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    © All Rights Reserved
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    14 views37 pages

    Heat and Thermodynamics Hindi

    Uploaded by

    Paras Karki

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 37
    Rhy —_ orient 1 aah Fras, 3 a see) ee a a 8 hfe ea oh a aa es @ oft A Gurung) peat Oh af ae fers age et &, at Son a ware a am sh Gem Ga aH fee anda eT ora ae a SEM & St freera fret cet Prara & ane sremr-srerm ard ea 1, at eee frm % orga Suen farts ares F i Awe vie & ara colar oo am di on a faa aa eee Sta ao gag A pases um chat Fara c 8 gare dan arm wen He (fea 2)1 Ber dan A oreR-wari el SPM! aTeTH & Prorat 9 son a oer wer Gt aaa @, Fa MAT Pre A WORKER serra 7a Z1 eTea: Fars a, fre c % ara aria ara Fem ae Pra Bihan ce me ada ara 4 ara af Frarit a 3B % ara water San Fi Ta m8 em fen om, at ae seen aren & fa rare Aa ooo oe AE re_HeT 7e Wimeé fe fama a of ver aia wr a 602 srr eats st Wry ait siftrerzuT (concepeer temperature) ;eaiat Fram Cardy area) at afeercon & ee are a ARETE a 81H Bet aeqott fee Ua-gat ana ae HZ, cH AFT (common to all) TH Stare freA AA wh ARTS we dt ttt et a en a = ag weg & ain ara are afe fara a, Bac % ay mA sree i ae a wer fe ae tha Ty TAT eB, HVE EF AE T= TCT Ty =7o A sai, ate Prem A a B diet freer 3 are stems aria. aa sree #8 of ante ara 8 ity ae sor | Gr ar aaiat fram @1 Ruts a, GoATnfeaAt a vers frre S oT (Aplications oF the FirstLawoF Thermodynamics) ( Ba WaT (Cyclic Process) + a SNE Fart fats ares AA ap gen PE: soe mete sere A ate arn, at Fait fox (narrow opening) 3 Jee 13. feeraies at Pra, Ye 38 fan & sigan, “frei fea ara a fre ss Dei ee eich Boe we seh ory we ww eal seme Hh ahs safe (Proof) ST Fe Oe a] ww are ah cel freran CRA we ary el arene # Ee aq aaah | sR Sarg wee etm Hen Fae Ty 2 aented h fate HM eqn TS A nee so tak wg us | ag Bere ek Sirs weeded woe 4 8 1 00 oe ah Pees ac fret bt eG Ute Sere ae ah Sree Patras a, 40 eit = om, SRE ere 7 we meted 2 fore arg ys wh are-w e, a me OV ary Be are oie O_O an le Sarre meee yer 2B + An a Sea feRCOT BH AAT, a. Beh E Fret eae ert aa & az a (uniform temperature enclosure) % sf ae a soe chs a9 frre cra a fee ae er we ae se et ge Ge: ae fre ented fre foes wa sete ch #. ay aah Glade c a de seri a fafner-aai an sais ot we 1 ' 9 drat € (q, =0.95), #38 7a % fer a < O95 ate fh ae are 2 5000 A aerbet are wert 1 95% HPT area et # Co, ; iS fie eer a fir ae a are oh ete a Cra 5000 A aw AAA 95% HTH Ren it = Sere 571 a: AQ =e, @ a Sree Glo THY Sax FA arch ape fare sai a arava ax Set sraiq gaa sTaINU-aTHT a, = 1 Br tam: ae ae ait A oe steel pitorm tah a fread seach eB, @, aa eae fore aime (i) 3 Aa wetteRCOT PT wan eh: eer een sil) Fam) A ATT (i) a aA ao g co =e Ey a; Pe Feed fea a ara ae, ar a Fra ti @, ore: HT ah eT & fare S&B, (frie) % ~ fl-B]-(3]---s arma AF 1, 2, 3, .. fara ye at ram Fea #1 Fa WaT Uw afters amy oe fare i og ceades & fare fat GSI aT sa eae saeie-aqr at Profs aM er ai ae TH TS 4, TR GS Ba 10TH ates Sai safe aa e, hae A, Tite pat ater 107 ates sal saci +h eT ET a Pros (state's Law) fee TS FT AGM @, 48-48 sq FSA sear Bhan tex 3 atte fafa seta tt 1 ga we a eer 9 red aie sae PUT em’ ea i ga fm & are, “rch flonan & Uae S-Aaree B Oe gretoren et-vc8 a a ne eel & spon GH ct ee 18, sui ae cae ye tame A af tars seta GA ach Sa « Ea T* ar E=oT* rants @ fa “ets a Frat ea Bi o a Ma Gey shee —Baws-K*) rae aE (ater? AC) Ch Fe FH ogee, AG HT TST A seta a ax ot svat 16 ht ae We ars aa TT we A 9" sta 19048 SHAE (Boltzmann) 9 ys Frm a Aaya Fear men fave fy hos a ra Seat Tee fea a ory eter 21 sre: ae Ferm ‘ete ateer fem’ sf see #1 dea a Free fare arg avd SH ah ce ae aera, hfe ove A aA ee oro] aT A Fe ae spa fe wee lla Foren eH ars Te ae Ue ara aes A cal md & fire ora 7b ae Te Bf UI TSA a etge B=oT* Sot scafsa 1 gam afafted ae ans arm aah Saf B= 7" a area st CH Sa: lO Sra uae tama Bafa favs scafita Fe’ oat ED E Sort - Ty, fateon-aat a zt sah aren, angi, werd ante ae Pek et aaedt ae Spaet SP ech by eraere 3 set (100%) ‘efor ar era wea “ert, Fe Mea irc (concept) METTT #1 WR tates reat a7 “Eta fea aren Hertel fewer ot rer ara we Pre in fh 2h frat aq ai, Pecan wea are Te, SoA aT ew, TA TH Uals GS- ree 8 aft Sere ses EA ae Sal Bee a qo ot doen at, sek Here Tea Sal ThA TM 13a wr efter FTA : Fea var faa 3 sae, Fret Spr eet Bi ae Fra Ha TI aa seeerta & fee fern ara sah ) ce FOE (ATA A) A HAHA AT ez, Fs Ten sa VAM A aM FH sea ae 3 Feet aT Ser 8h Pre ar soa fovea wef eT A gaa aa foes ore OS Se Tere em He fh maa 3a aq & ofa care dona A fs Sars crafts Sal Tet ata sot & ‘aqva’ eee @1 eq cen 8 serene ar SE aw ae Ete eT 2 Satire eh ware ea seer ot Seperate cenes ar 3 FTE ae th nse onze even ah ge RATATAT eH Fos TT aT. dQ = medT ar —meSt = k(T - I) meGr = KT ~ Te aT kg -Kat | T-T me et k= Echt a8 fare & fed Fractar f1) ewtvet Gi) & eer (i) eras BA te log, (T=) =-Kt+C ‘aft WAI cA log, (T-T.) & ata ae eta wa, Baw fara 9 FH STAR ACTA eT amr 3 Ur ea ten er aft fos ar orem (¢ = OF) TT’ #, loge (T’ = To) =C Cm a athe (WH cat Lt ei ITS aaa (T = To) = (T" - Tp) e-™ “eee: Favs ar ary a % aa aeeTaIat FHA (exponentially) FA Be STE © (faa 10)1 arm A wm fare ary after % fer vars at eer ofetera fart ‘aaa ti wears : yen 3 eters & from 3 wea & fort wa ae dare aren aia er wea St 8 8 a fox ae war 8 oe Bl eas H UH fox HEM emfizx an gut fox 8 we facies czar 24 & (Fas 11)1 Fa died GaR aA tact ads 4 aid % casi H ve 2A Bi ded dtd & ara eat H aw haa rer wee ea iH et BH ay ice @ Usa Bi ae STAR 1) RAM aT a Bi ora seman 8 ad ge we 23 EL OTE A Fe TA oH Gea a ee SrA alley fr ae vitae % ay a cr 40°C afte Gi ara ah aw Bafeaa ae cfifaTe fe gaa cee aaitier a ara vel 4 YO ae Za AL ra SOTA H we a aM acts on8 fire & ward Wet ot €i ara vi ee wa a factes & arm fer wats Y| sores tet ar ay vitae & Freer @ wey are H etek Freen 21 aTy wa ww Iga ST @ aa oe fe er ar 9 Bae & om 8 HT 5c af aR Te STAT am Tl Ysa WE Te AAT cI Xe Ga HH Meh A oe aia Bae (faa 12) $8 wiser aH (cooling curve) ea #1 8 aH A fas P a Q TET Se 21 er fargat Ka HAM: 7, aT, AH HIT TAT, a ty WG Ba FI ere @ fi wet TT 7, 8 1) TH FAY (1-1) WH Bet aay mame aig -2 hb aa” loge tT HT Te, eR RTT HG, A a Re moe wis (iw) 4 FI wa oF fora ae t =O -%) = Fra a tivation of Newton's Law of Cooling from Stefan's Law) | WA ce TE a See oat ote oF eG aT th ay Bt aT a cle < 1) ther FRI, eG eT at sey wt Fe ee omg ay ah SOTA wet tor} Ben eg 1 oTG 7, reese & ay 7S ster ates & wer ey oe a SPE T_T) ar HEN TOPE ae sora a = x eolr'*(144 a8 ar ah ah ai ae we att rat FAT ae & Z, rr i (r+ Sty e144 ) 74) ceo ar ar me enw ai a =co/7'*(1+4 al sonata 2 «aT. * Be sega ore ea ffl Cra) ag tt ar-we & moe a em) ESTER —— 3 9S avd Ga ah ee ge ay ane Saha Sa Poke weet ti oy ove ew eq a oe Sant & ora} opera 2 ea We AEA free hes & fre ww fee wee oh Soe a mam ti sag fre & sear ah aT Fei eee Rr we Aa FT ope ef Radiation Emitted from Black Body and Wien’s Law) Wer 13, AST ATCH aif at wepfe UAATET! FSS SICH BH ah wah anie de, Sa—ae ahs, da ea Freer seria west seen aysi 3 ah aa Fae eH Gan WeRMT st ara ser atten Fé Set ga va & Ste frie, ea-afeat a oreo BRI FE ted G1 Aci Hl art ary ae wet ea acta seas S ana fa Fseqa CA A MME fret yard F arysit a swat area aa am aR a A aE € Gp fee fege orate fone arr St yaa orgs a eer fous " pybaer re ata ga BRS Frere a Ref Sat BP, [73 AGATA ae fafa Sat erere sear aorers ye oh a wat 81 lh re-%, a Fee se Faye aie fra aren ae 4H AYA AeA BT (iy faa tfta faqe orci frat—ae aa ors 48 UH ory F fags amet cen gat org A Bika fogs ore ata ore fava Sore IT EYE aa 2% SHUT a Fae fears wal es oom eet SI 4 Gi) URaaoT aria fen — ayia ory a ae oH HATE SHH SHTTTA dart aa £1 Spe aafire Bari ste gaat ftom awed Some: Fone aT TAT aaa S Sx dort S38 we wae ak a vaER Temes fags oreph Seas eI ST Sige aysta oy gra sera fae Ba alta ca sear aye ory aA fer at ST CAT Sayan sat Sfea fogs are sos Oi aren te arefers fags Aiea fags as fea arya $1 a ayia ayett & sta ce ater fran at aR ates ear © pea saizn ifr oftarer ara ae cater naar S| far STA fava eH HTT feats sai Fr ert @— 3hvyc? a set wig Faas, ¢ YT AN v, seas a Aha St argha eI (iv) fared sratraterar— sa TTY (I Sy) TH-Gat S vate get Te ela E ma sadaa sree oer ard ea Bog Va TAT] Hg SH eas Frehe oT Ta fe Sep-gat Herel Bet a ater aictoars A Ta th Sas aire visas HT HA ema €1 ea wiaardor—aeii a1 ‘fatrra ger (exchange forces) wed 1 aig Hyst ara pitt arity fear a att th cara Ba at UH-gat F Fra (collapse) @ Si ag oe ser & fs Witt Rafe sah PS ogee Set aig V=4/r? \ aa: fatten airs fren se 8S arpHATAITAT Ba SI J WET 14, aregt the wattarcor at ae eT F 2 AAT AST ATT Rarity Tat S ferent Ha aes Wa F 2 fers aire fee Are at ae na WEA 15. Yo-etaed waa aan S 2 ae sre we aT TTT wat ne ccna a cee ate get zie wa (Tes ToMsoRT TRC) 1852 8 9p wen Sagter fe va Se ta oes Rt aa eH Hott (Thermally insulated) RI SE (Porous plug) 3 Aya Fre Reaeara at ara a oe Bat Se TH aa Bare S1 ga “Geeta (Sea Fe afean wars wet Even se war fare Te yore ses Stat Say sre aT Bee Wta-Sre Wat (Porous-Plug Experiment) a MATa Wa FAA DA # fee en S| HST ST ITT Siz (Prous plug) 89S, TAA Hee PHA ST iy cere at ah Srat 1 ae sre vine Ht foxes wet 6 de aati wm & AaEt (box-wood) Ht Tet patch ea Bi are BH oe Ta FTE, THB Sani ae ates it fers Ha Laer acta ait feo gst a ——— geariferait (K.U.) 5 36 | fagrr ate were i een aa A SB GST SFR-SE (Water bath) % Ta TERT € Compressor fas Fea it. wrares ta al tH AS (compressor) ¥ BI Ta ea W BtevaH Ae SH, wanes are €1 act Ba Gert seu we ae uesa—-weaa fhe aT aT fee A ore B (Ge-oore $a F ara) | Sle yaa a a ye tte a a gait T, aaa Fell SAAS UH TIT (Pressure gauge) & 4g Ga & (Fa Fars H far Te #) | Be 8 Pree Ae a ara fea apecta ara aT Te oa 1 cae a a embitet 7, 89g 83 € IK 4 BAHT (Hoxton), TAF (Roebuck) Ta arecent (Osterberg) 4 hac eran wey te wr wan ah Pa oe 8 Ha wefan at | SEA ee RS manometer) @=1 | UROTA (Results)— ata, TNH, ar seats a: eRe 4 era we Pars et eft a wh 8 Fe oto ae Be z (eer ste HS wena ea ay A tata ere Gianna, Se oH ste Fars ogee te tI Git Sere ast we eR ven eevee BA Grew a Ah Hote a Freer thr 34 (Cooling effi) im & coe an a Fre ay BRST Ta aifeae A ee aye (Heating effect) am & (wat sa 0 Be er gere wegen #oo3erc rare at : oy ere seo ae pA WC rh a we aT HT TT ee area WUT A ET TT 1 FA aa Br eqereMT arg" (Temperature of Inversion) ean ogre oa Pathe tet fore fr firs tt B ‘after ait area (Explanation of Results) Bow Se wa SH afcoreal wt exe eh ETH TU TT Fre AE A fs oN See wa HT seen Fr A Fn 112) ow ree Ree & ae er Se STH LAT rarer Poe 1,2 cre 1 former | en Ste SH sha aa p, Te STATA V, We I fafraa xo7a 8 (Far 1-12) | geet sit faees 2 Ste Baa TS feet st OH esta atest ga war farce Sf se S ara sine area p, KAN eT I py(< pi) Per aa a Ue Ae ere FAR ae ae ain vea ait &, Ta SET AAA ISAT C, CHAN) Sr Se & (FA 1-12) | Fa HH fret 1 ora tee fear are ard iF Sip =-ph ‘cen tha gre frees 2° fear eT are rh AV = pV, ota gre fran ren Az aren ard = ia Porous Plug ZN ee Initiat Final State faa 112. We fafewer saith sei ae 8 som ar fate (Exch aera wet © oi: wa ae ard & fare raza wal ta at aaa sot a eat we Wan, a S248 ye a wed wen ae tat orate s “wa semnfiat 8 yen fram a waiter: Ua U, a, ~ 38_| arta sen we sa Fra (KU) UUs = pyh~ pi, aaa i eal) U+ pV =U; + py, tad up wats Seat yates q ‘ Process) ed €1 afer a /) ae ST Fa ware aT aN sa (Throttling ae ca ( eens ) 1 “aePE Ba FAP (Total heat function) sree SR NE reser ae ahr fine ve a eA Hy, =H, are ta & fare, pyar are Hare aa Phe Hee (ata a aa) | hee orext ta & arrasrope arerion aét dha, ora: Seat orate Sat U yeh afr (Kinetic) Hot eat & 1 sta: Us are of are ore PO aU e (Ge ae Fram eq war Tic (U + pv) ar steel ta & fare Fae TT PR area G1 hes erate wa wan a siz & Set site cad wan te a: Oo a et eT sere Set ares, orc hr fer pret wa eA eT i re 16 rie ere aa fa roe RSG zt i eiterers oh ferie torent aT RAST AIETRTT AT A BTS eT | : yates TT a aE? ease fee RETO Afr ta area ra seat earhctt 1 Tats ANS TOS ol rae or fg TR EY foe me Sara ed eT TTT : a * gd0 aie eater te $e = Os ea KO ae a §i2eo. so) ecg arg fase ST gae— arnt WITH ATTN, OF Thy A & gaeanttr a & Farah 2 arene Bt, aig oS = Os aR oem am & erg TTT Aaa e! -arafet (Proof) Afr fat Frese st soe ige vig ori 2 ree f TH A HTT aT & (OTH 2:16) 1 Baa fabig wane Pree gr Pera a 7 BF mae eS ra Hef Par HAA: A TSI TH 4 fat 2-16. A, AWA gag Sea 1 TH SA Tah a ah EH TTT oF ab FS FTE iat & fix 2S-AS 9 ia'b'f BMI STITT aa t fra Game dm ia'b'f TAKA a a, AUST ei Fa FH, yey of fey Free re fever ae =er = 9A iabf & fore fever rar ard areata, dW = At samira & yer fram a i) wa if 3 faa dQy = dUy + dW, mem ae iabfh Fee, —— dQhary = Wary + AM apy 2) hy Wy = dQary _@) wife oa if a iabf & fore uefisre @ ahem roe wnt an: Fate (1), 2) 3), ! / 40 = dy tay ai Pe AQ = dQ + dQ.y + dQyy #0 = dry = 0 wifes a reer ga€1 | Rear ate Sen wa weaftrat (KU) Biter horas ces dQ, = A>B> AME (FaA2-16) | RAH TEI A A, Ay, Ay, BRT IH B-TA ‘afezat (strips) 4 afer wn waren 1 ear sat Aa 4% ay Rt am F Amt aaa AB’ BLA AeA aH ab TN do Br wTEeNtet fen st want) tar an frei az AAT 4p foe Se a eI ae : Sa Gt ei Farce fee arrest aa ab eT de farm 2-17. af Fee aan s Fa FPR Gh Grit aw abeda Wa Se ei Fat FMR BEL aH A>BoAe sre samt Sr wea abeda, efghe, aie 4 fentaa farn or aaey | wer ar ae aboda A ArT fee Bea TI ch HAM TAT ose seca Sa Fae Maat HSA cH 7, K O, Hon Fromfaa Ae F v4 x; nl) fi 2 oon at fare afta & agar, Fras gra sraehfer Se OQ, Frere aI Fred ara Premed ST O, aeTeTH eit | ara: 2,Q_ en 7a as TATE OE Sa EE ofphe fg, | 2 a Bikar, | TIT | Tere tanner ASN to. 7 | | to ae it ad paepl am & fore aft 2 ara vette rem a ere aaistataar atte ges aril am ore feed or Berd Ba HoT vers ogg ae” AEF serene gheda Hl AGRA HUM S ies PHI aH A> B> AH VPI See Tite qe om A oriea Ser at Ys A dO A ep aH A+ BAD fq ce : Pe -O). RSI aera WAP Hea T | wt Oat ret 3 after wets a go asa fretia aaa a: 7 teminen 3 fre : fds =0 a SE A saree woah tes ae (Long ‘Answer Type Questions) en 1 ror Fre (wy a & 2 Era ET TE _goaraferes ferret (Thermodynamic Potentials) —faret seartices Fre Ste aes et & fre ae Sees Feet or ea 8s Seer (1), (PY AT THEA (5) HH sere eet aR Ue F wei A Ew meetin ven & fk “re ocr aro FN TATE age er 1 fara Frag e— (arate Sat (Internal Energy) — fare sonra Promra at sarattee at, ater afer ea we ros a is eT eh 1 SOT ge He FI Amati fara at erctte wal wo ages worst er weer fe dU = dQ-dW vel dW = PdV wa seminet & fedta fram &, dQ=TdS 124 | fear ate sor ea wemivat (KU) seh dU =TdS— Pav ae wan aches a, ds=0 seit dU =-PdV =-dw ref eaten warn arta fre Farah stra oH HF ’ | fang orth aan et 8 ae { (iy erro re BA YT Sa (Helmholtz Function orHetnhy Free Energy) —srorrnferat & wa 021 feta fran &, | dU =TdS- dw # cafe warn BA ea aT A A fn Fra GAT a SOT eT a Weare @ fas Fra ar a fear we a ae TdS = d(TS) : rai, dU =4d(TS)—aW é at aaa a(U-TS) Va aaa di a Pe adel F = U- TS a RRR FE HE HT 1 UH So Wa F fry, Frere gia fara ra ard terest er A anh B ea One Ror AT tea amt! Pe (ii) Tae (Enthalpy)— eet uw afedta wer @ ford Fes war oft | sori fara om @— | H=U+PV 4) | Be feet Frere at Gach, fers ror Pkt ett Sa es Sonne aftada fer | “a dH = d(U + PV)= dU +d(PV) beac: = TdS — PdV + Pav +VaP | dH =TdS +VdP ware worn & fer d one dH =TdS = dQ sei are arm 3 arava Pra ar mem a Me sro Fra aA eM Per Taz (iv) Fire wert ar Fite yam Sat (Gibbs Functions or Gibbs Fre | Energy) — fren wer fr wear aftenfea faren aren &— Ary G=U+PV-TS =H~-TS=F + py ete Fara aH ET HT AS fare Ue fetta oe dG = dU + Pav + VaP—Tas— sap

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