INTERNAT ONAL rso

S'IANDAR 5667 -11

Second edition
2009-04-1 5

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Water quality Sampling - l
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Part 1 1: t
Guidance on s mpling of wate t-

Qualitd de l'eau
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Partie 11: Lignes pour l'6chantillonnag,e des eaux N
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Refdrence number
ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

@ tso 2009
ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED MENT

@ lso 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and without permission in writing from either ISO at the addresis below or
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Published in Switzerland

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 ISO 6667::11i2009(E)

Contents Page

Foreword.,.

2 Normative references I
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3 Terms and definitions.......... lrJ
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4 Samplingstrategyandprogrammedesign.....,,,,,...,.. ....''.'.'....."........., 4 l
4.1 General...,..
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4.2 Selectionofsarnpling pointlocation........".,,,.,......... o
4"3 Groundwaterparameterselection rrrrrrr..rr"rr.rr.rr.rrrr
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4"4 Sampling frequency.. F
5 'fypes of monitoring installation and sampling o
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5.1 General...,.. rrrrrrrr
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5.2 Unsaturatedzone monitoring.,...,,..,
5.3 Saturatedzone..."....... 11 l
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6 Sampling procedures 15 z
6.1 Purging
'Irial pits
15
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6.2 J
6.3 Sampling of free-phase contaminants (DNAPLS and
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6.4 lMaterialsforsamplingequipment.,........,..".,.,
6.5 Frevention of contamination ,....".... """20 q
7 Safety precautions.....,.........
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8 Sample identification and records...,., ,...,,.,,.,, i,.,..,. ........ 22
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9 Quality assurance/quality control U)

Annex l\ (informative) GaIculation of sampling frequency z

Annex El (informative) Example of a report Sampling fronr
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Bibliography,.....,.......... t
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ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for ) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(lSO member bodies), The work of International Standards is normallv carried out throuoh ISO
technical committees. Each member body in a subject for which a technical committee lras been
established has the right to be represented that committee. lnternational organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with lSO, take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (l ) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
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lnternational Standards are drafted in with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part2. tl
The main task of teohnical committees is prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adoptecl by the technical committees are ated to the mernber bodies for voting. Publication as an f
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International Standard requires approval by least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. t
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Attention is drawn to the possibility that e of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent o
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for any or all sr"rch patent rights.
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ISO 5667-11 was prepared by T Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 6, l
Sampling (general mpthods). N
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This second edition oancels and replaces first edition (lSO 5667-11:1993) and ISO 5667-18:2001, which I
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have been technically revised.
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ISO 5667 consists of the following parts, u r the general title Water quality Sampling:
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Part 1: Guidance on the design of programmes and sampling tech niques tF
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Part 3: Guidancd on the preservation handling of water samples
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Paft 4: Guidance on sampling from natural and man-made
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Part 5: Guidancd on sampling of water from treatment works and piped distribuflon sysfems
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Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers sfreams t
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Paft 7: Guidance on sampling of water steam in boiler plants
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Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of deposition uJ

Paft 9: Guidance on sampling from waters =

Paft 10: Guidanqe on sampling of was waters

Part 11: Guidanqe on sampling of

Part 12: Guidance on sampling of sediments

Part 13: Guidance on sampling of from sewage and rtater treatment wofks

Part 14: Guidance on quality environmental water sampling and haindling

Part 15: Guidanqe on preservation and of sludge ancl sedimenf samples

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 t$o 5667-11:2009(E)

Part 16: Guidance 6:p biotestinQ of samp/es

Paft 17: Guidance 6lp sampling of suspended sediments

Paft 19: Guidance dp sampling of marine sedimenfs

Part 20: Guidance qn the use of sampling data for making Compliance with thresholds and
cla ssificdtion sysleds
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Part 21: Guidance qn sampling of drinking water dis by tankers or means other than distribution
p,pes

Part 22: Guidance dn design and installation of points

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Part 23: Determination of significant pollutants in surtace using passlve sampling
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This part of ISO 5667 shpuld be read in conjunction with other in particular ISO 5667-1 and ISO 5667-3. l
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ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

lntroduction
This part of ISO 5667 is a revision of both ISO 5667-11:1993, Guidance on samplingl of groundwafers and
ISO 5667-1 8:2001, Guidance on sampling groundwater at contaminafed slfes.

The guidance in this part of ISO 5667 can used in parallel with other guidance on water quality sampling
and/or investigation of contaminated or ally contaminated sites, as any groundwater sampling from
such sites is likely to form part of a much investigation programme.
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Development of a groundwater sa programme depends on the purpoges of the investigation. TJJ
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A definition of the puqpose of groundwater s mpling is an essential prerequisite for identifying the principles to f
be applied to a particUlar sampling problem.
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The principles set out in this part of ISO can be used to satisfy the following more detailed objectives: t
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a) to determine the suitability of groundwa as a source of drinking water or industriarl/agricultural water;

b) to identify, at ah early stage, nation of aquifers caused by potentially hazardous surface or t

sub-surface activities (e.9. the o tion of waste disposal sites, land contamination. industrial l
developments, mineral exploitation, practices, changes in land use) and its potential to impact N
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on surface waters and other potential in the vicinity of the site; z
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c) to t>stablish whefher migration of con inants is occurring in order to assess the impact on groundwater C)
quality and to calibrate and validate sui groundwater quality models; tr
d) to develop an qnderstanding of gr< quality and flow variations, inqluding those caused by q
deliberate actio4s (e.9. variations in ndwater pumping regimes, groundwater recharge caused by E.
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effluent, surface clean-up activities from contaminated sites), in order to aclhieve optimal resource a
management, provide data for u risk assessment and to enable enforcement of oollution- I

control law: t
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e) to assist in the selection of measures and remediation process design, and monitor the z
performance and effectiveness of measures or facility design;
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0 to demonstrate qompliance with ions, or collect evidence for regulatory purposes; t
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g) to identify and characterise discrete water bodies. z
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Examples of situations where this guidance be used include:
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general surveys pf groundwater quality chemical and microbiological assessment; =

investigation of present or former indu sites with a history of potentially contbrninatory activities;

groundwater invdstigation and monitori of waste disposal (landfill) sites;

investigation of sites where natural a artificial processes have led to potential land and groundwater
contamination:

investigation of sites where products been soilled or released as a result of accidents or other
unforeseen eveqts, e.g. transportation ts.

The guidance contaihed in this part of 5667 covers selection of sampling poidts, selection of sampling
installations and devibes, groundwater par selection and sampling frequency.

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 tso 5667 1:2009(E)

Prescriptive guidance qn methods and applications is not . Therefore, this gu provides

information on the m{st commonly applied, and availabl techniques and lists their
disadvantages and linritaitions of use where these are known. W considering design of sam strategies,
the properties of the gror)ndwater (aquifer) system, monitoring design, contaminarlt source( ), pathways
for migration and the receptors need to be considered.

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INTERNATIONAL SiT DARD ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

Water quality'.l- Sampling

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Part 1 1:
Guidance on sampling of g

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1 Scope tf
groundwaters. lt informs the user of the f
sampling to survey ttte quality of (,
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and to assist in groundwetter resource
does not apply to sampling rr,'lated to the t-
potable purposes. The guidarrcer includes
sampling of groundwiltel'from both the saturated (below water table) zone and the unsaturaterX (above the t
water table) zone.
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2 Normatlverel'erences I
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The following referenced documents are indispensable for 1 application of this document, For dated uJ
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated refe the latest edition of thti referenced
document (including arny amendments) applies. q
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ISO 772" Hydrometry
- Vocabulary and s,ymbols a I
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ISO 5662-1:2006, Wate4 quality Sampling Pad 1: on the design of sampling progrrammes and tU)
sampling techniques
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ISO5662-3, Water qua,lity- Sampling-- Part3: Guidance the preseruation and handling of water
samples o
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ISO 5662-14, Water quqlity
- Sampling '- Paft 14: Guidance quality assurance qf environrnental water o
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sampling and handling
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ISO 6107-2, Water quality Vocabulary Part 2
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions in ISO 6107-2, ISO 772 and tht; following
apply,

3.1
piezometer
device consisting of a tube or pipe with a porous element or pe section (surror"rpded by a filter) on the
lower part (piezomebr !ip), which is installed and sealed into ground at an appropriate leyel within the
saturated zone for the purposes of water level measurem hydraulic pressure measurefnent and/or
groundwater sampling;

NOTE Adapted from ISO 6107-2:2006.

O ISO 2009 - All rights reserved

ISO 5667-'11:2009(E)

32
nested piepometers
bundled pigzometer ihstallation

group of pidzometers installed to different

NOTE 1 In general, each piezometer should within the

aquifer, Piezometer tipq are isolated from each by installing a permanent impermeatrle sbal between them.

NOTE 2 ,Adapted from ISO 6107-2:2006.

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multiple bq'reholes
group of individual boreholes or installed to different depths separately but in close proximity, to a
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form a monitoring nelwork adequate for the of an investigation t
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NOTE ,frdapted from lso 6107-2:2006.
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3.4 t
multi-level sampler
single lation for sampling groundwater discrete depths or depth intervals within the sub-surface
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NOTE 1 The device can be installed directlv the ground or into a pre-existing, or pur$os,e-drilled, borehole. When t
installed into a borehole, integral packers (or sealing dervices) are used to isolate the ihdi'vidual horizons within the
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groundwatef system thEt are to be sampled. N
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NOTE 2 ,frdaoted frcjm ISO 6107-2:2006.

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3.5 J
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aquifer
geological Water-beaiing formation (bed or ) of permeable rock, or unconsolidated material (e.9. sand
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and gravrelg) capable of yielding significant ties of water
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NOTE 4rdapted from ISO 6'197-3'1993t+1.
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3.6
consolidatbd aquifer
aquifer comprising materialwhich is com due to cementation or comoression z
3.7 o
saturated *one t
part of an aquifer in which the pore spaces
(,
the formation are completely filled with warter
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3.8
unsaturaterd zone =
part of an arluifer in Which the pore spaces the formation are not totallv filled with v'vatr-"r

ISO 6107-21:2006]

3.9
groundwater
water in the saturated zone and/or u zone of an underground geological formation or artificial
deposit suqlr as made ground, e.g. fill

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 ISO 5667'.11:2009(E)

extent, located within the unsaturated

isolated above by a discontinuous poorly

receptor
is vulnerable to the adverse effect(s) of a

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soecified vertical sections within boreholes
thin the borehole or aquifer (,
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NOTE Adapted frotn lfo 6107-2:2006. t-
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3.13
ffield capacity
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maximum amount of vva{er that a soil or rock can retain after g tionalwater has drained away' l
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NOTE Adapted frorn l$O 6107-2:2006 z
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3.14 ()
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dense non-aqueous phase liquids TU
DNAPLS
organic compounds thrat have very low water solubility and a y greater than that of water IL
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EXAMPLE Chlorinatqd hydrocarbons such as trichloroethane. U)
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NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 6107-2:2006. t
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NOTE 2 When present in sufficient quantities, DNAPLs form a phase from the water.
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3.15
light non-aqueous plhape liquids o
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LNAPLS (,
organic compounds thrat hav,e very low water solubility and a less than that of water z
EXAMPLE Petroleuf products.
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NOTE 1 Adapted from lfo 6107-2:2006.
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NOTE 2 When present in sufficient quantities, LNAPLS form a phase from the water.

3.16
well
borehole
(groundwater sampling) hole sunk into the ground, either by (boring) or digging, to obtain groundwater
or for observation purpoges

NOTE This definition Qiffers from the one given in both ISO 772:- ISO 6707-1:2004t31.

@ ISO 2009 - All rights

ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

3.17
spring
groundwater emerging naturally through the rface of the land

ISO 6107-:l;1993t+J1
3.18
pore water
water that fills the poies or cavities within a y of rock or soil

3.19
casing
tubular retaining structure, which is in a drilled borehole or excavated welll to maintain the borehole
openrng a
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ISO 772:-]
NOTE In the context of groundwater sampl
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of solid aquil'er material into the borehole or t
screen. The structure can be temporary or
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4 Samp,ling strategy and progr me design
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4.1 General uJ
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Groundwabr sampling can be carried out as; a single exercise, as part of a larger site or environmental
investigation, or as part of a _J
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should be taken that clearlv defines the
the various stages of the investigation. q
access, infrastructure, and the distance bet tr
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It should be noted that, normally,
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level of contamination in the subsurface in situations where an unsaturated zone bf considerable thickrress ta
exists. The potential consequence of rring the unsaturated zone is that thb unsaturated zone and
groundwater system could become ex ely contaminated before any tangibl$ evidence of leakago' or
contamination is evident in samples col from below the water table.
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4.2 o
Selection of sampling point t
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4.2.1 General
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The location of monitoring installations, t
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investigating groundwater quality should ta account of:
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a) the hyclrogeological setting of the inves

b) the pasit and futqre use(s) of the site;

c) the purpose of the exercise;

d) the anticipated Qr known groundwater

e) the nature and extent of any likely

4 {iO 2009 -A r ghts reserued

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 ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

All of these factors
the most appropriate er
examining all available
agencies and other
i nvestigation strategy
be considered during the preliminary
effective sampling strategy to be i
t ion held by site owners (or their
holders. Table '1 providers an
for sampling groundwater.
s of the monitoring programrne b enable
This informatiqn can be obtained by
), local, regional and national regulatory
of the steps involved in planning an

When using existing itoring points to obtain and gain to groundwater, it is nqcessary to determine
borehole constructronal ils and characteristics to define which strata the sample is being obtained.
When new boreholes being constructed specifically for , the design of the borehole (er.g, the open
area and length) and nnethod of construction need to r chosen, not only to meet the sampling
requirement, but also to nim ise contamination or d isturbance the aquifer.

4.2.2 Surveillance of ndwater qua[ity for potable

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When m,onitoring the quality of groundwater for potable sr use, boreholes, wells and springs that are t_
sampled should be rno1ritored for those parameters that relevant to the use of the water. Where
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appropriate, national raw wal,er sampling and monitoring req should be referred to for more detailed f
advice. When selectinlg $ampling points for water supply sun , it is recommended that sonte boreholes o
ine the effect of tfne abstraction on the t
r flow, the variation in thickness of the t^
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and rate of contaminant migration, lrJ
minated area(s). Mopitoring points outside
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adient and down gra$ient of tlhe sites with o
of sample points should be positioned down J
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Where analysis indicates thert complex geology underlies the si or that contaminants with a broad range of
physical and chemical proprerties are likely to be present, it the number of monitoring proints to
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adequatelly characterise the contaminant distribution in three imensions. In addition to investigating the J
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lateral variation causerd py heterogeneity, the sampling strateg should also be desigrted to inv'estigate any tU)

as localised recharge to the sulcsurface can

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ter flow and contaminant transportation in a
ient. Dense non-aqueous phase liquids o
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rate to that of grouhdwater b,ecause their (,
(density effects). Their migration is also z
affected by the geological structure of the low permeability layer erlying the saturated aquifer.
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Light non-aqueous liquids (LNAPLs) also have different hemical properties to those of water. Their LU

migration and arer affected by the geological chemical interactions within the unsaturated
zone and zone of water ler fluctuation, as well as partitioning tween aqueous and gaseous phases. =
Where sampling is aint at providing an early warning of the of contaminants on receptors, monitoring
ooints sfrould be loca between the contaminant source (and lume) and the potential receptors as well as
within the zone of conta nation. For example, at landfill sites, points should be establiished around
the outside of, but close , the landfill at appropriate depths.

Sample points within l,hQ zone of contamination and outside up and down hydraulic gradierrt) should be
installed to measure Derj'ornrance and effectiveness of remet , for demonstrating compliance to licence
conditiorrs and to determine the quality of groundwater flowing the area of investigation.

O ISO 2009 - All rights reservdd 5

rso 5667-11:2009(E)

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 1 :2ooe(E)
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4.2.4 Diffuse contarniltation of groundwater

When designing monitoqing networks to identify extensiye
existing sampling points in l,he form of large capacity p4
provide integrated saim$les from a large volume of the
low-intensity pollution tfie r"rse of this type of borehole can
analytical detection linrit: in these cases, smaller capacit/ pum
the aquifer which is mqst sensitive to pollution is that
unsaturated zonesi At leEst one of the sampling borehole
pollution of aquifers, the use of
boreholes is recommended, as they can
. However. in some cases of localised or
the contamination to levels below the
boreholes are recommended The part of
the boundary betwegn the setturated and
therefore have a screen near to the surface
pleted and screened over different depth
throughout the area of irrterest. lt is
ical and larid-use conditions and

@
|'rl
tl
the investigation and/pr the fonner, current, f
and/or contaminants; will be the o
, could be inadeqqate for providing the t
ical and hydrogeological conditions. For t-
example, where organic contaminants are susceptible to pegrt tion, the list of analytes should also include o
r
the degriadation productd, wttich in some cases can also $e ha . An example of !his is the degradation tz"
of trichloroethylene (TCE), a DNAPL. One of its potential deg products is vinyl chloride, a relatively
soluble and highly yolatilp orl;anic compound (VOC). l
N
IU
Consideration should quality and its variatirrn, Elevated z
.'d as a result of naturial sources of
I
O
J
uJ

(L
tF
the required informatiion within the tolerable U)
example, if the investigation isi designed to J
I

exercise can be adeouate. In this case, t

frequency should be based on the prevailing hydrogeolo$ica
the study and the conlia4inants present.
Where monitoring is reqlired to provide early warning, wllere
assessrtent of remedial meilsures, in general, a recommend
nstituents (e,9, major ions) and monfihly
issolved lyases). More sophisticated fnetl
xarnple is provided in Annex A. This ei<am
ologiqal conditions hvdraulic gradieft, I
effects of dispersion -- to er;timate a -sampling frequency. Wh
other processes, the siarhplirrg frequencies will need to be adjus
a
the effects of temporal variation. Where the
on groundwater resogrces considelred, the z
environmental conditions, the objectives of
t
are compliance issues or for performance o
inimum sampling frequency is quarterly for z
those that are more mobile and reactive J
@
for determining sampling frequencies are U)
LU
adapted from Reference [12], considers the
aulic conductivity, effQctive porosity and the
contaminants are subject to retardation or
=
to take these into account as appropriate.

For quality surveillan,ce of ;lotable supplies including mineral
activity), the temporal variation in quality at a single point is the
monthly or even less freguerrt sampling will normally be adequ
the suitability of grounrdvtatel as a source of drinking water. Mo
(or any other use-related monitoring
ost important factor. For most determinands,
when the purpose of samplingt is to assess
frequent sampling ovqr a longer time period,
in situations where g;oundwak,'r is used for

O ISO 2009 - All rights resrarydd

ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

Where enviironmental conditions indicate

example in karst groundwater systems, m
exact frequency shorild be determined by
of short-term influencing factors include
disturbance caused by ground engineering
climate can influence the rate of infiltration
can also lead to the qelease (or re-release)
source closer to the groundwater.

Continuous monitoring of pH, temperature and electrical conduotivity (EC) a useful means of
identifying the need to increase or tlle sampling frequency for inands that are to be
characterised by sar4pling. lf continuous torin$ indicates that the rate of is increasing, the
sampling f;requency should be increased any Qeterminands of interest. y, if the rate of change
decrear;es, or stops, ithe sampling can be reduced. a
uJ
t
In cases wl"rere there has been a rahge in quality of any continuously monitored determinand, it
e chahge l
is advisable,to consider also extending the of determinands to be routinelV andlys;ed, as a precaution,
l
C'
Continuous monitoring is also a useful of identifying the most appropliate tirne to sample pumped t
observation boreholes which are being ".d to obtain representative samples of aquifer water. Where t-
significant v'ariations are recorded [i.e. t10 , in terms of concentration (mass per vplume)within the pumped o
dischargel, this probably indicates local ;ient oonditions within the borehole itsqlf during the early stages
of pumping, and sarlples should not be rcted until the monibring suggests thaf an equilibrium has been
t
reached, lf no significant quality variations , the sample can be collected aftgr 1.he borehole has been :)
completely purged, N
|.U
z
I
O
Types of mopitoring insta
-J
LU

5.1 General o_

Installationsi suitable for oroundwater m

tF
portable sampling dqvices or burial of q
the saturaterd zone (below the water table) &.
installations below the water table can be a
can measure free-phgse LNAPLs, soil gas,
z
ln order to achieve representative needs to bQ capable of withdrawing
samples whose composition reflects the composition pf the groundwater under E.
study.
c,
z
5.2 Unsaturated zone monitoring =
U)
a
TU
5.2.1 lntroduction
=
Sampling techniqueS that are used for of groundwater from the unsrrturdted zone can b,e divided
into two types:

a) solid sampling followed by extraction (pore fluids);

b) unsaturated pore-fluid sampling.

I l{iO 2009 -,All rights reserved

 ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

5.2.2 Extraction from politl samples

5.2.2.1 General

The extraction of pore liiOs trom solid samples is the most wid y used method for sarppling groundwater in
the unsaturated zone. Qolleption of solid samples as part of method can also allow useful geological
information to be obtzrinbd. 'fhere are two broad categories of sampling methods: [snd-6perated and
power-operated. Tabl,e 2 inclicates a range of suitable te that can be used for extracting solid
samples for pore fluid collection. Furtherr guidance is given in 19391-2tol.

destructive form of sampling that, although

location. lt therefore precludes taking
a
tu
tl
F2
),- A range of methods suitable soil and rock samplitfg
f
Drilling fluid/flush a (,
t
Maximum 6 m Depends on depth of
(but generally to 4 pit and soil/rock type
t-
o
25 mm to 75 mm t
l
N
lU
50 mm to 100 mm
I
=
O
-J
LU
75 mm to 300 mm
q
t
F
Cable tool a I
J
(e.9. shell and auger 80mto90m 150 mnr to 300 mm tU)
drilling or light
percussion drilling)
z
Rotary
Direct and reverse {ll types of geological >100 m Yes
-Air, water, 100 mnr to 200 mm o
rotary with flush mud, foam, etc. t
o
100 mm to 150 mm
z
Sonic types of geological >100 m No
- uses high
frequency vibration
J
C)
U)
to fluidise cuttings lrJ
a Drilling fluids are recluirid to lift drill cuttings, support the borehole wh
techniques where drilling fluidb are required can adverrsely affect sample quality
=

5.2.2.2 Hand-operatgd samplers

plers consist of a variable length rod with a

or vibrated into the ground to obtain
chamber (open at top and bottom) directly

piston samplers, a central piston inside the

The piston is then withdrawn trc expose the

O ISO 2009 - All rights reserved

ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

5.2.2.3 Fower-operatedsampling rigs

Standard drilling techniques can be used

tool and rotary units should not be used
cuttings, support the borehole during d
water, mud, foam and air. However, the
under high pressure, can potentially im on the quality of the samples bei4g collected or introduce
extraneous contamination. The use of air
VOCs and other sensitive chemicals, La
sampled to minimise the problems of

Solid and hollow stem augers can be used
from the cuttings retqrned to the surface
problems o1' cross-contamination and sam
removed from within the auger column ar
undisturbed sample. Continuous-sampling
improved sample recAvery,
Pore waters are then extracted from the recovered solid material by either c$ntrifuging or mechanical
squeezing as soon as possible after
with ISO 5667-3 before analysis.
r sampling. For solid stem auger methops, samples are collected
the rotary action of the auger flights. This, how
mixing. For hollow stem nnethods, a cdntral rod a
tlJ
replaced with a thin-wallu'd samplelr foi collecti tf
be samplers can also be used withrhollpw stem
frrl
t
The groundwater extract should be pr,eserved in accordance l"

5.2.3 Pore-liquid sampling

tz^
l
N
5.2.3.1 Cieneral uJ
z
:E
Two types of methop can be used to pore liquid directlv frorn the suLrsurface: percolate soil water O
samplers and vacuurn soil water samplers. h have advantagers over solid sampling (see 5.2.2) in allowing
uJ
sequential sampling from fixed locations in unsaturated zone to determine trends. The choice of sampler
depends on the objectives of the moni Advantages and disarJvantages of both types are shown in
o_
Table 3.
t
a
j
lable3-Adv disadvantages of pore liquid
tU)

Vacuum sannplers o Canbei up to a depth of 15 m e Exces:i preFsLrre will damage samplers z

withouli chdck-valves
. Relatively to install o Porous; cup can become clogged t
and/or adsorb chemical constituents l.n

o Minimal disturbance required o Redox'pH ohanges can alter chemistry

z
a
U)
. Multilevel o Vacuutn/prbssures required to extract UJ

sampler caq affect VOC sampling

Percolate soil water seimplers
=
o Enables of flow through o Difficult to ihstall. Not always possible
as well as interstitial water in contpmiqated soils
. Larger volumes possible o Installertion can alter natural flow
o Less for volatilisation of o Less cr:ntrol over sample collection

. No need continuous vacuum . Pan type s{mplers will only function

when field Qapacity is exceeded
r The use of a wick to draw water into
the sarnplef cern lead to
chromtltogrlaphic effects that can lead
to colle,ctioitr ol' chemically
unreprr-'sentative groundwater samples

10 Itio 2009 - All rights reserved


5.2.3.2 Vacuum samplers (lysimetens)
These samplers, installetl in the ground, use a vacuum ( at the surface) to draw porewiater into the
modifications include incqrporating a sampling device above the
The choice of material qrsed in the porous part of the sampli
suitable tbr all chemical parameters. For erxample for pesttcit
and trace metals, porous plastic and for othrer inorganics, such
5.2.3.3 Percolate soiI water samplers
These samplers, which include pan and wick types, rely on
matrix water and water flbwing along preferential pathways (e.9.
of the sanrplers requires excilvation of a trench and tunnel and
tunnel to intercept soil vyater. The sampler is constructed of a
have a wick incoroorated to draw water (w'hich is utrder tensio
downward movement.
5.3 Saturated zone
5.3.1 General
While existing wells can provide background information,
pumped supply, and provide evidence that contamination of
adequate for
groundwater quality
results in a more polluted la1,sp 11 groundwater at the top of the
more dense than water tenrl to accumulate above a less
aquifer. Sampling methQds therefore need to be capable of
groundwater quality.
not be installed.
The design of monitori49 installations is also dependent on
Careful consideration shpuld be given to the materials used in
that these do not corntanrinate or otherrwise affect the
monitoring points. For ful"ther information orr monitoring point
O ISO 2009 - All rights reserv
ISO 5667-11:2009(E)
of a sampling tube that is installeld into a
lation depth, but a number of rnodifications
which the samplers can be used. These
cup similar to thEt described in 5.3.2.4.
device is imoortant. Not all ntaterials are
porous glass is recommende<|, for metals
nitrate and sulfate, high purity ceramic,
@
y and/or capillary adtion to intercept both ul
res) in the unsaturated zoner, Installation tf
installation of the saftpler in thre roof of the
itable non-porous inert material which can f
into the sampler as Well as intercepting its (,
t
t^
o
tz^
f
N
IU
can be used for Eroundwater sampling
supply boreholes, wells, and observation
zI
groundwater where the water table is O
J
be sampled. tu
ly characterise the grpundwaterr quality of a o_
has occurred, they are unlikely to be tF
ination. lt is likely, therefore, thrat additional U)
I
site investigation, Vertical stratification in J
tion. For example, diffuse pollt.ttion usually tU)
rated aquifer, whereas pollutants that are
layer at depth, or at the base of the z
ting vertical as well as lateral variations in
o
t
of groundwater flow in that it should take o
lar), the direction of the flow and the z
J
flows up or down the borerhole column U)
U)
tu
in this clause are generally applicable. =
, well sampling facilities should lbe combined
ndwater is presen!, the techniques used
chosen with care. To minimise the potential
fully penetrating screened boreholes should
nature of the groupdwater investigation.
construction of monitoring points to ensure
nples being collected. Wherer free-phase
properties of these contaminants and their
lso be considered during construction of
yn and installation see ISO 566',7-22lzl.
11
ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

5.3.2 Typres of sarhpling equipment

5.3.2.1 General

Traditionally, two corpmon sampling metho{s are employed, namely pumped sam$ling and depth sampling.
Both have liheir uses and limitations, whiclj need to be carefully considered when identifying the scope for
their use.

A wide range of sampling devices is avz

including portable devices which can be re
ior dedicated sampli4g. The most common
suitability for samplirlg different chemical 1

cnly and those methods indicated as suita

environments, The User should consider
a
uJ
necessary to use more than one type of sa t
l
l/n
Table 4 A guide to the suitability 'sampling methods for different grouirdwater parameters
- t
Sannpling ilevice Grourrdwater param terS 11
- l/ suitable, (/) = limited suitability, = nqt generally suitablel
-
o
.E
U)
c
tz
a 'i:
o o
@
s) a g) G
j
ut -
U)

.9 c)
o
c) o 6 N
uJ
uJ
E
l<
X
o o
E
o o
c)
\J -o
G-O NY'
x:
'6 z
o
'6. o z= a E ; I
t .9 O E O
o F F
Y J
z 5 Lrl

Depth s;ampler bailer (open) ( q

- tF
Discrete depth sampler
- bailer
(closed) or sihut-in-sa4pler a
Inertial pump ,4 E.
a
Bladder punrp { z
Gas-drive pump n
GasJift pump o
E.
Submersibler impeller pump a (/) (/) (/) (/) ({) ({\ (./\ o
z
Suction (surface) pump f
U)
NOTE This table ip provided as a general gui ; only. The selection of an appropriate devirle dQOends on the objectives of the U)
study, the pe,rformance hnd properties of the devic and the environmental conditions. Under r)ertain conditions, a combination of Lrl
sampling devices should be considered and some de, ces might not tre appropriate for all parameters.
a =
Where a flow+egulated submersible impeller pur p is used and operated at flow rates of less tl ran tWo thirds of maximum oressure
head (flow rate), then thiq sampling device may be su lble for all parameters.

Pumped sarmples from production borehc DU bn comprise a mixture of

water entering the open or screened leng 1S. This sampling rnethod is,
therefore, only recommended where grou rW here a composite vertical
sample of iapproximately average compol be the case when sampling
water abstracted from a borehole for pote de pending on the well-head
construction, the water sample should be r etc i where the water reaches
the surfacer if down-hole sampling is n npl b instability prcrblems or
geochemicill changes,

12 ISO 2009 - All rights reserved

The most effective methdds of taking samples from an aquifer
are to sample specific aquifer horizons usinrg specially con
sample from sealed sections of boreholes, ln the former,
samples from a series of observation boreh,oles in relatively
enable samples to be drewn from a different depth range of
from a sealed section of a brorehole by mr;ans of a packer-
obtaining a discrete sami:le ,cf water within a specific depth
method irs only recommgnderd for use in r;onsolidated aqu
completed with a screen and gravel pack.
in ich groundwater quality variers with depth
observation boreholes or, alterrnatively, to
5
pumping equipment oan be usied to pump
proximity, each complbted and screened to
aquifer. ln the latter, pamples iare pumped
r assembly, thereby providing a means of
of the aquifer (see 4.2.4). This sampling
it is not appropriate for use in boreholes

5.3.2.2 Depth samplQrs

Depth samplers are desi[ned to sample groundwater at a spec depth within the bolehole or piezometer.
They are available in a nUmber of forms and are also commonly as "grab samplers", "spot samplers" or
a
]U
"bailers". tl
The simplest device is a bottle or other sample container that is down the borehole to below the water
surface. fhe sample coritainer is allowed to fill and is then rawn from the borehqle. This rnethod only =
o
allows samples of grou$dwater from the uppermost part of saturated zone to be collect,ed with any t
reliability, lt should only be ui;ed in exceptional circurnstances sampling groundwater. Carr: should also be F^
taken to avoid dislodging any material from the wall of the to avoid sample contgmination. o
t
An alternative device is qne that consists ol a tube (or cylinder) with a check-valve at the lower end. 1
l
This device is lowered down the borehole to the required dep and then withdrawn with l,he r;ample. The N
action of lowering and raising operates the check-valve (open in traveland closed in upward travel) ul
allowing improved verrtical resolution. z
ds to improve sample integrity. Instead of a -O
, vacuum or by mechanical messenger. J
the device. Sampler size sfrould be chosen tU
the borehole water. These sampling devices
q
tF
sing of a borehole, since the lvater cannot a
and, under static conditions, can have )t I

a
, depth sampling can only be of limited z
value because natural or induced vertical flows within the cle can make the origin of the samples
uncertain. Depth samplirig is only suitable if the origins of the les (in terms of thg depths of water inflow o
the depths of water inflow to the borehole t
hole logs of temperaiture, conductivity and o
z
J
a
U)
depth samples are to be taken, it is uJ
ling, lt is not recommended to use an air-lift
t changes in the chemical elquilibrium of the =
ruill also lead to volatilisation of any organic

a non-return valve at the lower end. The

tube is lowered down the borehole to the required depth then operated by successively lifting and
lowering the tube over a short distance (belween 0,3 m and 0,5 ). The movement can be ac;hieved manually
or by a nrechanical lifting device. The valve should always stay least 500 mm under water to prevent mixing
of water and air. In wells with sufficient water, the lowest level the valve should be above the screened part
of the wr-.|1, This will prejvent unnecessary movement of water i the screened part of the well tvith resulting
higher turbidity. In boreh0les or wells with a diameter greater 100 mm, rigid pipe may be ne,eded instead
of rigid tubing to operate the pump.

O ISO 2009 - All rights 13

ISO 566i7-11:2009(E)

During the lowering part of the "liftlower"
the tube, Tlhe water is then lifted upwards
lift the waterr upward to the surface, The
length of lift and the fength of the s
maximurn depth from which a sample can
groundwaterr from a maximum of 60 m.
the non-return valve is opened and this allows water to enter
rinq the lifl,inq stage of the cycle. {iucdessive cycles ocntinue to
ume of liquid lifted depends on the diaineter of the sampler, the
part of the tube. Although there is ho tlheoretical limitation on the
iaken, practical limitations effectively r{strict this method to lifting

Inertial purnps are very simple in design

or are used with single use polyethylene
upwards, so can be qsed to purge and sam

5.3.2.4 l]ladder pumps

A bladder pump comprises a sample that has a check valve at its base (inlet), another check valve at U)
UJ
the outlet and ia gas-inflatable bladder i The pump is lowered to the reciuirt)d depth, and the bladder t
successively inflated and deflated using rressed gas. The action of inflatir2n qnd deflation successively l
fills the sampler and lifts the sample s the ground surface through a delivery hose. The cycle is
l
continued until sufficient sample volume (or w rate) is obtained, The pumps are available in a range of sizes o
and can be used for gampling piezometers th diameters as low as 18 mm. x.
t-
5.3.2.5 Gas drive pumps o
r
t
The gas drive prump is a variation of the 1
f
described in 5.i).2.6. Gas drive pumps dod
N
tube ext<;nds (irrside the sampler) to a poi close to the lower end of the samplir afrd the gas inlet point is at Lrl
the top. Sequential pressurisation and ve z
surface iand then the samoler re-filled. The I
gas usecl should ideally be inert, e.g. (oxygen "free").
lll
A disadvantager of tfnis method is that the ume and pressure of the drive gals is difficult to determine and
often causers gias to be mixed with the e. This may adversely affect the ciualify of sample and reduces o_

the reliability of this Sampling method. tF

U)
I
This typt-' of pump is well suited to from narrow diameter monitoringl points with very deep water J
levels.
"i' tU)
5,3.2.6 Gas lift pumps z
o
t
(,
z
J
U)
U)
uJ
erosol (which can be ha;farOous);
=

type of pump can be splcifipd to lift water from great

 ISO 5667-'11:2009(E)

5.3.2.8 Surface pumPs

These pumps are positiened at the surface and are generally ft pumps. There are threc'main types
available: surface impeller pumps, vacuum pumps and low me positive displacement (peristaltic)
pumps.

A vacuum pump is operatedi by applying a vacuum to a bottle (or sample bottles connected in-line)
which is in turn connect$d tc, the sample delivery tube in the e or well. Water can be lifted in this way
from a maximum of 6 m to rB m below the ground s;urface. vacuum can cause significant rJegassing of
VOCs and other chemicdl alterations of samples. This method mpling is therefore npt recommended.

Sur-face impeller pumps operate in a similar way to their : equivalents. However, they are generally
not manufactured of materials that are suffictently inert and in to be operated they often require "priming".
There is therefore the poitentialfor sample contamination and so this method of sampling is not retcommended. a
uJ
tl
Low flow/volume positive displacement (peristaltic) pumps apply a short lasting vacuum directly to the sample
delivery tubing runninE down tnto a monitoring borehole, eter or well, Priming iq not neerJed as these
l
(,
is only applicable during initial rising of the water in the sample pelivery tubing. Greatei lifts are possible with t
peristaltic pumps but the lift s;hould be limited to 6 rn to prevent tfle risk of significant deQassing. t-
O
r
5.3.2.9 Other methods t
1
Alternative methods fof sampling are available which use (nodified versions of techniquers previously l
described and additional equipment. An example, which faciliteites point sampling, is the use of packers to
N
uJ
isolate a zone(s) withrin an ,cpen borehole. One approach is to use two packers to isolafe a section of the z
borehole and then use one oI the prevrously
of tne previously descnDeo methodq to extract samples. W,here there is concern
described mel T
()
and belirw those isolating the sample ,zone can be
occur, additional packers above and
that cross-flow could oicur,
installed. Independent, s,imultaneous pumping from these zonQs at l.he time of sampling can minimise any uJ
cross-flow.
o-
Another exarnple is thre design of multi-level samplers. Some instruments to be lowered down a central tF
tube to extract sealed samp|:s from discrete depths. a I

t
a
6 Sampling procddures
z
6.1 Purging
o
t
6.1.1
a a a A^-^-^l
General o
z
J
One of the most importdnt aspects of sampling is to collect representative material. Water within a monitoring @
U)
ul

Purging should therelforp inrmediately precede any sa

from the installation. This is achieved by pumping a s
volume will be deperrdent on the design of the monit
column. The water lev'el should therefore always be me

Purging should be carriQd out at a flow rate less than th

o lso 2009 - All rishts t"tttlo

tso 5667-'11: 2ooe(E)

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16 O ISO 2009 - All rights reserveo

 li'',I'arru,,,
i
1

2
3

U)
uJ
tl
:)
o
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F^
o
tz-
a) Short scrQen sampling point Long screen sam[ling point
l
Key
N
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1 aquifer z
2 water level
I
O
3 sealing material(s)
]U
4 gravel/sand filter
5 filter screen (L
6 zone to be purged tF
7 piezometer/samplingtdbe a I
J
ds diameter of the borehole
tU)
Z, length of zone from whlch the sample is drawn
z
NOTE Purge volumre , tr, = 36tild?L .

o
t
Figure 1
- PurginE of discrete horizon sampling devices, {.g. piezometers and rhultiJevel samplers o
z
J
IFor point oqrrryreor
vl yvlllt micr!-purging
samples, llllvlv Pvlvrrrv vrdis,crete depth sampter fnoutC be used. To ensure that purging has
or qa a
a
been effective, it is recQmmended that monitoring of :hemical parameters is carried qut durinel the purging lU
operatiorr. The parametelrs that can be meetsured include:
=
a) EC;

b) PH;

c) temperature;

d) redox potential (Eh)f

e) dissolved oxygen (DO);

f) turbidity; and

g) contaminant specifiQ parameters.

As a minimum, EC shoufd be measured.

o lso 200e - All rishts t"r"tlo

ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

When purging, it is rgcommended that the pump intake be located at a depth of 1 rn to 2 m below the lowest
level of groundwater fluctuation in the monitoring point where the ,open section of thg monitoring point extends
above the water table. Where the open section is constantly below the water table] it should be located at a
position 1 rn to 2 m below the top of the open section. An exception to this might be where the borehole is
monitoring ia confined aquifer at depth, but the water level (or piezometric surface) is close to the ground level.
ln this case,, for practical reasons, the pump intake should be located at 1 m to 2 m below the lowest level of
water level fluctuation.

The implicartions of qurging, within the framework of the overall investigation, should be considered carefully.
The impacts of purging should be considered alongside the benefits in improved sample integrity. For
investigation of a potentially contaminated gite, where the contaminants are located at discrete lor:ations or
free-phase contamingnts (LNAPLs and DNAPLs) are present, the impact of purging can be to redistribute or
spread the contaminants. This can lead to erroneous results and/or exacerbation of problems. Where this is
the case, micro-purging (see 6.1.2)should be considere;d and/or samples of pre-purge and post-purge water a
collected and analysed during preliminary stages of investigation to enable comparison of sample results to be
made. This information can then be used to optimise the procedures used for subsequent sampling activities.
tl
TIJ

Where LNI\PLs or DNAPLs are present, the thickness(es) of these layers should be measured prior to
sampling. l
o
t
It is important that oonsideration be given to the disposal of thr: purged water as it can be contaminated.
l-
Adequate provision fgr disposal of potentially contaminated water should be made. This can involve arranging o
for its removal to an authorised disposal site. Disposal down Lhe same well or another nearby could be
unacceptable or be Subject to authorisation, tz
j
Where perohed grogndwater boreholes are being sampled, pr"rrging can lead kr a rapid removal of the N
uJ
groundwate,r body dqe to its limited lateral extent and z
used. I
6.1.2 Micro-purging uJ

Where largc'volume purging is impractical, hazardous r r could adversely affect the contaminant distribution in q
the subsurface (e.9. for deep boreholes) micro-purging r:an be adopted as an al{ernative purging strategy tF
(Reference[15]). This method removes only small volumes of vrater from the mohitoring installation at the U)
I
location from which the sample is to be taken. lt is most suited llo open boreholes or piezometers with long J
screen lengths whefe the formation has significant permeability. lt is not direcfly comparable to whole t(/)
borehole purging and should be chosen with care and consideration of the objectiveg,
z
The type of pump or sampler used for micro:purging should be selected with care. Only those devices that are
able to minimise disturbance of the water in the borehole column should be used. lpertial pumps, bailers and o
other grab siamplers are not recommended for micro-purging. t
/n
The purge pump inlet should be located at the horizon from which the sample is to tje collected. The borehole z
J
should then be purged using a low-flow pump to remove the water from the chosen section of borehole and to a
@
induce localised inflow of groundwater. The same pump should subsequently be used for sampling without |.U
removalto reduce the chance of mixing in the borehole.
=
Micro-purging reduce,s the volume of effluent generated and hence makes disposal easier. lt also has the
advantage of reducing turbidity and volatilisation, During micro-purging, parameters such as EC, pH,
temperaturel, turbidi{V and other contaminant'specific determinands should be monitored and purging
continued until the variation in these parameters becomes s;table. Stability id defined as a constant
concentration of a pdrameter, within a defined variance, held over a pre-defined peiiod of time. The selection
of parameterrs should be based on site-specific conditions but as a minimum, EC shduld be measured.

Micro-purging is alsp applicable for identifying stratification (vertical variation in water,quality) within the
borehole. l'his can yield important information about contaminant distribution ahd movement within the
saturated zone which would otherwise be obscured where whole brorehole purging techniques are used.

18 O ISO 2009 - All rights reserved

6.2 Trial pits
Where groundwater ir; iirterpepted during trial pitting, this water can be sampled by lowering a sample
container into the wate,r dr bV collection of vrrater that has issued from the wall of the trial pit. lt should be noted
that the quattty of the samjtle can be afl'ected by the disturbance of the ground caused during trial pit
excavation and by mixing of $roundwater in the base of the pit.

ld only be considered where the objective of the study

bsence of contaminants in the near surfetce. Trial pit
e of contamination at depth and for detailed plume
low-cost screening of a site that will then allow a more
to be implemented, should this bg necessarry.

r, a piezometer can be installed into the ground below @

uld not, however, be installed into a back-filled trial pit |.U
tl
ould be derived from samples oollected from such a

:)
APLs and LNAPLS)
o
t
11
6.3.1 LNAPLS o
oat on the surface of the groundWater and concentrate
t-
nsaturated zone and create dissolved plumes in the l
designed to collect samples frorp these areas. ldeally, N
ut
om just above to below the full distance of water table z
I
()
J
When sampling a monitoririg point for LI\APL contaminants, these should be sampled prior to purging IU
because of the mixing arld disturbance thal, this causes. When measuring the vertical thickness ctf LNAPLS in
a borehole, it should be note;d that the thickness in the borehole can be greater than that in the aquifer as a o_
result of an exaggerartron effect caused by a capillary pressure differential between the borehole and the tF
surrounding formation, U)
I
J
6.3.2 DNAPLS
tr
U)

DNAPLS are more dertsd thein in water and cian move downwards through the unsaturated and saturated zones z
towards the base of the aqujfer. As they migrate downwards, they can be intercepted py horizons with lower
permeability than the s{rrrounding formation, e.g. a clay lens or layer in a sand and gravel iaquifer. This o
interception can lead to tbmprorary or permanent residence or "ponding" of the free-phase contamiinant. tr
(,
The movement of the DNAPL at the base r>f the aquifer is controlled by the topograph! of the underlying low z
permeability material and irl some cases migration of DNAPLs can be in the opposite direction t<l that of a
=
natural groundwater flow. Aclditionally, due to the nature of DNAPLs, dissolved plumes can be produced and a
uJ

ion of the DNAPL "pools" throughout the groundwater

=
suspected, monitoring points should penetrate the full
of DNAPLS, detection of free-phase liquid is difficult
ations.

6.4 Materials for sampling equipment

nce on the choice of materials for sampling equipment
used for collection of the sample and its, subsequent
at the time of collection and thereafter. Where a multi-
ing a suite of samples in containers manufactured of
curs, quality assurance (QA)/quality control procedures
should be implemented to rnaintain sample integrity. Guidance on QA of environmefltal water sampling is
provided in ISO 5667-14i

19
ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

6.5 Prevention of contamination

Extreme carution shOuld be exercised when designing a monitoring strategy to mirlimise the risk of inducing
uncontrollable migration pathways. Investigation programmes should also with care. As part of the
investigation, a number of non-invasive techniques can be employed to arss in p,rogramme design and
development of a conceptual model. These include geophysical techniques an! sQil gas surveys as well as
examination of existing geological, geophysical and hydrogeologicral information.

Other situaltions that cause groundwater contamination can arise and these
planning process. One example is the sampling from trial pits. The by excavation of the
trial pit can lead to the mixing of waters and/or the mobilisation of ,contaminants 3)

6.5.1 Contaminatibn introduced by installation of monitoring points and sampling

a
UJ
In general, concerns over contamination arise from the sampling procedure. are a number of ways in
in orevious clauses. One
t:)
which the samples can become contaminated, some of which ha,,re been
area of concern is the use of sampling equipment. ldeally each monitoring llation should have dedicated
sampling equipment so that there can be no cross-contaminal,ion. However, it ib often not practically or l
(,
economically viable to do this. In this case, the equipment should be de-co ted after each samole has tr
been taken and befo1e being transferred to the next monitoring point, on ther contaminants present,
l-
appropriate cleaning agents (which themselves do not cause contamirration), be used. In some cases,
replacement of parts of the sampling equipment is unavoidable, e,g. plastic r
, where satisfactory cleaning
cannot be c;arried out. tz
j
Quality control procedures should be established to co N
The sampling programme should be designed to start ut
z
to the most contaminated last. Further guidance I
requirements for the collection of field and other blank
J
LrJ
6.5.2 Preservatio4, stabilisation and transport of s
o_
Groundwatr-.r samples are often taken at sites rem
groundwaterr samples are stored and handled before a
tF
U)
be representative of conditions at the time of sampli I

ISO 5667-1, ISO 5667-3 and ISO 5667-14, but account tU)J
The most riignificant problem in groundwater samplin
quality in the sub-surface. Problems can arise becaus z
samples ?f0 reffioVed from the aquifer. Groundwater might be supersaturaterl with rlsglect to dir;solved gases
and most groundwater sampling methods result in the o
which can alter such variables as pH, EC, electrochemi
tr
tn
(particularly,oxygen and carbon dioxide). ln turn, these z
Atmospheric contact can bring about similar changes a fa
activity, precipitation, volatilisation and changes in a a
important that the sample delivery tubes should not contain any air (or gas) bulbblEs during sampling. When ut
sampling groundwater, it is important that as many determination:; as is practical are c,arried out on-site, or as
soon as possible after sample collection. This is particularly important for Lemperature, pH, electrochemical =
potential, EiC, alkalility and dissolved gases (especially oxygerr). A continuous n'te€rsurement technique is
preferred and is best carried out using flow{hrough cell systems that prevent corttacf between the sample and
the atmosphere. When filling, hold sample bottles vertical and insert thei sample delivery tube so that it does not
touch the sample. Rpise the tube during filling so that it remains not more than 10 mm above the water level.
Cap samples immediately after filling. lf contact with air needs to be avoided anrl prgserrvatives have not been
added, fill the sample bottle slowly to overflowing, allowing at least two vcilurnes to overflow bel'ore
sealing and checking that no air bubbles are trapped.

On-site filtration of samples is recommended for stabilising sanrples, Where speciation is under
study. ,A wide range of filtration media is available and includes mdmbrane filters, glass fibre
filters and polycarbonate filters. No single medium can be unir,'ersally recom ed, although glass fibre
filters have some advantage over other media of similar pore si:le (e.9. cellu filters), since they become
blocked less frequently, yet provide similar filtration efficienc'y in terms of pafiicle size retention. The

20 @ llSO 2009 - All rights reserved

 ISO 5667-11:2009(l)

recommended pore size for general purpo$e groundwater work is 0,4 pm tcl 0,5 pm, altlhough other pore sizes
might be preferred, depending upon the particular sampling purpose and the determinancl of interesf,
Whatever medium is used for'iiltratic,n, it is recommended that subsequent results (following analysis) be
reported as "filterable" species (quoting the appropriate pore size of the filter) rather than "dissol'ved" species.
It is particularly important that on-site filtration of anaerobic groundwater be carried out under anaerobic
conditions and with no air bLibbles in the sample line.

In all cases, it should be er\sured thert sarnple containers are delivered to the labora{ory in a llightly sealep
cond effects o1l li ive heat. lf this is not done, sample qualitv can change
rapid , chemical the metabolism of micro-organipms. lt shoulcl also be
ensu cannot be in a day are stabilised or preserved. Where samples
have ysis, ISO 5 guidance on the required storage conditions.

@
lU
7 Safety precautibnsi t
l
General guidance on dafety matters is g;iven in ISO 5667-1, but the following safety aspects should bg
f
considered when sampling Siroundwatrers. o
t
The activities involved sampling groundwater from (potentially) contaminated land altd the environment are
irp 11
potentially hazardous. lt is irhportant that all national and local health and safety regulations be addressed and o
F
only appropriately trained and qualified persons design and carry out monitoring programnnes. A risk assessment
should be performed prior to unrlertakirrg the work and remedial actions should be taken to minimis;e risks. Risks
t-
z^
arising from the following so!rces should be considereld: l
N
UJ
z
r
(J
-J
LrJ

(L
tF
U)
I
J
tr
boreholes should always be regarded with som,e U)
e, especially around old wellsi Staging and ladders
t a proper safety harness be worn wlhen entering z
wells, l\t least two persons shoulrd be present during any sampling operatign: one pe,rson should
allways remain at the surfeice in a position to surnrnon assistance if hazardous gonditions develop or if o
t
there is any risk to the pe{son undertaking the sampling operation in the well'
o
.g. within a well, borehole, lvell head or basement)
z
r oxygen deficiency and the presence of
f
a
U)
ases and vapours that could tre present' lt LrJ
res in unconfined spaces rllhen severe
=

unsafe conditions exist. ll; samples have to be wi

will be nequired which mibnt need 1to be agreed u on by the statutory agency responsiblre for local or
national health and safetf matters (e.g. during the use of breathing apparatus or when sannpling in

re subject to heavy contamination, it is important

ng the sources of the contqmination, in order to
n situations where it is essential for investigatf,o4s
tion, operations should be conducted to windward,
hould be strictly prohibited within the area of
dical checks on investigdtors immerdiately after
operationalwork, and periodically at suitable intervals thereafter.

All rights reserved 21

O ISO 2009 -
ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

p Sample identification and records

An identificaftion systdm that provides an unambiguous method for sample tracking should be adopted, lt is
Bssential thert a clear and unambiguous labelling system be used for samples to enahle effective management
of samples, accurate presentation of results, and interpretation, Guidance on samplq identification and record
procedures is contained in this part of ISO 5667. In addition, other relevant informAtion should be recorded
bnd reporterl so that any repeat sampling can be carried out and any variability in results examined. This
informal.ion rshould inqlude details of the sampling site, its nature, construction, any other environmental data
llhich are relevant, and information for the analyst, e.g. whether there are kngwn or suspected toxic
pubstances iln the sannple(s).

ilhe details given on Eny combination of sample labels and reports depends on the objectives of the particular
Sampling exercise, bUt should include all the information necessary to enable a repQtition of sampling to take
place under identical ponditions. Matters which could be considered for inclusion are: a
uJ
E.
a) name and location of the sampling point; l
l
p) date and time of samprle collection; o
t
c) nature of aquifer and water bearing strata; l-1
o
p) type of sampling point (e.9. borehole, well or spring); tz^
e) any relervant descriptive information (e.9. welldimensions); l
N
TIJ

f) pumping status and depth of pump suction and/or discharge; z

I
O
g) water levelwithin the well or borehole;
uJ
h) method of sample collection;
o-
i) depth of sampling; tF
a I

j) sample appearance at the time of collection (e.9. colour, clarity and odour); _J
tU)
k) results of on-site analysis (e.g. pH, dissolved oxygen);
z
l) details of any sapple preservation techniques employed;
o
t
m) details of any onrsite filtration used (e.9. filter pore size);
C)
z
n) details of any sarnple storage method employed/required;
a
=
a
b) name (<lr initials) of the sample collector; uJ

p) information on known/suspected contaminants. =

Annex B prorvides an bxarnple of a report that could be used in situations where allthis sampling information is
collected.

22 @ ISO 2009 - All rights reserved

 ISO 5667-11:2009(E)

I Qualityassurance,/qualitycontrol
In a site investigation context, achieving quality requires the following:

a) a clear statement of objectives;

b) clear assignment of responsibilities;

c) procurement of appropriate expertise;

d) development of technical specification including data quality objectives;

e) methods for monitoiing and improving quality of operations;

@
uJ
f) good communicatiQn. t
:)
ISO 5667-14 describes A variety of techniques for monitoring the quality of all types of vtater samples. l
o
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F
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@ ISO 2009 - All rights reserved

fSO 5667-11:2009(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Calculation of sampling frequency using noimogram

fln example of how an appropriate sampling frequency can be determined using pievailing hydrogeological
properties (including hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity arnd effective poro5ity) is presented here.
ielevant hy<lrogeolo$ical parameters have been used to develop a nornogram, vr/hicltr has been adapted from
fl,eference l12lto inclUde the effects of dispersion, for rapid estimation of an appropliate sampling frequency.
Dispersion has the effect of distributing the contaminant both along the flow path an$ perpendicular to it. The a
modification applied leads to a 10 o/o increase in sample frequency. uJ
tr
l
a
(E f
E o
t
v,
11
E :
v t
z
E j
E
1ob / N
t!
z
Y I
O

103
il
(L
t
F
1o-8 a I

ta
-t

1o-10 z
o
tr
Kev o
I
pivot line z
D distance, in metres, along the flowpath a
=
a
I frequency of samplihg, expressed as once per period of r days
hydraulic gradient, ih metres per metre
tU

=
Figure A,1 Nomogram for calculating sampling freqqency
-
EXAMPLE

pnconsolidated sands and gravels underlie the site. This formaticln has an average hydraulic conductivity of 1 x 10 3 m/s
jlnd an effective porosity' of 0,20. The average hydraulic gradient across the site is sea:;onzllly qonstant at 0,000 1.

oring point 10 m from the kno,wn source of pollution.

,

oints are marked on eaclh otitne Verticat axes. A straight line

of the pivot [ine. The strerigh{ lind through each pair of points
ine the sampling frequency,i a further straight line is drawn
ivhich this line crosses the sqmpling frequency, f, axis is the
iecommended minimum frequency. In this case the minimum frequency is 416 days.

24 @ ISO 2009 - All riohts reserved

 11:2009(E)

Annex B
(informative)

Exaniple of a report Sampling from groundqrfters

-

rirrtilti."rt'trrrr

i
U)
IU
tl
l
Date: (,
day month year t
F
i
P
tz
.,,,.,,.,...,i,..... j
N
UJ
zI
C)
:
J
uJ

(L

Time: Start .......,......r...........,......, End ............ of sampling

tF
a t
J
ta
z
o
tr
,,,,...,,,,.,i..,... o
z
a
=
a
LrJ

Details of preservation tpchrriques employed: .,,,........,..,.. ,.r.r.i.,.rr....i... =

t, i! t .'.
-i-r.,, ' ' ' ' ' ".'f "..'.'.'..'

Details of sample storaEje method employed/required: .,...,.,,...i.,,...,

Other remarks, e.g. evidence of contamination; ,,,...,,,,.. .,.,,.....,i.,,..,,,

.,..i...,...,,......
..'."..'.."i'.....

O ISO 2009 - All rights reserved 25

fso 5667-11:200e(f;)

Bibliography

ISO 5667-2; 1Q91, Water quatity Sampting Part 2: Guidance on samtrtling,techniquesl)

[tt - -
l2l ISO 5667-22, Water quality Sampling Part 22: Guidance on des,ign and installation of
groundwater qample points - -
t3l ISO 6107-1:2Q04, Water quality Vocabulary Paft
- - 1

ISO 6107-3:1Q93, Water quality Vocabulary Part 3

14l - - U)
LU
ISO 10381-1 , Soil quality Sampling Paft 1: Guidance on the design of sdmpling programmes t
[5] - - :)
[6]
f
/n
17l ISO 10381-3, Soil quality
- Sampling
- Part 3: Guidance on safety t
Fi
ISO 10381-4 , Soil quality Sampling Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural,
[81
near-natural dnd cultivated- sites
-
tz^
tel ISO 10381-5, Soil quality Sampling PartS: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of l
urban and ind'gstrialsrTes
-
wifh regard to -
soil contamination N
uJ

lt ol ISO 10381-6, Soil quality

- Sampling - Part6: Guidanc<> on the collection, handling and storage of I=
soil under aefiobic conditions for the assessmenf of microbiological processgs, biomass and diversity
in the laboratqry tr
ISO 15175:2004, SorT quality Characterization of soil relefted to groundwate,r protection o_
[1tt - tF
112l BARcELoNA, M,J., GIBB, J,P., HELFRIcH, J.A., GARSKE, E.E. Practical guide for ground-water sampling. q
USEPA, Washington, DC, 1985. (Report No. EPA/60012-851104; NTIS PB86-137304)
E
a
t13l Boul-DtNG, J.R., BnncrLoNA, M.J. Geochemical sampling of subsurfacr: splids and ground water.
In: Slfe chara\terization for subsurface remediation, pp.123-154. USEPA, Washington, DC, '1991. z
(Report No. EPA/625 I 4-91 | 026)
o
t14l CDM FEDERATI PRocRAMS CoRP. Data quality objectives for remedialresponse activities: Development tr
process. USEPA, Washington, DC, 1987. (Report No. EPA/540/G-87/003) o
z
t15l R.W., BARcELoNA, M.J. Low-flow (minimal drawdown) ground-tuater sampling procedures.
PULS, a
=
a
USEPA, Waqhington, DC, 1996. 12 p. (Report No, EPA/540/S-95/504). AVailable (2008-09-22) at: tU

1) Superseded by ISO 5667-1:2006.

26 O ISO 2009 - All rights reserved

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13,060.10; 13.060.45
based on 26 pages

ISO 2009 - All rights reserved