INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 2

1. There are four levels of measurement, explain:

a. Nominal scale level
b. Ordinal scale level
c. Interval scale level
d. Ratio scale level

2. Explain what is frequency, relative frequency and cumulative relative frequency.

3. Compute the Relative Frequency and Cumulative relative frequency.

Data value Frequency

2 3
3 5
4 3
5 6
6 2
7 1

4.
Heights (inches) Frequency Relative Frequency Cumulative Relative
Frequency
59.95-61.95 5
61.95-63.95 3
63.95-65.95 15
65.95-67.95 40
67.95-69.95 17
69.95-71.95 12
71.95-73.95 7
73.95-75.95 1
Total = 100 Total = 1.00
Heights (inches) Frequency Relative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency

59.95-61.95 5 0,05 0,05

61.95-63.95 3 0,03 0,08

63.95-65.95 15 0,15 0,23
65.95-67.95 40 0,4 0,63

67.95-69.95 17 0,17 0,8

69.95-71.95 12 0,12 0,92

71.95-73.95 7 0,07 0,99

73.95-75.95 1 0,01 1
Total = 100 Total = 1.00

a. Find the percentage of heights that are less than 65.95 inches. (5+3+15)/100 = 23%
b. The percentage of heights that are from 67.95 to 71.95 inches is: ____.
(17+12+7)/100 = 36%
1. The percentage of heights that are from 67.95 to 73.95 inches is: ____.
(17+12+7+)/100 = 36%
2. The percentage of heights that are more than 65.95 inches is: ____.
(40+17+12+7+1)/100 = 77%
3. The number of players in the sample who are between 61.95 and 71.95 inches tall is: ___
(3+15+40+17+12)/100 = 94%
4. What kind of data are the heights? Quantitative continuous
5. Describe how you could gather this data (the heights) so that the data are characteristic of all
male semiprofessional soccer players.
Using random sampling method by asking list of names of soccer players team
5. Nineteen people were asked how many miles, to the nearest mile, they commute to work each
day. The data are as follows: 2; 5; 7; 3; 2; 10; 18; 15; 20; 7; 10; 18; 5; 12; 13; 12; 4; 5; 10. was
produced:

a. is the table correct? If it is not correct, what is wrong?

5th Cummulative Relative Frequency is 0.36842
10th relative frequency should be 3/18
b. True or False: Three percent of the people surveyed commute three miles. If the statement is not
correct, what should it be? If the table is incorrect, make the corrections.
False
3/18 = 0.166666 %
c. What fraction of the people surveyed commute five or seven miles? (5/18) + (2/18) = 7/18
d. What fraction of the people surveyed commute 12 miles or more? Less than 12 miles? Between
five and 13 miles (not including five and 13 miles)?
12 miles or more = (2+1+1+1+1)/18 = 6/18
Less than 12 miles = (3+1+3+2+3)/18=12/18
Between five and 13 miles (not including five and 13 miles) = (2+3+2)/18=7/18
6. contains the total number of deaths worldwide as a result of earthquakes for the period from 2000
to 2012.

What is the frequency of deaths measured from 2006 through 2009?

1. What percentage of deaths occurred after 2009?
(320120/823856)+ (21953/823856)+ (768/823856)
41.6142%

2. What is the relative frequency of deaths that occurred in 2003 or earlier?

(231/823856)+ (21357/823856)+ (11685/823856)+ (33819/823856)
0.081437

3. What is the percentage of deaths that occurred in 2004?

(228802/823856)
27.7721%

4. What kind of data are the numbers of deaths?

Quantitative discrete (ga bisa ada koma)

5. The Richter scale is used to quantify the energy produced by an earthquake. Examples of
Richter scale numbers are 2.3, 4.0, 6.1, and 7.0. What kind of data are these numbers?
Quantitative continuous (boleh ada koma)

7. Explain what are independent/explanatory variables, treatments, experimental units, lurking

variable, and random assignment?.

8. Explain what is placebo, control group, blinding, and a double blind experiment.
9. The Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation conducted a study to investigate whether
smell can affect learning. Subjects completed mazes multiple times while wearing masks. They
completed the pencil and paper mazes three times wearing floral-scented masks, and three times
with unscented masks. Participants were assigned at random to wear the floral mask during the first
three trials or during the last three trials. For each trial, researchers recorded the time it took to
complete the maze and the subject’s impression of the mask’s scent: positive, negative, or neutral.
a. Describe the explanatory and response variables in this study.
b. What are the treatments?
c. Identify any lurking variables that could interfere with this study.
d. Is it possible to use blinding in this study?

9. For each of the following eight exercises, identify: a. the population, b. the sample, c. the
parameter, d. the statistic, e. the variable, and f. the data. Give examples where appropriate.
1. A fitness center is interested in the mean amount of time a client exercises in the center each
week.
2. Ski resorts are interested in the mean age that children take their first ski and snowboard
lessons. They need this information to plan their ski classes optimally.
3. A cardiologist is interested in the mean recovery period of her patients who have had heart
attacks.
4. Insurance companies are interested in the mean health costs each year of their clients, so that
they can determine the costs of health insurance.

10. Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: A Lake Tahoe Community
College instructor is interested in the mean number of days Lake Tahoe Community College math
students are absent from class during a quarter.
What is the population she is interested in?
a. all Lake Tahoe Community College students
b. all Lake Tahoe Community College English students
c. all Lake Tahoe Community College students in her classes
d. all Lake Tahoe Community College math students

11. Consider the following: = number of days a Lake Tahoe Community College math student is
absent
In this case, X is an example of a:
a. variable.
b. population.
c. statistic.
d. data.

12. The instructor’s sample produces a mean number of days absent of 3.5 days. This value is an
example of a:
a. parameter (menjelaskan sample)
b. data.
c. statistic.
d. variable.

13. For the following exercises, identify the type of data that would be used to describe a response
(quantitative discrete, quantitative continuous, or qualitative), and give an example of the data.
a. number of tickets sold to a concert quantitative discrete
b. percent of body fat quantitative continuous
c. favorite baseball team qualitative
d. time in line to buy groceries quantitative continuous
e. number of students enrolled at Evergreen Valley College
f. most-watched television show qualitative
g. brand of toothpaste qualitative

14. Determine whether the numerical value describes a parameter or a statistic?

a. The 2003 team payroll of the Baltimore Orioles was $69,452,275. parameter
b. In a survey of a sample of US adults, 62% owned a portable cellular phone. statistic
c. In a recent survey at the University of Arizona, 89 students were majoring in astronomy. statistic
d. 19% of a sample of Indiana ninth graders surveyed smoke cigarettes daily. statistic

15. Determine which data are qualitative data and which are quantitative data. Explain your
reasoning.
a. The monthly salaries of the employees at an accounting firm. quantitative continuous
b. The social security numbers of the employees at an accounting firm. qualitative
c. The ages of a sample of 350 residents of nursing homes. quantitative discrete
d. The zip codes of a sample of 350 residents of nursing homes. qualitative

16. Identify the data set's level of measurement. Explain your reasoning:
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
a. The daily high temperatures (in degrees Farenheit) for Mohave, Arizona, for a week in June are
listed: 93, 91, 86, 94, 103, 104, 103 Interval
b. The EPA size classes for a sample of automobiles are listed: subcompact, compact, midsize,
large, compact, large. Ordinal
c. The four departments of a motor company are listed: sales, service, parts, body shop
d. The heights (in inches) of the 2003 – 2004 Chicago Bulls are listed: 82, 76, 85, 77, 83, 81, 79, 80,
77, 75, 80, 80 ,81, 74, 81

17. Identify each measurement below to be ordinal, interval, ratio, and nomial

Sex: Male/Female => Nominal

Height & Weight: Ratio
How many cigarettes: Ordinal
How much exercises Ordinal
I have friend and relatives … True / False Nominal
Yes / No Nominal
Rate my overall health: Ordinal
My resting pulse rate … bpm Ratio
My body temp Interval
My country residence => Nominal

18. Identify the following as nominal level, ordinal level, interval level, or ratio level data.
1. Flavors of frozen yogurt ____ Nominal____________
2. Amount of money in savings accounts____ Ratio__________
3. Students classified by their reading ability: Above average, Below average, Normal Ordinal
4. Letter grades on an English essay Ordinal ________________
5. Religions Nominal_________________
6. Commuting times to work Ratio_ ____________
7. Ages (in years) of art students Ratio_ ________________
8. Ice cream flavor preference Nominal ________________
9. Years of important historical events Interval________________
10. Instructors classified as: Easy, Difficult or Impossible Ordinal ________________

19. Identify which sampling technique was used in the study. Explain you reasoning.
a. Calling randomly generated telephone numbers, a study asked 1001 US adults which medical
conditions could be prevented by their diet. Simple Random sampling
b. A student asks 18 friends to participate in psychology experiment. Convenience
c. A pregnancy study in Cebu, Philippines, randomly selected 33 communities from the Cebu
metropolitan area, then interviewed all available pregnant women in these communities. Cluster
d. Law enforcement officials use a radar gun to measure the speed or every tenth vehicle on an
interstate. Systematic
e. Twenty-five students are randomly selected from each grade level at a high school and surveyed
about their study habits.
Stratified

20. Name the sampling method used in each of the following situations:
a. A woman in the airport is handing out questionnaires to travelers asking them to evaluate the
airport’s service. She does not ask travelers who are hurrying through the airport with their hands
full of luggage, but instead asks all travelers who are sitting near gates and not taking naps while
they wait. Convenience

b. A teacher wants to know if her students are doing homework, so she randomly selects rows two
and five and then calls on all students in row two and all students in row five to present the
solutions to homework problems to the class. Cluster

c. The marketing manager for an electronics chain store wants information about the ages of its
customers. Over the next two weeks, at each store location, 100 randomly selected customers are
given questionnaires to fill out asking for information about age, as well as about other variables of
interest. Simple Random sampling

d. The librarian at a public library wants to determine what proportion of the library users are
children. The librarian has a tally sheet on which she marks whether books are checked out by an
adult or a child. She records this data for every fourth patron who checks out books. Systematic

e. A political party wants to know the reaction of voters to a debate between the candidates.
The day after the debate, the party’s polling staff calls 1,200 randomly selected phone
numbers. If a registered voter answers the phone or is available to come to the phone, that
registered voter is asked whom he or she intends to vote for and whether the debate changed
his or her opinion of the candidates. Simple Random sampling
21. The Well-Being Index is a survey that follows trends of U.S. residents on a regular basis. There
are six areas of health and wellness covered in the survey: Life Evaluation, Emotional Health,
Physical Health, Healthy Behavior, Work Environment, and Basic Access. Some of the questions
used to measure the Index are listed below.
Identify the type of data obtained from each question used in this survey: qualitative(categorical),
quantitative discrete, or quantitative continuous.
1. Do you have any health problems that prevent you from doing any of the things people your
age can normally do? Qualitative (categorical)
2. During the past 30 days, for about how many days did poor health keep you from doing your
usual activities? Quantitative discrete
3. In the last seven days, on how many days did you exercise for 30 minutes or more?
Quantitative discrete
4. Do you have health insurance coverage? Qualitative (categorical)

22. Discuss whether or not the following situations produce random samples:
a. Mark is conducting a survey for a magazine. He stops people at random on Saturday morning at
his local shopping centre. Random sample
b. Granny Taylor's National Lottery Numbers. Not a random sample

23. If you have 30 names and you want to make (a) 6 samples; (b) 5 samples, using systematic
sampling method. How do you take your sample? Explain.
(a) 6 samples
30/6 = 5 names
Every name in which order is multiply of five will be selected

(b) 5 samples
30/5 = 6 names
Every name in which order is multiply of six will be selected
24. Forbes magazine published data on the best small firms in 2012. These were firms which had
been publicly traded for at least a year, have a stock price of at least $5 per share, and have reported
annual revenue between $5 million and $1 billion. Table 1.17 shows the ages of the chief executive
officers for the first 60 ranked firms.

Total :60
a. What is the frequency for CEO ages between 54 and 65. 16+10=17
b. What percentage of CEOs are 65 years or older?
(6/60)+ (1/60)=0.1167=11.67%
c. What is the relative frequency of ages under 50?
(3/60)+ (11/60)=0.2333
d. What is the cumulative relative frequency for CEOs younger than 55?
(3/60)+ (11/60)+(13/60)=0.45
e. Which graph shows the relative frequency and which shows the cumulative relative frequency

Graph A: relative frequency

Graph B: cumulative relative frequency

25. Describe how you might draw a stratified sample of students from a college, where the strata are
the students’ class standing (freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior).
Kelompokin dulu missal dari 100 orang populasi dibagi ke strata2 (harus punya list murid di tiap
strata), kemudian ambil random 25 sample.
 26. A manager wants to draw a sample, without replacement, of 30 employees from a workforce of
150. Describe how the chance of being selected will change over the course of drawing the sample.
Setiap 1 sample dipilih, probability next data dipilih, sample bakal berkurang.
Jadi, probability bakal berbeda setiap 1 sample diambil.
Contoh:
mau diambil 30 sample dari 150 sample (30/150)
Next, mau diambil 29 sample dari 150 sample (29/150)

27.  A popular American television sports program conducts a poll of viewers to see which team
they believe will win the NFL (National Football League) championship this year. Viewers vote by
calling a number displayed on the television screen and telling the operator which team they think
will win. Do you think that those who participate in this poll are representative of all football fans in
America?
Bukan, karena bisa aja self-selected (udah dibayar) & iseng Cuma mau ikut vote.

28. A high school increased the length of the school day from 6.5 to 7.5 hours. Students who
wished to attend this high school were required to sign contracts pledging to put forth their best
effort on their school work and to obey the school rules; if they did not wish to do so, they could
attend another high school in the district. At the end of one year, student performance on statewide
tests had increased by ten percentage points over the previous year. Does this improvement prove
that a longer school day improves student achievement?
No
The time spent in school is only one factor. There are others.
1. They are required to sign contracts. These contracts state that

 They must put forth their best effort.

 They must obey school rules.
 They had the option of going elsewhere. Their attendance at that school was a
privilege not a right.
 The students were subjected to an attitude that the school had within its walls.

2. Likely the students did so well was because, they had privileges not rights.
Karena implementation nya dibarengin, jadi ga tau yang pengaruh yang mana
Ada beberapa factor yang mempengaruhi juga
29. You read a newspaper article reporting that eating almonds leads to increased life satisfaction.
The study was conducted by the Almond Growers Association, and was based on a randomized
survey asking people about their consumption of various foods, including almonds, and also about
their satisfaction with different aspects of their life. Does anything about this poll lead you to
question its conclusion?
Ga bisa diambil kesimpulan karena dari pertanyaan aja udah salah.
Poll nya nemuin kalo consumption of almond and life satisfaction itu nyambung, tapi ga nentuin
kalo eating almond bisa jadi happy.
Ga ada sample yang mewakili pertanyaan yang ingin dicari (makan almond bisa jadi happy).
Soalnya bisa aja orang makan almond bukan karena happy tapi alasan lain (mau diet).

30. Two researchers studying vaccination rates independently draw samples of 50 children, ages 3–
18 months, from a large urban area, and determine if they are up to date on their vaccinations. One
researcher finds that 84 percent of the children in her sample are up to date, and the other finds that
86 percent in his sample are up to date. Assuming both followed proper sampling procedures and
did their calculations correctly, what is a likely explanation for this discrepancy?
Discrepancy = perbedaan
Yang menyebabkan perbedaan itu misalnya:
1. Sample yang diambil beda
Sample dari kota yang berbeda atau sample lain yang lebih sering vaksin karena
rentan penyakit.
2. Sample yang diambil terlalu besar
Contoh: semua anak di 1 kota
Menentukan sample itu penting, karena populasi terlalu variative