HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE

IMPROVEMENT OF VOLTAGE STABILITY IN POWER

SYSTEM BY USING STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)

seminar

Ibrahim Hassane
ID NO:-PGP/806/13

College: Haramaya Institute of Technology

School: Electrical and Computer Engineering

Program: Power Engineering

April 2022
Haramaya University, Haramaya
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION
SVC Static Var Compensator
FACTS Flexible AC transmission System
STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator
VAR Volt Ampere (reactive)

Table of content

Table of Contents
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION........................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................vi
1. NTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
2 .LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................3
2.1. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY...........................................................................................5
2.1.1. Rotor Angle Stability.......................................................................................................6

ii
 2.1.2. Frequency Stability..........................................................................................................6
2.1.3. Voltage Stability...............................................................................................................7
1. Static analysis..................................................................................................................7
2. Dynamic Analysis...............................................................................................................8
2.2. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR.........................................................................................8
2.2.1. Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR):............................................................................9
2.2.2. Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC):.............................................................................9
2.2.3. Thyristor-Switched Capacitor” – “Thyristor Controlled Reactor” (TSC-TCR......10
2.3. SVC VOLTAGE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS......................................................10
2.3.1. V-I Characteristics of the SVC.....................................................................................10
2.3.1.1. Dynamic Characteristics.........................................................................................12
2.3.1.2. Steady-State Characteristic....................................................................................12
2.4. Voltage Control by the SVC................................................................................................12
Modelling of SVC.........................................................................................................................14
3 METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................17
4 OUTCOME...............................................................................................................................18
5 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................22
6. REFERANCE............................................................................................................................23

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1.Block Diagram of SVC...........................................................................................................15

Figure 2.2.V-I Characteristics of the SVC.................................................................................................17
Figure2. 3 Functional diagram of SVC....................................................................................................21
Figure2. 4 Equivalent circuit.....................................................................................................................21

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1Table3. 1 objective of sturdy....................................................................................................17

Table 2Table4.1- Parameters of Static VAr Compensator (SVC)..............................................................18
Table 3Table 4.2 Comparison Results with and without SVC Installation for Normal Condition and
fault condition...........................................................................................................................................19

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 ABSTRACT

Nowadays the power systems under deregulation are challenged to build new
transmission lines for increased power transactions. The reactive power problem can be
solved by providing suitable reactive power support at some significant buses. FACTS
devices are being grown used to provide reactive power and control other aspects of a
power system. Voltage instability problems growing day by day because of the huge
increase demand in power. It is very important to analyse the power system concerning
voltage stability.

v
 1. NTRODUCTION

The electrical power system is a system consisting of a generation, transmission, and

distribution sub-system that supplies the power to the load. One of the reliability power system
criteria is to maintain system stability during disturbances. Generally, the system stability can
be measured in several parameters, namely the voltage, frequency, and rotor angle. The
system instability causes the system to operate abnormally leading to a total blackout in the
entire system [5].

Voltage stability is a major concern while planning and operating an electrical power system.
As electrical power demand increases, power system networks should be used in maximum of
their capacity to meet the demand growth. In the present day, the demand for electrical energy
is very much forceful in the present scenario. However, a lot of energy was lost in distribution
and transmission which led the energy system to the transmission and distribution limitation
crisis. Such constraints have an even greater impact on stable and safe power supply in energy
transmission, typically in the electric power transmission and distribution network, acceptable
voltage variability is much smaller, but due to heavy charging, the voltage rating is not held to
the mark [4]. In such a case Flexible AC transmission System (FACTS) can be used so that the
maximum capacity of the system equipment is utilized to keep the thermal limit and maintain
the system voltage stability. Static Var Compensators (SVCs) can endlessly provide or
consume the reactive power which is necessary to control the dynamic voltage oscillation
helping to get a stable transmission system and also help to achieve maximum power transfer
[10]

FACTS are innovative devices originating from recent new technologies that are capable of
altering voltage, phase angle, and impedance at particular points in power systems. Their
quick response offers a high potential for power system stability improvement aside from
steady-state flow control. Among the FACTS controllers, Static Var Compensator provides
fast-acting dynamic reactive compensation for voltage support during emergency events which
would otherwise depress the voltage for a significant length of time. SVC also dampens out
power swings and reduces power system losses by optimized reactive power control [12]. The

1
Static Var Compensator (SVC) is one of the FACTS devices that is widely used in
transmission applications and commonly used to improve the voltage stability in the power
system network. In addition, SVCs are mainly used to perform voltage or reactive power
regulation. It should be installed through the transmission line as well as to control the voltage.
This is because the SVC is one of the interesting applications of the FACTS devices that is
very effective in enhancing voltage stability and voltage control due to their fast and flexible
control. The FACTS controllers like SVC are used today in electrical power networks
depending on their application. SVCs have been used for high-performance steady-state and
transient voltage control compared with classical shunt compensation. SVCs are also used to
dampen power swings, improve transient stability, and reduce system losses by optimized
reactive power control [7]. The fundamental object of this paperwork is to improve the voltage
stability by reducing the real and reactive power loss in the system. The voltage stability and
voltage profile in the system are being improved by using the FACTS device Static VAR
Compensator (SVC) and comparing the different papers.

The organization of paper are as follows; Section 1 discusses the introduction of power system
stability and how its problem is controlled by SVC. Section 2 describes the literature review,
introduction of various FACTS controller, basic structure and components of SVC, model of
SVC. Section 3 describe methodology to review, section 4 discusses the simulation results
deals with the voltage profile, real and reactive power of both IEEE bus test system and real
bus test system with and without SVC using Newton–Raphson load flow method technique
and other optimization techniques with conclusion of the paper.

2 .LITERATURE REVIEW

(Nasir and Jumaat, 2020), discussed the Instability and faults in power systems position
adverse challenges. The main objectives are to model the power system of a long transmission

2
line 220KV, to simulate and analysed the power system of a long transmission line without
FACTS devices in normal conditions and fault conditions, and to simulate and analysed the
power system of a long transmission line with SVC in normal condition and fault condition.
Similarly, they included power swings, oscillations, loss of synchronism, and outages. This
circumstance causes power system problems of instability and even collapse. Large
disturbances such as a three-phase fault decelerate loads and cause instability to generate units.
Further still, continuous demand in the electric power system network as well as heavy
loading lead to system instability and straining of the thermal limits. Customarily, settled or
mechanically switch shunt and series capacitors, reactors, and synchronous generators were
utilized to solve many problems. However, there are restrictions as to the use of these
conventional devices present the impact of Static Var Compensator (SVC) installation on
power system stability. Moreover, the MATLAB/Simulink software is used to model the
system in the normal condition with/without SVC installation and the fault condition of the
test system. The outcomes for normal conditions, the value of voltage and active power are
stable with a range of 0.98 p.u to 0.99p.u and 340MWatt to 600MWatt respectively. But for
the faults condition, the results are negative for voltage at B2 and B3. When the SVC is
installed at B2 and B3, the value of voltage and active power is the same as the normal
condition.

(Tarakalyani, et al. 2020), investigated in the present scenario, the power demand has
increased rapidly where there is a necessity for power systems to operate within limits. As the
load varies continuously, voltage stability problems will arise. The foremost/primary cause of
voltage instability is deficiency/shortage of reactive power. The voltage stability and power
transfer capability can be enhanced by the compensation of reactive power. By placing
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices the performance of the power system can
be improved but, these devices are expensive so it has to be placed at optimal location.

(OYIOGU et al., 2021), presented the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices
such as Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
when placed at the midpoint of a long transmission line play an important role in controlling
the reactive power flow into the power network. The objective was to explore the effect of
STATCOM and SVC on voltage stability. Newton Raphson’s Load flow analysis method is

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used in this work. A NEPLAN-based program was developed for the power flow analysis of
the 24-bus 330kV system without Facts and with STATCOM and SVC. Both STATCOM and
SVC were able to improve the bus voltages of the weak buses in the network as well as other
buses not directly connected to them with STATCOM offering the highest voltage
improvement of 1.0388pu. SVC also offered a reasonable voltage improvement of 1.0282pu.
Hence STATCOM offered a more robust improvement than SVC. Hence, the authors
conclude that STATCOM is most suitable for static as well as dynamic voltage restoration and
offers a more robust option than SVC.

(Shabir et al., 2021), deals within the modern power system, the necessity for flexibility,
accuracy, and fast response is growing every day. Voltage instability affects the system’s
reliability and security. FACTS devices are used to restore voltage and regulate the weak bus.
SVC provides fast-acting dynamic compensation in case of severe fault. The target of the
paper is to improve voltage stability by reducing the voltage deviation. A simplified voltage
stability index (SVSI) is calculated to identify the weakest bus of the system. All the analysis
is being performed using PSCAD simulation software.

(Ramadhan et al., 2019), deals the Disturbances in the power system may lead to voltage
instability in the system. They presented voltage stability when anticipating disturbance by
load shedding operation combined with Static VAR Compensator (SVC). Load shedding
scheme with voltage relay is used when there is disturbance such as loss of generation. If the
load shedding is forbidden due to the existence of high importance loads, then it is required to
install the SVC to overcome the disturbance. SVC can be used to minimize load shedding for
power system disturbance anticipation. In the simulation, it is shown that the combination of
the load shedding operation and the utilization of SVC with 30 MVAR capacitive ratings can
save the high priority load of 15 MVA.

(Singh and Agrawal, 2018), discussed Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

controllers could be a suitable alternative to provide reactive power support at the load centers
locally and hence keep the voltages within their safe operating limits. Due to the high costs of
FACTS devices, their proper location in the system must be determined. The fundamental
object of this work is to improve the voltage profile by reducing the real and reactive power
loss in the system. The voltage profile in the system is being improved by using the FACTS
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device Static VAR Compensator (SVC). This paper, studies and analyses SVC technology for
voltage enhancement, reducing system losses, and suppression of fluctuations. The optimal
placement has been obtained for the base case loading and to verify its locations. To achieves
the optimization of the location and the size of the power system to optimize the system
performance. A Newton–Raphson Load Flow problem has been formulated to improve the
voltage profile with minimizing the losses. Moreover, the effects of SVC on economic
conditions have also been investigated. The results obtained are in the form of the plot and

compared with the plots without SVC.

2.1. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

The stability of a system is defined as the tendency and ability of a system to develop
restoring forces equal to greater than the disturbing forces to maintain the state of equilibrium.
Let a system be in some equilibrium state. If upon an occurrence of a disturbance and the
system is still able to achieve the equilibrium position, it is considered to be stable. The system
stability that is of the most concern is the characteristic and the behavior of the power system
after a disturbance. As the number of users increases, the load demand also increases linearly.
Since concern for stability limits the transfer capability of the system, there is a need to ensure
stability and reliability of the power system due to economic and other reasons. Different
types of power system stability have been classified into rotor angle stability, frequency
stability, and voltage stability [9].

2.1.1. Rotor Angle Stability

A balanced three-phase system and balanced system disturbances will have considered.
Deviation of machine frequencies from synchronous frequency is small, dc offset current and
harmonics are neglected, network and impedance loads are at a steady-state, and voltage
current and powers can be computed from the power flow equation. Rotor angle stability is
concerned with the ability of highly interconnected synchronous machines of an electrical

5
power system to remain in synchronism condition under normal operating conditions of the
system and, after being subjected to a large disturbance. The real power system imbalance
means mechanical system input and electrical system output will result in rotor angle
instability of the power system. The instability that results occurs in the form of increasing
angular components of swings of some power generators leading to their loss of synchronism
with other generators. It should be noted that loss of system synchronism can occur between
one electrical machine and the rest of the power system, or between groups of electrical
machines, possibly with system synchronism maintained within each group after separating
from each other. For convenience in analysis and for gaining useful inspection into the nature
of power system stability problems, it is important to characterize this rotor angle stability in
terms of the following two main categories: small signal (or steady-state) stability is concerned
with the ability of the power system network to maintain synchronism under small system
disturbances. Small signal stability depends on the initial state operating condition of the
power system. Large disturbance rotor angle stability (transient stability) is concerned with the
ability of an electrical power system to maintain synchronism when the power system is
subjected to a severe or large transient disturbance. The resulting power system response
involves large excursions of generator rotor angles and is influenced by the nonlinear power-
angle relationship. Transient stability depends on both the initial state operating condition of
the power system and the severity of the system disturbance [10].

2.1.2. Frequency Stability

Frequency stability is the ability of a power system network to maintain steady-state frequency
within a nominal system operating range following a large system upset resulting in a

significant imbalance between generation and system load. Large system upsets generally
result in large disturbance of frequency, power flows, voltage, and other system state
variables, thereby taking action on processes, controls, and protections that are not modelled in
transient stability or voltage stability studies. This condition may be very slow, such as boilers
dynamics, or only triggered for high system conditions, such as volts=hertz protection tripping
power generators [10].

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2.1.3. Voltage Stability

Voltage stability is suitable for increasing sources of concern in present-day power systems.
The problem of unstable voltage is mainly considered as the inability of the network to meet
the load demand imposed in terms of inadequate reactive power support or active power
transmission capability or both. Voltage stability can be classified as small or large based on
the disturbance type in the power system. Small voltage stability refers to the capability of the
system to control the voltage when tiny perturbations occur, such as changes in the loads.
Large voltage stability refers to the ability of the system to control the voltage after being
subjected to large disturbances such as load outages, faults, and large-step changes in the
loads. System stability can be evaluated by two different methods of analysis: static and
dynamic, the details of which are presented in the following subsection. System stability can
be evaluated by two different methods of analysis: static and dynamic, the details of which are
presented in the following subsection.

1. Static analysis

This technique examines the viability of the equilibrium point represented by a specified
operating condition of the power system. This technique allows the examination of a wide
range of system conditions. The electric utility industry depends on PV and Q-V curves to
determine stability at selected buses. The static method is evaluated using a variety of
techniques such as

a) Stability study using PV curves:-P-V curves are generated by executing a large number of
power flows using power flow methods. In this case, a power system is typically modeled with
non-linear differential-algebraic equations. The P-V curves are the widely-used method of
forecasting voltage problems. They are used to determine the loading capability of a power
system. The parameter P can also represent the total active power load in an area or the power
flow across an interconnection between two areas and the state variable V is the voltage at a
certain bus. The power system load is slowly increased and, at each increment, is necessary
recomputed power flows until the nose of the PV curve is reached. The P-V curve is obtained
by applying an optimal power flow method. The critical point or nose points in the P-V curve

7
represent the maximum loading of a system. It can be written as Pmax. The stability margin
can be defined by the real power in MW distant from the operating point to the critical point.
The inclusion of the Facts device in a power system can increase or decrease the voltage
stability margin.

b) Q-V sensitivity analysis: - In this technique, the network is represented by a power flow
equation that can be linearized. The Q-V sensitivity at a bus represents the slope of the Q-V
curve at a given operating point. A positive Q-V sensitivity is indicative of stable operation,
and a negative sensitivity is indicative of unstable operation.

2. Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic analysis can demonstrate the real behavior of the system such as loads (dynamic and
static), DG units, automatic voltage and frequency control equipment, and the protection
systems. The overall power system is represented by putting first-order differential equations,
Voltage instability in distribution systems has been understood for decades and was referred to
as load instability. With the growth of the economy, load demands in distribution networks
increase sharply. Hence, the power system networks are operating closer to the unstable
voltage boundaries. The decline of stable voltage margin is one of the most important factors
which limit the increase of load served by distribution companies. Therefore, it is essential to
consider voltage stability with the integration of FACTS devices in power systems.

2.2. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

SVC will be outlined as a shunt-connected static volt-ampere generator or absorbent material

whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current thus maintaining or
managing specific parameters of the electrical power system components (typically bus
voltage and angle). SVCs are primarily employed in power systems for voltage control or for
improving or rising system stability. Static Volt-ampere Compensator is composed of the
thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), thyristor switched capacitor (TSC), and harmonic filters
connected in parallel to provide dynamic shunt compensation [10].

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Figure 2. 1.Block Diagram of SVC

2.2.1. Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR):

A thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) is used in combination with a fixed capacitor (FC) when
reactive power generation or, alternatively, absorption and generation is required. This is
usually the optimal solution for sub-transmission and distribution.

2.2.2. Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC):

A bank of shunt capacitors is split into a proper quantity of divisions. Every division is
turned on or off separately by a thyristor valve. Switching happens while the voltage through
the thyristor valve is nil, creating it practically freed from transients. The discontinuation
happens by conquering the firing pulses to the thyristors which can block while the present
reaches zero.

2.2.3. Thyristor-Switched Capacitor” – “Thyristor Controlled Reactor”

(TSC-TCR) A combined TCR and TSC is the optimal solution in many cases. With a TCR /
TSC compensator, you get continuously variable reactive power over the entire control range
as well as full control of the inductive and capacitive parts of the compensator. The main

9
benefit is optimum performance during major electrical system disturbances, for example, line
failures then load rejects.

2.3. SVC VOLTAGE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS

Static var compensators (SVCs) are used primarily in power systems for voltage control as
either
an end in itself or a means of achieving other objectives, such as system stabilization [21]. The
performance of SVC voltage control is critically dependent on several factors, including the
influence of network resonances, transformer saturation, geomagnetic effects, and voltage
distortion. When SVCs are applied in series-compensated networks, a different kind of
resonance
between series capacitors and shunt, inductors become decisive in the selection of control
parameters and filters used in measurement circuits.

2.3.1. V-I Characteristics of the SVC

The SVC can be operated in two different modes: In voltage regulation mode and in Var
control
mode (the SVC susceptance is kept constant). When the SVC is operated in voltage regulation
mode, the SVC susceptance B stays within the maximum and minimum susceptance values
imposed by the total reactive power of capacitor banks 𝐵𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 and reactor banks 𝐵𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑥, the
voltage is regulated at the reference voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 as shown in figure 2.1. The V-I
characteristic of the SVC indicates that regulation with a given slope around the nominal
voltage can be achieved in the normal operating range defined by the maximum capacitive and
inductive currents of the SVC. In the active control range, current/susceptance and reactive
power are varied to regulate voltage according to a slope (droop) characteristic. The slope
(𝑋𝑆) value depends on the desired sharing of reactive power production between various
sources, and other needs of the system.

10
 Figure 2.2.V-I Characteristics of the SVC
In Voltage regulation mode, The Voltage control
action of the SVC in the linear voltage regulation
range (- 𝐵𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝐵 < 𝐵𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥) is described:

𝑉𝑆𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑋𝑠𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶

……………………………1

Where 𝑉𝑆𝑉𝐶 = SVC positive sequence Voltage; 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓 = Reference voltage at the terminals of the
SVC during the floating condition and 𝑋𝑆 = Slope. When the SVC is neither absorbing nor
generating any reactive power.

𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 = SVC reactive current (I>0 indicated an inductive current)

In the Var control mode, the SVC is operating as a fixed susceptance device. It absorbs or
injects
a fixed amount of reactive power into the system.

𝑉 = 𝐼/BLmax …………………………...…………….2

𝑉 = 𝐼/Bcmax ………………………………………………………………..3

Where Bcmax = Maximum capacitive susceptance

BLmax= Maximum Inductive susceptance

V: Positive sequence voltage (pu)

I: Reactive current

XS: Slope or droop reactance

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The V-I characteristic represents steady-state and dynamic characteristics of Static Var
Compensators describing the variation of SVC bus voltage with SVC current or reactive
power.

2.3.1.1. Dynamic Characteristics

SVCs are mainly used for voltage regulation at a specified bus, the controller can however
also be tuned to dampen electromechanical oscillations. Voltage reference (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓) is the
voltage at the
terminals of the Static Var Compensator during the floating condition, it means the state of
SVC
cannot generate or absorb any reactive power. The reference voltage can be varied between
the
maximum and minimum limits (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥, and 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛) by the SVC control system. The
typical values of 𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 are 1.05 p.u and 0.95 p.u, respectively.

2.3.1.2. Steady-State Characteristic

The steady-state V-I characteristic of the SVC is very similar to the dynamic V-I characteristic
except for a dead band in voltage. In the absence of this dead band, in the steady-state, the
SVC will tend to drift toward its reactive-power limits to provide voltage regulation. It is not
desirable to leave the SVC with a very little reactive-power margin for future voltage control
or stabilization excursions in the event of a system disturbance. To prevent this drift, a dead
band about 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 holds the 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶 at or near zero value, depending on the location of the dead
band. Thus, the reactive power is kept constant at a set point, typically equal to the MVA
output of the filters. This output is quite small; hence the total operating losses are minimized
[8].

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 2.4. Voltage Control by the SVC

The voltage-control action of the SVC can be explained through a simplified block
representation of the SVC and power system. The power system is modeled as an equivalent
voltage source, 𝑉𝑆, behind an equivalent system impedance, 𝑋𝑆, as viewed from the SVC
terminals. The system impedance 𝑋𝑆 indeed corresponds to the short-circuit MVA at the SVC
bus and is obtained as [8].

Xs=Vb2/Sc*MVAb in p.u……………………………4

Where Sc = the 3-phase short circuit MVA at the SVC bus

Vb = the base line-to-line voltage; MVA𝑏 = the base MVA of the system.

If the SVC draws a reactive current I SVC, then in the absence of the SVC voltage regulator, the
SVC bus voltage is given by

Vs = VSVC + I𝑆𝑉𝐶Xs………………………………………………5

The SVC current thus results in a voltage drop of 𝐼𝑆𝑉𝐶𝑋𝑆 in phase with the system voltage 𝑉𝑆.
The SVC bus voltage decreases with the inductive SVC current and increases with the
capacitive
current. An implication of Eq. (5) is that the SVC is more effective in controlling voltage in
weak ac systems (high 𝑋𝑆) and less effective in strong ac systems (low 𝑋𝑆).

The voltage-control action in the linear range is described as:

VSVC = V ref + Xs ISVC……………………………………………….6

Where ISVC is positive if inductive, negative if capacitive

13
 Modelling of SVC

In order to improve voltage profile and the impact of SVC on power systems, appropriate SVC
model is very important. In this section, SVC and its mathematical model will be introduced.
SVC is built up with reactors and capacitors, controlled by Thyristor valves which are in
parallel with a fixed capacitor bank. It is connected in the shunt with the transmission line
through a shunt transformer and is thus, represented in Figure 2.4 & Figure 2.5 shows the
equivalent circuit at which SVC is modeled [8].

Figure2. 3 Functional diagram of SVC

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Figure2. 4 Equivalent circuit

The model considers SVC as shunt-connected variable susceptance, 𝐵𝑆𝑉𝐶 which is adapted
automatically to achieve the voltage control. The equivalent susceptance, 𝐵𝑒𝑞 is determined by
the firing angle α of the Thyristors that is defined as the delay angle measured from the peak
of the capacitor voltage to the firing instant. The fundamental frequency equivalent neglecting
harmonics of the current results in [8]:

B eq = BL(α) + BC …………………………………………………….7

Where

If the real power consumed by the SVC is assumed to be zero, then:

PSVC = 0

Q SVC = -V2BSVC …………………………………………………..8

Where V = the bus voltage magnitude. As the reactive power demand at the bus varies, the
susceptance is varied subject to the limits. However, the reactive power is a function of the
square of the bus voltage. Hence the reactive power generated decreases as the voltage
decreases. The SVC can both absorb as well as supply reactive power at the bus it is connected
to by control of the firing angle of the Thyristor elements. By controlling the firing angle α of
the Thyristors (i.e., the angle with respect to the zero crossing of the phase voltage), the device
is able to control the bus voltage magnitude. Changes in α result in changes in the current and
hence, the amount of reactive power consumed by the inductor. When α = 90°, the inductor is

15
fully activated but is deactivated when α = 180°. Actually, the basic control strategy is
typically to keep the transmission bus voltage within certain narrow limits defined by a
controller droop and the firing angle α limits (90° < α > 180°).

3 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the objectives of this study, the following stepwise approaches were adopted and
followed: Compute the list of Authors, Showing the device similarities, optimization, and
different controlled variables effect on voltage stability.
16
Table 1Table3. 1 objective of sturdy

Author No bus Optimization Device Controlled

technique variable

[1] 3 Bus Fault Location SVC voltage,

Reactive power,
active power

[2] IEEE 14 bus NRLF SVC, PMU Voltage,

Reactive power

[3] 24 Bus NRLF SVC, voltage,

STATCOM Reactive power,
active power

[4] IEEE 14 Bus SVSI SVC Voltage

[5] 3 PV Bus SVC Reactive power

[6] IEEE 9 Bus NRLF SVC Voltage,

Reactive power
IEEE Bus

4 OUTCOME

In [1] the SVC is added to the system with parameters tabulated in Table 2. Then, the voltage
and the power are measured for each bus bar, to check the ability of these devices of
controlling the voltage and the flow of power in normal operation without any fault. SVC is

17
connected to B2 in the system. The SVC has reactive power limits (100 MVAR to -100
MVAR) and drop reactance of 0.03 p.u/phase.

Table 2Table4.1- Parameters of Static VAr Compensator (SVC)

Item Value
Vrms L-L (KV) 220
Frequency (Hz) 50
Power (MVA) 150
Reactive Power QC (Var) 150
Reactive Power QL (Var ) -150
Average time delay, Td (ms) 5

After the SVC was installed, the voltage has been improved on all buses, and voltage values
on B1, B2, and B3 are 0.99, 0.98, and 0.99 p.u respectively. The active power increased to
597.48 MW at B1, 340.24 MW at B2, and 350.44 MW at B3. From Table4. 2, it can be
observed that the voltage is unstable at the normal operation on B2. The voltage value at B2 is
around 0.93 p.u when it should be at least 0.95 p.u to keep the system stable. In the case of
SVC, the voltage increased at all buses and the active power also improved for all buses.

Table 3Table 4.2 Comparison Results with and without SVC Installation for Normal
Condition and fault condition.

Normal condition Fault condition

Item Without With Without
With SVC
SVC SVC SVC
Voltage B1(p.u) 0.98 0.99 0.93 0.99
Voltage B2(p.u) 0.93 0.98 0.77 0.98
Voltage B3(p.u) 0.97 0.99 0.77 0.99
Active Power at B1 570.73 597.49 -462.60 600.43
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(MW)
Active Power at B2
316.31 340.24 -201.72 341.56
(MW)
Active Power at B3
334.68 340.68 1066.97 349.03
(MW)

From Table 4.2, it can be seen that the system is unstable at all buses at fault condition with
the value of voltage are 0.93 p.u. at B1, 0.77 p.u at B2 and B3 respectively. At the same time,
the value of active power are negative values: - 462.60MW at B1 and -201.72MW at B2. In
case of SVC, the voltage increased at all buses and the active power also improved for all
buses. In long transmission line of 200KV, the SVC can improve the transient behaviour of
the system during a large-scale fault, such as three-phase short circuit. As a conclusion, it
shows the possibility of controlling the voltage and power flow through the transmission line.
Furthermore, the advantages of FACTS devices is to control the electromechanical oscillation
when the fault happens, which will lead to the stability of the entire system and the access to a
security system with high reliability.

In some cases, the stability of the system after losing some of the generators can be achieved
through load shedding operation. However, in the case of there are some high priority loads
that cannot be released, the load shedding operation must be avoided. In [5] propose that The
SVC can be used as a solution to improve voltage stability, especially when there is a
limitation to perform the load shedding operation due to the existence of high priority loads.
So, the SVC with 30 MVAR capacitive rating is installed at the high priority loads system to
improve the voltage. It is shown that the utilization of SVC can improve the voltage rating at
the high priority loads system and thus can prevent the release of SN 46 loads with an amount
of 15 MVA (12,32%) from the system.

In [4] a new index (SVSI) has been presented to determine the location of SVC. As the
objective is to improve voltage stability by reducing the voltage deviation. To check the
efficacy of the proposed technique, the IEEE 14 bus system has been used as a test system.
The voltage deviation of the IEEE 14 bus system is also calculated after SVC installation and
compared with other techniques. As the power system network is stressed there will be
occurrence of large disturbances such as loss of generation, contingencies and the sudden

19
increment of load. Due to this the voltage stability problems are arising. To overcome these
problems the compensation devices like FACTS are placed at appropriate location to enhance
the voltage stability. Comparing to FACTS the PMU is capable for real time operation.
Significantly, the synchrophasors technology improves the visualization accessible at the
control centers. Large quantity of data is stored at control centres. Due to the less availability
of offline and real time applications so, it is complicated to analyse that data at control centres.
For better visualization the combination of PMU data with SCADA/ EMS is used. By
assessment the voltage has been enhanced by placing PMU with FACTS than placing PMU
[2].

From the load flow result of [3], both STATCOM and SVC were able to improve the bus
voltages of the weak buses in the network as well as other buses not directly connected to
them with STATCOM offering the highest voltage improvement of 1.0388pu. SVC also
offered a reasonable voltage improvement of 1.0282pu. Hence STATCOM offered a more
robust improvement than SVC. The total reactive and active power loss in the network without
the Fact devices inserted were 687.1762Mvar and 65.6061MW respectively. STATCOM also
generated a higher reactive power than SVC in the weak buses with STATCOM having a
reactive power loss of 467.2285MVar giving a total reduction of 32.01% in the reactive power
loss of the network while SVC had a total reactive power loss of 481.4609MVar giving a total
reduction of 29.94% in the reactive power loss in the network. The STATCOM had an active
power loss of 53.8229MW giving a total reduction of 17.96% in the active power loss of the
network while SVC had an active power loss of 54.2594MW giving a total reduction of
17.30% in the active power loss of the network. Conclude that STATCOM is most suitable for
static as well as dynamic voltage restoration and offers a robust option than SVC.

[6] Voltage profile of the IEEE-30 bus system has been improved from 0.905 to 1.048 after
incorporation of SVC at bus no. 8. In 9 bus system the optimal located bus no. is 9 and optimal
size of the SVC is 30 (-ve MVAR). For 30 bus system the optimal located bus no. is 8 and
optimal size of the SVC is 35 (-ve MVAR), Inject active and reactive power flow in power
system network, Real power loss and reactive power loss are minimized, Real and reactive
power flow control capability and Power system performance will improve when we add the
SVC.

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 5 CONCLUSIONS

The system and study of the results gave an indication that SVCs are very suitable while it
comes to organizing and maintaining the power system. SVC as the dynamic simulation
system where the distribution of the system power flow between the transmission lines can be
adjusted quickly and efficiently and there is no important impact on other functioning
parameters of the system. At the same time, SVC can improve the stability of the system, to
reduce the problem of line unpredictability and sway. Therefore, it can be finished that SVC

21
will effectively control the dynamic performance of the power supply system and efficiently
regulate the system oscillatory turbulences and voltage regulation of the power supply system.
The simulations performed authorize that SVC could deliver the necessary fast performing
voltage provision to avoid the probability of voltage drop and voltage collapse. This document
examines Positive sequence voltage in a system model with or without SVC. But its not
describe the role of SVC on voltage improvement of distribution substation.

6. REFERANCE

[1] Nasir, M.S.A. and Jumaat, S.A., 2020. Impact of Static Var Compensator (SVC) Installation in Power
System Stability. Journal of Electronic Voltage and Application, 1(2), pp.20-26.

[2] Tarakalyani, S., Kumarswamy, I., Kumar, U.K. and Daram, S.B., 2020. Optimal Placement
of PMU with FACTS for Voltage Stability Analysis. Helix-The Scientific Explorer|
Peer Reviewed Bimonthly International Journal, 10(02), pp.203-210.

[3] OYIOGU, D., OGBOH, D. and NWOYE, G., 2021. Voltage Stability Improvement in
Power System Using STATCOM and SVC.

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[4] Shabir, M., Nawaz, S. and Vijayvargiya, A., 2021. Voltage Stability Enhancement Using
SVC in PSCAD Software. In Innovations in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (pp.
141-153). Springer, Singapore.

[5] Ramadhan, K., Yonathan, K., Ardita, I.M., Jufri, F.H. and Utomo, A.R., 2019, June.
Voltage Stability Improvement Using Load Shedding and Static VAR Compensator
(SVC): Study Case of Senayan-Sambas Power System. In 2019 IEEE International
Conference on Innovative Research and Development (ICIRD) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

[6] Singh, B. and Agrawal, G., 2018. Enhancement of voltage profile by incorporation of SVC
in power system networks by using optimal load flow method in MATLAB/Simulink
environments. Energy Reports, 4, pp.418-434.

[7] Le, N.A.B.M., 2017. The modeling of SVC for the voltage control in the power
system. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 6(3),
pp.513-519.

[8] Yared Tafesse Gebreyes, 2019. Studies OnVoltage Control Of Distribution Substations
Using Static Var Compensators (Case Study: Addis Ababa Kality Ii 132/15 Kv
Substation) (Master’s thesis, AAU)

[9] Thakur, M.C. and Sahu, M.S., 2013. Analysis of voltage stability and transfer capability
enhancement of transmission system using facts controllers. Advances in Natural and
Applied Sciences, 2(4), pp.2279-0535.

[10] Desu, D., 2021. Power Flow Study for Transient Stability Problems and its Enhancement
Using Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (Case Study in Gilgel gibe-II to Sebeta-II
High Voltage Transmission Line) (Doctoral dissertation, ASTU).

[11] Rahan, M., 2020. Enhancing Power System Stability Using Static Var Compensator.

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[12] Prof.Dhiraj Tikar, Prof. Pankaj Ambilduke, Prof. Priya Patil, 2018. Literature Review on

Improvement of Voltage Stability by using Static Var Compensator. IJEDR 2018,

Volume 6, Issue 4, ISSN: 2321-9939

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