6/21/22, 9:48 PM Stress Reduction Theory | SageGlass

STRESS REDUCTION THEORY: WHY LOOKING AT

NATURE IS BENEFICIAL TO OUR MENTAL AND
PHYSICAL HEALTH
ELOÏSE SOK-PAUPARDIN

MAR. 8, 2019

If you are a regular reader of our blog, a skilled practitioner of human-centered architecture, a nature lover or a
philanthropist, you are probably already familiar with the concept of biophilia (if you aren’t, I strongly recommend
reading our previous post on the topic). Recently, I set myself the challenge of going a little further to explain the
mechanisms behind nature’s effect on health and well-being. Recently, I told you about attention restoration theory,
which is centered on the impact of natural environments on cognitive performance. In this post, we will look at another
theory which concerns nature's effect on a scourge of everyday life with which we are all familiar: stress.

The city: a source of constant stimulation and risks to our mental health

Today, more than 50% of the global population lives in cities, and this figure is forecast to rise to over 70% by 2050. Yet
numerous studies have revealed that cities are associated with increased risks of mental health issues in comparison to
rural areas, including an almost 40% greater risk of depression, double the risk of schizophrenia, and a greater risk of
anxiety, stress and isolation1.

Why is this? One reason is that we are rarely in a state of physical and psychological ‘rest’ in cities. On the contrary, we
are usually in constant motion and continually stimulated by lots of different information and signals: sound, crowds,
traffic, smells, lights, etc. When this is combined with pollution, commuting, potential crime, etc., the stress factors are
manifold, leading to a growing number of chronic stress situations with a considerable impact on our health and well-
being.

Today, 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental health issues2, costing the global economy $2.5
trillion3, to the extent that they are considered one of the fundamental public health challenges we face this century. 

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Global map of population affected by mental health issues in 2016 (source: ourworldindata.org)

Our places of work: a source of stress and mental health issues

Mental health issues also affect a large proportion of employees in their workplace, specifically one in five workers,
according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Stress is one of the main issues identified and is known to be linked
to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immunological and neurological diseases and disorders4. Today, issues such as an
overly heavy workload, pressure from management, conflict with colleagues, uncertainty regarding the future of your
role and a loud and uncomfortable working environment are all recognized sources of stress. The consequence: higher
absentee rates and a significant decline in productivity. The economic impact on businesses is huge: losses of up to
£15 billion every year in the U.K.5, and £79 billion in the U.S.6

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Mental health issues at work in the media

The physiology of stress: a brief guide

Before looking at potential responses to the challenges laid out above, it may be of interest to understand more about
what happens from a physiological perspective when we are faced with a stressful situation.

Stress can be defined as our body's response to a situation perceived as challenging or threatening to our well-being.
This response is directly linked to our autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is responsible for controlling functions
said to be involuntary or visceral, such as heart and breathing rate, digestion, urination, pupillary response, etc. When
we are in a stressful situation, our brain reacts and our body enters ‘fight or flight’ mode (via the sympathetic nervous
system, SNS), accelerating the heart rate and production of sweat, slowing down the digestive system, activating the
secretion of hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, etc. Once past this stressful situation, our body returns to a
balanced state (known as ‘rest and digest’, via the parasympathetic nervous system, PNS), slowing the heart rate,
dilating the blood vessels and re-activating digestion, etc7.

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Our autonomic nervous system controls our response to stress

(source: Jerath et al, A unified 3D default space consciousness model combining neurological and physiological processes that underlie conscious
experience)

When the history of mankind first began, this type of response was seen in situations of danger or real threat, such as
facing a predator. However, today, and particularly in an urban context, such dangerous situations are no longer the only
sources of stress. Our body reacts in the same way to all kinds of stimuli and other sources of stress, such as those
described above, thus leading to a chronic state of stress. And the consequences for our health are unfortunately much
more serious than if we were faced with short-term, intermittent situations of intense stress.

Nature: A source of positive emotions and stress reduction

Most fortunately for us, certain environments can help us limit our exposure to stress and the associated mental and
physical health risks: specifically, those found in nature. 

In 1991, the researcher R. Ulrich developed Stress Reduction Theory (SRT), based on numerous studies, notably those
carried out in hospital settings, to explain our emotional and physiological reactions in the presence of natural
elements8. This theory states that looking at scenery containing natural elements like greenery or water creates
positive emotions and feelings like interest, pleasure, and calm, and has a restorative effect, easing our state of
alert following a stressful situation. Our response is then improved rapidly and spontaneously9.

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A theory confirmed by numerous studies

Belief in the restorative and therapeutic effect of nature in alleviating the harmful effects of the city goes back many
centuries. For instance, as far back as in ancient Rome, people already noted that contact with nature could be
beneficial in dealing with noise and urban congestion10. More recently, Ulrich’s theory has been supported by many
empirical studies conducted on people in hospitals11, prisons12, residential communities13, offices14 and even schools15.
The results demonstrated the beneficial effect of visual exposure to nature in the very short term on reducing blood
pressure, heart rate, cortisol levels, sweating of the hands, muscle tension, etc., which are all markers of an
improvement in our parasympathetic nervous system activity. Positive psychological effects on mood, anxiety levels and
feelings of comfort and relaxation were also measured and observed. 

Effect of exposure to nature on blood pressure (Source: Physiological Effects of Forest Recreation in a Young Conifer Forest in Hinokage Town, Japan,
Park and al. )

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Effects closely linked to our evolution

The benefits of nature described above may be explained in the evolution of human kind, making Ulrich’s stress
reduction theory what is also known as a ‘psycho-evolutionary’ theory.

For the majority of its existence, mankind lived outdoors. We moved into cities and inside buildings just a few centuries
ago. As our bodies were unable to adapt to this new environment in such a short space of time, we are said to have
maintained our inherent affinity towards nature (known as Biophilia ), as well as a predisposition to respond positively to
‘savannah’-type natural environments, including components that likely favored our ancestors’ survival:  water, uniform
grassy ground cover, indicating potential sources of food, canopy trees, caves and rocks offering places of refuge and
vantage points when faced by dangers and potential predators, and a certain visual depth and complexity7,16. As this
type of environment contributed to the well-being and survival of early man, looking at them is said to inspire feelings of
pleasure and calm in modern man, helping us block out negative emotions and distract ourselves from sources of
everyday stress.

Savannah-type landscapes create positive and relaxing emotions due to our evolution

Conclusion: Prevent stress and mental health issues with views of nature from indoor spaces

In conclusion, it is now recognized, based on scientific proof, that living and working near green spaces, with views of
water and plant life, may significantly help reduce stress and improve our quality of life and health.

And if your home or office isn't right in the middle of Yosemite National Park or beneath the Iguazu waterfalls, you
shouldn’t lose heart! If you live or work in a city, there are already tangible benefits to being around ponds, rivers, trees
and plants, whether in parks, squares, gardens or paths, or even built into the roofs or façades of building17. And here’s
the good news: as mentioned in the previous post on nature’s benefits for our attention span, inclusion of greenery and
biodiversity is on the rise in new building and development planning, for environmental and public health-related
reasons.

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Inclusion of greenery and biodiversity is on the rise in new building and development planning

Over the past few decades, we have thus seen so-called ‘therapeutic’ gardens springing up in healthcare
establishments (particularly in the United States), with the aim of reducing anxiety, symptoms of depression and the
need for pain relief, as well as improving patients’ quality of life and sleep, as seen in previous studies18. These gardens
also enhance the experience and well-being of visitors and care staff, who can also enjoy looking at or walking in them.
Residential properties with a view of nature are generally in high demand and cost more19 This is also true in the
hospitality industry, where hotel rooms with a sea view, for instance, are the most expensive20. In office buildings,
biophilic design has also become a key trend: maximizing views of outdoor green spaces from workstations, including
atria and indoor gardens, plant walls, are all strategies used to promote employee well-being, satisfaction and
productivity21.

In all these instances, large windows are key to giving occupants a pleasant and continuous visual connection to
nature from indoors (where, it must be noted, we spend 90% of our time), thus facilitating recovery from stress. At the
same time, they also let in natural light, which, in regulating our biological clock, also has a therapeutic benefit. At the
same time, it's important to control this light, in order to avoid glare and uncomfortable temperatures.

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Vast views through the windows allow a continual connection, facilitating recovery from stress

That being said, you should spend a little time outside walking and enjoying the fresh air, both of which are also
essential for maintaining your health. And if all that wasn't enough, you can sign up to the National Geographic channel
to continue contemplating nature during your downtime.

Eloïse Sok-Paupardin is Concept Creator in the SageGlass Europe & Middle-East Team. She holds a Double-Degree in the Engineering field from
Ecole Centrale (France) and Tsinghua University (China). Her main interests include sustainable architecture, daylighting and occupant’s comfort. Her
motto: “Passion is our best strength!”.

1 Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, Kluge U, Galea S, Heinz A: Cities and mental health. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017; 114: 121 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121

2 Investing in Mental Health, World Health Organization

3 S. Trautman et al, The economic costs of mental disorders. Do our societies react appropriately to the burden of mental disorders?

4 K. Nilsson, M. Sangster, C. Gallis, T. Hartig, S. de Vries, K. Seeland, et al. (Eds.), Forest, trees and human health, Springer Science +Business Media
(2011), pp. 1-19

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5 At a tipping point? Workplace mental health and wellbeing, March 2017, Deloitte

6 U.S. Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health, 1999

7 Magdalena M.H.E. van den Berg et al, Autonomic Nervous System Responses to Viewing Green and Built Settings: Differentiating Between
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activity, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(12), 15860-15874;

8 R.S. Ulrich, R.F. Simons, B.D. Losito, E. Fiorito, M.A. Miles, M. Zelson Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments Journal of
Environmental Psychology, 11 (1991), pp. 201-230

9 9 R.S. Ulrich, Aesthetic and affective response to natural environments, In I. Altman & J. Wohlwill (Eds.), Human Behavior and Environment, Vo1.6:
Behavior and Natural Environment, New York: Plenum, 85-1 25

10 Wolf, K.L., S. Krueger, and M.A. Rozance. 2014 Stress, Wellness & Physiology - A Literature Review. In: Green Cities: Good Health
(www.greenhealth.washington.edu). College of the Environment, University of Washington.

11 R.S. Ulrich, View through a window may influence recovery from surgery, Science, 224 (1984), pp. 420-421

12 E.O. Moore (1982) A prison environment’s effect on health care service demands. Journal of Environmental Systems, 11, 17-34

13 Ward Thompson C, Roe J, Aspinall P, Mitchell R, Clow A, Miller D (2012) More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: evidence
from salivary cortisol patterns. Landsc Urban Plan 105:221–229

14 W.S. Shin, The influence of forest view through a window on job satisfaction and job stress, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2007; 22:
248253

15 Ulrich, R.S. 1979 Visual landscapes and psychological well-being. Landscape Res. 0.44-23

16 Orians GH, Heerwagen JH (1992) Evolved responses to landscapes. In Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J eds. The adapted mind: evolutionary
psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 555 -579

17 Stigsdotter, Ulrika. (2019). Urban Green Spaces: promoting health through city planning

18 C.C. Marcus, Healing Gardens in Hospitals, Volume I, Issue I: Design and Health, January, 2007.

19 R. Kaplan, The Nature of the View from Home: Psychological Benefits, Environment and Behavior, 2001.

20 Human Spaces 2.0: Biophilic Design in Hospitality

21 K. Gilchrist et al. Workplace settings and wellbeing: Greenspace use and views contribute to employee wellbeing at peri-urban business sites /
Landscape and Urban Planning 138 (2015) 32–40

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