2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

Power quality improvement using DSTATCOM

Tanam Karthik
School of electrical engineering
Vellore institute of technology
Vellore, Tamil nadu-632014, India.
tanam.karthik2018@vitstudent.ac.in
Mummadi Prathyusha
School of electrical engineering
Vellore institute of technology
Vellore, Tamil nadu-632014, India.
mummadi.prathyusha2018@vitstudent.
ac.in
R Thirumalaivasan
School of electrical engineering
Vellore institute of technology
Vellore, Tamil nadu-632014, India.
thirumalai.r@vit.ac.in

M Janaki
School of electrical engineering
Vellore institute of technology
Vellore, Tamil nadu-632014, India.
janaki.m@vit.ac.in

Abstract— This paper presents a combination of voltage
source converter and capacitor banks which is called as Static
Compensator (STATCOM), voltage source converter (VSC)
based diversion connected Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) devices which improves the dynamic and static voltage
control in transmission in addition with distribution system. It
is a reactive power return device which can produce and absorb
the reactive power. The power quality has ongoing to play an
important role in electronic and electrical industries. A system
concerning the power quality measurement are voltage flicker
and harmonics. Normally DSTATCOM is connected in
distribution system. In some application DSTATCOM is used
instead of capacitor banks because it is having low power losses.
The IGBT is used as a power switch which has low switching
loss and the turn off is very simple. In this paper THD is
evaluated, disturbances obtained in the voltage and current
waveforms are reduced by means of DSTATCOM. The
distribution system with DSTATCOM and the control scheme
used for power quality enhancement is simulated and validated
by means of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Keywords— Voltage source converter, DSTATCOM, SPWM,
Distribution system, Power quality, THD
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric power generation and transmission is the
multipart technique wherein many apparatuses of strength
system are used to take full advantage of the output.
Nowadays global strength is playing a vital function. So, it's
far taken into consideration as a chief component for
agriculture, railways, education, manufacturing and soon,
for development of our financial system. The power which
enables to drive active strength is known as reactive power
[1]. In transmission system’ powers plays a major role i.e.
‘real power’ and ‘reactive power’. If any problem takes place
in either transmission line or distribution line like sag, swell,
skin impact, temperature effect, harmonics, flicker, noise
etc. then at that point ‘power loss’ might be extra. To wer the
electricity loss, DSTATCOM may be related inside the
distribution system it'll be mitigated the electricity
satisfactory issues [2]-[5]. DSTATCOM is a ‘static voltage
compensator’ this is generally utilized in distribution line,
connected in parallel. In this paper, it's far used for supply
feeding with one give up i.e. handiest one client e.g. industry
in which it will likely be the usage of one tapping, as a result
very large amount of current might be there so, power loss
could be very high. Some of the faults may additionally arise
to reduce these to introduce STATCOM in transmission
device [6]. DSTATCOM can have more number of
components while as compared to STATCOM. The
fundamental objective of the undertaking is to satisfy the
distribution masses in a device in which it can’t change the
producing station for that the distribution load aspect
DSTATCOM is brought. In this paper, the primary purpose
is to place the DSTATCOM with a “distribution system”,
due to the fact it's far a lossless gadget. The ‘power quality’
holds issues along with “voltage flicker, sag, and in addition
to harmonic ordinary and high-frequency clatter”. Power
electronic devices alternate voltage and modern-day
waveforms in an electricity network, influencing electricity
offerings and purchaser system. ‘Harmonic voltages’ motive
a lack of ‘exactness in measuring gadgets and the damaged
operation of relays and manipulate systems.
“Electromagnetic noise”, as a result of the noise of the high-
frequency electromagnetic waves (Harmonics) launched
from strength-digital circuits, distresses ‘electronic devices’
used in business and enterprise’ and often encourages
interfering voltage in “communication strains.
To mitigate the harmonics and high frequency losses in a
distribution machine D-STATCOM is used [7]-[8].
STATCOM plays a main character in a distribution system
whilst a power first-class trouble is occurred. If the supply is
balanced then only the deliver will pass through the track,
when the supply is unbalanced at that time only reactive
power might be injected through the machine that is known
as VAR compensation. In this assignment DSTATCOM is
connected in distribution system to compensate the strength
satisfactory problems [10].
I. POWER QUALITY
‘Power quality’ generally refers to eminence of voltage
supply [9]. To an application it means supply of adequate and
reliable power. To a consumer, it means adequate,
uninterrupted power which does no longer have an effect on
the equipment. For a manufacturer it resources the quality and
tolerance of voltage and current parameters that is written, the
range of parameters for which they are artificial and tested
the product [10].
A. Why power quality is important:
It is important because
• Client pays for good ‘quality power’. If power
quality is corrupted that means it is a breach of trust.

978-1-5386-8190-9/19/$31.00 © 2019 IEEE 1

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)
• Meager quality damages consumers’ equipment’s
and affects equipment life.
• Bad eminence power such as flicker etc. causes
irrigation and health threats.
• Poor voltage and high current with harmonics cause
heating and high losses.
• Reliability of energy delivered is affected due to
relay operation, frequent faults and equipment
botches.
B. How does poor power quality affect the economy:
• In a state of high harmonics generated through the
load or power electronic devices, the rotating
machines each on generation facet and client side
get over heated and their life is affected [11].
Shutdown because of the system failure or deliver
failure charges huge money.
• Bad power supply impacts system industry like
‘rolling mills’, ‘fabric mills’, ‘paper mills’ etc.
manufacturing loss due to interruptions could be
very high.
• Systems are generally designed to withstand over
voltages and harmonics with certain positive limit.
If they must be considered for frequent unusual
conditions, their cost increases. This upturns the
project costs and affects scheme viability.
• Meager power quality rises losses, generators must
supply more power, to supply these losses. An
intensification in thermal generation affects
environment by liberating greenhouse gases [10].
• Non-availability in power since of interruption
forces, general public to use diesel or kerosene
which is far additional expensive.
C. Advantages of power quality monitoring:
• ‘Guarantees power system reliability.
• Detect the source of ‘disturbance’.
• Benefits in the anticipation and prediction
Maintenance.
• Calculation of conventional electrical supply and
disorders are impacting.
• Reduction of ‘energy costs and avoid hazards’.
D. Power system troubles:
The trouble is a passing deviation from the steady state wave
form produced by faults of ‘brief duration’ or unexpected
‘change in load’. Some of the power system troubles are
• Voltage dips (sag)
• Interruptions
• Voltage increase (swell)
• Voltage impulses
• Transients
E. Power quality singularities is classified based on
frequency and disturbance:
Disturbances propagate through ‘conduction and radiation’.
 Below 9 to 10khz – low frequency,
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 Above 10khz – high frequency ,
 Electro static discharge – ‘high frequency’.
F. Standards explicitly deal with power quality:
Main is; IEC standards: Sequence of standards dealing
with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) (6100-1-X Series
of standards)
Other standards are IEEE, ANSI, NEMA’.
IEC standards are more common and mostly accepted.
IEEE standards and others are more application oriented.
IEEE 1159 standards is most essential standard among IEEE
standards which deals with short and long duration
disturbance classification. IEEE 519 identifies permissible
voltage and current harmonic bounds.
G. Effects of unbalanced loads on the system:
Unbalanced loads cause phase voltage and phase current
discrepancy. Excessive case of an unbalance is single phase
to ground fault [9]. Phase voltage destabilize is defined as
maximum deviation of average phase voltage by average
phase voltage [11]. Some of the bases of a lesser amount of
power factor are non-linear loads, arcing loads, switching
operation, reactive loads, atmospheric disorder, risky masses
etc.
III. DSTATCOM
The developing of FACTS controller’s discussion the
reactive power to the distribution lines with the aid of phase
shifting techniques. If required, the real power is also
likewise lacking in addition to the reactive power into the
transmission lines with the help of developing FACTS
devices such as ‘DSTATCOM’ and ‘UPFC’. Here the need
of huge size capacitor bank and inductor banks are
condensed, so the working performance will be progressed
[7].
The distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a
diversion related reactive power compensation device that
can produce and/or fascinating reactive power, applying
IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) as consistent high
speed switching component and control concept based on
“pulse-width modulation” [8]. It can produce and fascinating
helplessly controllable real and reactive power at its output
stations when it is fed from a DC energy source (or) energy
loading devices at its input terminals. The typical
DSTATCOM connection is shown in Fig.1.
Fig 1. Typical DSTATCOM connection.
 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)

In this instance, extra active power compensation is t = ‘Time period

crucial because the voltage drop is caused by reactive and θ = Angle by which the ‘current lags voltage’ in phase, at this
active power consumption too. time, we can achieve that the instantaneous reactive power
pulses two times the device frequency and its average charge
A. Basic equations:
is zero and the most instantaneous reactive power is given by:
The differential equations for DSTATCOM are 𝑄 = |𝑉| |𝐼|𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 (10)
= (−𝑅𝑓. 𝐼𝑓𝑎 + 𝑉𝑖𝑎 − 𝑉𝑡𝑎) (1) C. Principle of operation:
= (−𝑅𝑓. 𝐼𝑓𝑏 + 𝑉𝑖𝑏 − 𝑉𝑡𝑏) (2) • A DSTATCOM is a ‘reactive-power’ managed source.
The desired reactive power generation and ‘preoccupation
= (−𝑅𝑓. 𝐼𝑓𝑐 + 𝑉𝑖𝑐 − 𝑉𝑡𝑐) (3) entirely by means of electronic giving out of the voltage
and current waveforms’ in a voltage-source converter is
Where ʋia, ʋib, ʋic are the converter output phase voltages with
respect to neutral and ʋta, ʋtb, ʋtc are the PCC bus phase produced by DSTATCOM.
voltages with respect to neutral. • A single-line DSTATCOM power circuit is shown in
The converter output phase voltages are Fig.2, a VSC is accompanying to a utility bus through
𝑉𝑖𝑎 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐. 𝑈𝑎 (4) magnetic connection to the circuit.
𝑉𝑖𝑏 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐. 𝑈𝑏 (5)
𝑉𝑖𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐. 𝑈𝑐 (6)
Where, Ua, Ub and Uc are ‘switching functions’ generated by
Hysteresis band control method.

B. Reactive Power:
‘Reactive power’ is the power that moves in both the ways
in the circuit or react upon itself. Power, as we distinguish
that it involves of two components, ‘active’ and ‘reactive
power’ [11]. The accumulation of active and reactive power
is called as “apparent power”.
The energy is deposited provisionally in inductive and
capacitive elements in AC circuits, which fallout in the
periodic reversal of the way of flow of energy between the
source and the load. The power which is expended or utilized
in an AC circuit is called real power, and this is the real
energy of the system and is used to do work. This is the Fig: 2 Power circuit of DSTATCOM.
unexploited power which the system must deserve to convey
power. Inductors (reactors) are said to store reactive power, • In Fig. 2, a DSTATCOM looks as a ‘modifiable voltage
because they accumulate energy in the form of a ‘magnetic source’ overdue a reactance which means that capacitor
field’ [10]. Therefore, when a voltage is primarily applied banks and shunt reactors aren’t used for reactive power
through a coil, a magnetic field is built up. This origin the generation and captivation therefore by giving a
current to lag the voltage in phase to it. Capacitors are DSTATCOM a compacted proposal, moreover low noise
supposed to yield reactive power, because they accumulate and ‘low magnetic’ effect [8].
energy in the form of an ‘electro static’ field [11]. Therefore, • The conversation of reactive power between the converter
when current permits over the capacitor, a charge figures up and the AC system can be particular by altering the
to yield voltage variance over a certain period. The capacitor amplitude of the three-phase output voltage, Es, of the
leans towards to oppose this change, so its origins the voltage
converter, as demonstrated in Fig 2 [11].
to lag current in phase. In an inductive circuit, the
• Compared to efficacy bus; if the amplitude of the output
instantaneous power can be written as:
voltage is enlarged then a current movement through the
reactance from the converter to the AC system and a
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡). 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑤𝑡 − 𝜃) (7)
capacitive-reactance power is generated for the AC
system. And when compared to the utility bus if the
. .
𝑃= 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡) amplitude of the output voltage is reduced then a current
(8) flow through the converter and the converter employ
The instantaneous ‘reactive power’ is given by: inductive reactive power.
• If the AC system voltage is equal to output voltage at that
.
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡) (9) point the reactive power exchange will turn out to be
nothing, in such cases DSTATCOM is said to be in a
Where:
inconsistent state-run.
P = ‘instantaneous power
• Amongst the converter output voltage and the output
V max = Peak rate of the ‘voltage waveform
voltage and the AC system voltage if the ‘phase shift’ is
Imax = Peak rate of the current waveform
adjusted then in similar cases we can control real-power
ω = ‘Angular frequency
conversation [8] i.e. The converter necessities real power
= 2πf where f is the frequency of the waveform.

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 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)
to the AC system from its DC energy charging if the
converter yield voltage is made to lead the AC system
voltage.
• DSTATCOM can engage actual power from the ‘AC
system’ used for the DC system if its voltage lags the AC
system voltage. It distributes the reactive power by
fluctuating the immediate reactive power amongst the
phases of the AC system.
• If the converter is functioned to supply the reactive yield
power, in such cases the real power provided that by the
DC source as input to the converter necessity to be zero.
• The voltage source converter (VSC) will have the similar
rated current aptitude when it operates with the
‘capacitive’ and ‘inductive’ reactive current.
• By means of power electronic device other reactive power
is formed in the DSTATCOM of the voltage source
converter [13].
• The VSC operate with the fundamental frequency
switching to reduce converter losses in steady state.
• However, during transient state produced by the fault in
‘pulse width modulation’ (PWM) mode to inhibit the fault
current from incoming the VSC. So, in this way the
DSTATCOM can endure the transients on the AC side
without blocking.
D. Compensation model
DSTATCOM can be indicated as a shunt current source.
By governing the magnitude and the phase angle of the
VSC output voltage, both active and reactive power can be
measured and exchanged between DSTATCOM, the load
and the network, i.e. all 4 VSC quadrants are used.
DSTATCOM approach is shown in Fig 3. C is an inner DC
capacitance. Rs signifies interior converter losses typically
[7], but it is used as the storage governable resistance in this
model. It allows the current ird regulatory.
Fig 3: system diagram of DSTATCOM.
The circuit equation can be written as
𝐿 + 𝑅. 𝐼 = 𝑈𝑡 − 𝑈𝑖 (11)
E. V – I characteristics of DSTATCOM
• The DSTATCOM can resource both ‘capacitive’ and
‘inductive’ recompense.
• The DSTATCOM can yield the whole output of
capacitive technology (Fig.4).
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• It is desirable to funding the system during and after
faults.
• It has an enlarged transient ranking in both capacitive and
the inductive operating regions.
• In the inductor region, the converter switched are
naturally commuted.
• Semiconductor switches of the converters not lossless, so
the energy stored in the dc capacitor is used to encounter
internal losses.
• The converter can keep the capacitor charged, after
DSTATCOM is used as reactive power generation.
• In this way, the converter engages a small amount of real
power to meet its internal losses and keep the capacitor at
anticipated value.
Fig 4: V-I characteristics of DSTATCOM.
IV. PWM TECHNIQUE in DSTATCOM
Pulse width modulation inverters are in the main used for
realistic programs in strength electronics circuits. The PWM
inverters can produce AC voltage of various magnitude and
frequency. The output voltage of PWM inverter is recovering
while associated with a square wave inverter best. Variable
pace AC drives normally use those PWM inverters [6]. A
massive pace distinction of drives can be observed via
fluctuating the frequency of the AC voltage applied on it a
linear courting should be there between carried out voltage
and frequency. For using unmarried segment and three
segment sorts this PWM inverter might be implemented.
“Depending upon the weather of implementations, there
are distinctive types” of PWM strategies gift. However, in
these kinds of techniques, the produced output voltage, after
filtering “acquire a very good great sinusoidal, voltage
waveform having’ chosen essential frequency and
importance” for my part [13]. The PWM inverter are used’ to
interchange the voltage’ and harmonic contents are
condensed output voltage. A number” of the modulation
techniques’ are:
1. Single pulse width modulation technique (SPWM)
2. Multiple uniform pulse width modulation (UPMW)
3. Sinusoidal pulse with modulation (Sin-PWM)
4. Modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
A. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation:
Industries will use this method’ generally. A sinusoidal
reference sign and triangular service wave will be in
 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)
comparison then a generated gating signal might be obtained.
The width’ of every pulse is ‘modified proportionally to the
amplitude of a sine wave evaluated ‘at the middle of the’
identical pulse. It’s far; the popular manage technique in
most, cases utilized in power electronics inverter circuit. It is
having. Many benefits like switching losses, the output has
fewer harmonics and method is simple to enforce.
Fig 5: SPWM simulation model in MATLAB.
Fig.5 and Fig.6 show the generation of SPWM in
MATLAB and waveforms of SPWM respectively..
Fig 6: Generation of sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
V. METHODOLOGY
Fig 7: Block diagram of a DSTATCOM connected to the distribution.
Our main aim in this project is to increase the power
quality by using DSTATCOM. Fig.7 shows the block
diagram of a distribution system with DSTATCOM. Firstly,
if there is a fault occurred in the distribution line then there
will be some faults occurred (like sag, swell, flickering,
harmonics, etc.), because of which the power flowing through
the line becomes unbalanced. If it is unbalanced, then the
power factor is reduced, and the efficiency is also reduced
due to which the ‘power quality’ is also reduced. To
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overcome all these factors DSTATCOM plays a major. Role
in the “distribution line”.
For instance a voltage supply manage at electric arc
furnace: In metallic vegetation the arc furnace performs a
primary function, for “filtering steel” with successive
continuous manner of additional steel processing, in electric
‘arc furnace’ the scrap is transformed to melt in maximum
instances, and due to which it needs greater strength, as for
the electrical ‘arc furnace’ is preferred for its manner even as
the manner is going on at a very ‘excessive temperature’, the
coil around the furnace will need more strength to keep that
temperature to warmth the furnace. The supply voltage; takes
a sinusoidal form, but the traits of arc contemporary has a
chaotic and very adequate distorted time conduct. The
difference. Among the deliver voltage and the arc voltage, are
huge, in which this distinction will have “an effect on the
power circuit”. Due to the fact it's far an inductive impedance
function the burden. Modern is non-sinusoidal and delays the
voltage. The economic networks are furnished from the
distribution gadget of 110kv, wherein the primary power
consumer is electrical arc furnace with the rated power
60MVA. Electric arc furnace; is the most dominant ‘electrical
power’ customer. Therefore, its miles the one which
distresses the power high-quality to all coupled customers is
that location. In addition dimensions had been finished within
the commercial community inside the plant of 33kv which
entails the electrical arc furnace.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Fig 8: Total harmonic distortion when the DSTATCOM is
connected.
Fig 9: Input of SPWM.
 2019 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)
Fig 10: Output of SPWM.
Fig 11: source side when DSTATCOM is not connected.
Fig 12: load side voltage and current waveforms when STATCOM
is not connected.
Fig 13: Distribution line output when DSTATCOM is connected.
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Fig 14: Output current waveform at load end.
Fig 15: Output voltage waveform at load end.
Fig. 8 to Fig.15 show the simulation results of the system
with DSTATCOM using SPWM which reduces the THD
content and meanwhile improves the power quality of the
system.
VII. CONCLUSION
The DSTATCOM with reactive compensation model is
presented and the model is used to simulate of the device
impact on the system. In this paper variations in voltage and
current during performance are decreased. THD analysis is
also done for this result we are going to reduce the distortion
of the output. From the economical point of view, it is
suitable to control flickers which allow having a smaller
energy storage capacity because of technical values
requirement. In this paper the load applied is a non-linear
rectifier load.
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