiency E:
 Ews: Worrell-Stessel Efficiency
 ER : Rietema Efficiency

Application 10
57
Calculate the efficiency for the following data using the

Worrell - Stessel and Rietema formulas
Supply (ton/day) Products of flow 1 Products of flow 1

Organic/inorganic Organic/inorganic Organic/inorganic
Air 80/20 72/6 8/14

Classifier 1
Air 80/20 76/8 4/12

Classifier 2

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Dr.

 A material balance is the application of the

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Material flows can be more easily understood and analyzed

Incoming material flow Outgoing material flow

Dr. salsabil marzougui

In the case of steady state

 If there is only one entry and only one exit (case

 If there are several inputs or outputs (case of

In the general case (transitional state)

Influent + production - consumption- effluent = accumulation (Eq 1)

 Air / water / soil pollution

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Dr. salsabil marzougui

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Infiltration Surface runoff

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Division Combination Mixing Separation

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Dr. salsabil marzougui

 Transient state (per time unit):

Dr. salsabil marzougui

A city generates 102 tonnes / day of waste (considered to

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Division combination Mixing Separation

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A black box can also receive χ1

 Transient phase (per unit time):

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Dr. salsabil marzougui

Material Material Material Material Material

Dr. salsabil marzougui Eq.1

Volume VA Volume VA Volume VA Volume VA Volume VA

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Flow QA Flow QA Flow QA Flow QA Flow QA

The equation Eq.4 becomes as follows:

Dr. salsabil marzougui

A sewer that transports rainwater to node 1 (see

Dr. salsabil marzougui

A system can contain any number of processes or

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Before presenting examples of systems using multiple materials, however,

4. Decide which material to balance. This could be in the form

Mass/ volume Mass/ volume Mass/volume Mass/ volume Mass/ volume

Dr. salsabil marzougui

6. If only one variable is unknown, resolve it.

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2ème cas: un seul/plusieurs flux enterings sont fractionnés en plusieurs flux

Division Combination Mixing Separation

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QA×C QA×C QA×C QA×C QA×C

Dr. salsabil marzougui

The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh to form

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Step 1. Draw the system. The figure shows the

Step 5. Write the balance equation (for water)

Dr. salsabil marzougui

Step 6. Solve the problem

Dr. salsabil marzougui