Bioplastics from Banana Peels and Passion Fruit Peel (Passiflora Edulis)

Felmar B. Mapute,
Bernard Justo buan
Alleah Soriano
Christel Louise Pereira
Sophia Lauren Piad

Review of Related Literature

Bioplastics made from plant or animal biomass are an alternative to synthetic plastics (Maura
Gabriela Alcivar-Gavilanes et al., 2022). Thermoplastic starch was made from banana residues
in this study. The bioplastic is made from banana peels and can be used as a packaging
material or a carrying bag (Jaikishan Chandarana & Chandra, 2021). The bioplastic is made
from banana peels and can be used as a carrying bag or packaging material. Glycerol is used
as a plasticizer to make it more flexible.
Shafqat and colleagues (2021). This research focuses on the production of bioplastics using
renewable waste from natural agricultural sources such as banana peels and a mixture of
banana peel starch, cornstarch, and rice starch. To make the bioplastic samples, a beaker was
filled with the required amount of banana peel paste, 5 ml of aqueous acetic acid (5%) solution,
5 ml/5 g of plasticizer, and the required amount of reinforcement filler, all of which were
thoroughly mixed. Bioplastics from a banana peel, cornstarch and rice starch composite (COM)
were produced using slightly modified methods of Sujuthi and Liew (Sujuthi and Liew, 2016) and
Sultan and Johari (Sultan and Johari, 2017). Solubility of water was observed to decrease upon
adding fillers in both BPP and COM bioplastics.
According to Henao-Daz et al., the following procedure was used to make the passion fruit
bioplastic films (BPM): the paste obtained from the mesocarp was mixed with glycerol at a
concentration of 5%, used as a plasticizer; a portion of the mixture was poured onto smooth
expanded polystyrene plates covered with a non-stick plastic film (film), spreading the mixture
with spatulas to form thin films. The functional groups of the passion fruit bioplastic samples
were determined using a Nicolet Magna Protegé 460 FTIR infrared spectrophotometer in the
absorbance mode, with a resolution of 4 cm1 and 100 scans, using the Fourier Transform
infrared spectroscopy technique.
Kulkarni and Vijayanand (2010) investigated the use of passion fruit peel for pectin extraction.
After juice extraction, passion fruit peel was blanched in boiling water for 5 minutes and
dehydrated at 60 °C in a cross-flow hot air dryer to a moisture content of 4 g/100 g of dried peel.
Following that, the dehydrated peels were packed in 75 mm thick low density polyethylene
bags, sealed in tin containers, and stored at 10 C.
IJARIIT (2019). This article examines the various methods for producing bioplastic from banana
peels and their applications. Making bioplastic from banana peels instead of petroleum-based
plastic is a viable solution that reduces the use of nonrenewable raw materials. The highest
weight loss percentage was 65.1 percent in a bioplastic sample containing 40 percent banana
 peel, while the lowest weight loss percentage was 45.2 percent in a bioplastic sample
containing 5 percent banana peel.

Synthesis
The goal of this research was to create a bioplastic out of food waste and banana peels.
Banana peels can thus be suggested as a suitable hotspot for the production of bioplastics.
Chemical-based materials produce very soft and fragile bioplastic composites, whereas
natural-based materials produce strong and durable composites (Azieyanti et al., 2020).
Agustin and Padmawijaya, (2017) The goal of this study is to see how additives (glycerol and
zinc oxide) affect the antimicrobial activity and biodegradability of bioplastics made from
chitosan and Kepok banana peel starch. The addition of glycerol, which acts as a plasticizer,
increases the biodegradability of bioplastics while lowering their antimicrobial activity.
(Maura Gabriela Alcivar-Gavilanes et al., 2022) bioplastics made from plant or animal biomass
represent an alternative to replace synthetic plastics. In this research, banana residues were
used to obtain thermoplastic starch. The waste generated in this activity contains compounds of
interest such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch, which are useful in the production of
bioplastics. Similar experiences show satisfactory results when using other agroindustrial
residues, such as cocoa pod husk (Lubis et al., 2018) and rice straw (Bilo et al., 2018), as
sustainable fillers in bioplastics. In other related research, it was determined that plasticizers
influence the physical properties of soy-based bioplastics (Tummala et al., 2006), since they
increased the tensile modulus and tensile strength when sorbitol was used instead of glycerol,
and when using a mixture of these intermediate values, the results were similar to those
obtained when the plasticizers were used independently. Bioplastics made from plant or animal
biomass represent an alternative to synthetic plastics. agro-industrial waste, biodegradable
plastic, biofilm, thermoplastic starch (Jaikishan Chandarana & Chandra, 2021). This suggests
that the optimum hydrolysis time is 15 minutes for this sample set. Bioplastic film can sustain a
weight of about 2 kg and has enough tensile strength. The bioplastic is prepared from banana
peels and can be used as packaging material or as a carrying bag. Glycerol is added as a
plasticizer that increases its flexibility. The bioplastic is prepared from banana peels and can be
used as packaging material or as a carrying bag. Bioplastic film can sustain a weight of about 2
kg and has enough tensile strength. The bioplastic is prepared from banana peels and can be
used as packaging material or as a carrying bag. The objective of this study is to produce
biodegradable plastic from banana peels as a substitute for conventional plastic and to prove
that the starch in the banana peel could be used in the production of biodegradable plastic. The
bioplastic is prepared from banana peels and can be used as packaging material or as a
carrying bag. Glycerol is added as a plasticizer that increases its flexibility. The objective of this
study is to produce biodegradable plastic from banana peels as a substitute for conventional
plastic and to prove that the starch in the banana peel could be used in the production of
biodegradable plastic. The objective of this study is to produce biodegradable plastic from
banana peels as a substitute for conventional plastic and to prove that the starch in the banana
peel could be used in the production of biodegradable plastic. Banana peels are removed using
a stainless steel knife and converted into small pieces. Then peels are dipped in sodium
metabisulphite (0.2M) solution for 45 minutes. It is used as an antioxidant and preservative. This
would increase the biodegradation period of plastic. Many techniques are used to step-up the
 use of starch as a For creating bio-degradable materials that can be employed in various
applications (Guimaraes et al., 2010; Yun et al., 2008). This study is centered on the use of
renewable waste from natural agricultural sources like banana peels and a composite of banana
peel starch, cornstarch, and rice starch for the production of bioplastics. Three types of starch
were used: from banana peels, rice, and corn. Reinforcement was done using waste products
as fillers, like potato peel powder and sawdust. In order to synthesize the bioplastic samples,
the required amount of paste of banana peels, 5 ml of aqueous acetic acid (5%) solution, 5 ml/5
g of plasticizer, as well as the required amount of reinforcement filler, were added to a beaker,
and stirred thoroughly. These three ingredients, paste of banana peels (16 ml), cornstarch
solution (20% w/v) (12 ml), and rice starch solution (12 ml), were mixed in a ratio of 40:30:30 to
get a 40-ml foam. ml composite. A total of 12 samples of each of two types of bioplastics were
made using multiple amounts and combinations of the fillers and plasticizers to test the
differences in the physical and chemical characteristics (moisture content, absorption of water,
solubility in water, solubility in alcohol, biodegradation in soil, tensile strength, Young’s modulus,
and FT-IR) of the produced samples due to their different compositions. Bioplastics from a
banana peel, cornstarch and rice starch composite (COM) were produced using slightly
modified methods of Sujuthi and Liew (Sujuthi and Liew, 2016) and Sultan and Johari (Sultan
and Johari, 2017). Absorption of water by the bioplastics was found using a slightly modified
ASTM D570-98 method. Bioplastic samples with glycerol had the highest values of moisture
content, while those with glycerol-sorbitol had values lower than them, and bioplastics with
sorbitol had the lowest value. The values of absorption of water were highest for the control
samples (sample 1) of both the BPP and COM bioplastics. As with moisture content retention
and absorption of water, the solubility of starch-based bioplastics in water was also seen to be
highest in samples with glycerol as a plasticizer and lowest in samples with sorbitol, while the
samples with the glycerolsorbitol combination were in between the two. Solubility of water was
observed to decrease upon adding fillers in both BPP and COM bioplastics. Following the trend
of moisture content, absorption of water and solubility in water of starch-based bioplastics were
also seen to be highest in samples with glycerol as a plasticizer and lowest in samples with
sorbitol, while the samples with the glycerol-sorbitol combination were in between the two.
Henao-Daz et al., (2021) obtaining films from a vegetable biopolymer from the peel (a
by-product) of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) (BPM) and contributing to reducing the
environmental pollution generated by the consumption of petroleum-derived plastics. By acid
hydrolysis at four concentrations of citric acid (0, 1, 2, and 3%), pectin was extracted from
passion fruit peels, making a paste mixture with glycerol. Maracuya, or passion fruit, as P. edulis
is known, is one of the most appreciated exotic fruits in international markets, mainly for its
organoleptic and nutritional properties and the large amount of pectin it contains. Due to its
characteristics, passion fruit is a very versatile fruit, used in the cosmetic industry, confectionery,
non-alcoholic beverages, and particularly in the gastronomic sector (AriasDomnguez et al.,
2019). The passion fruit residues (peels) were supplied by the Department of Meta,
Villavicencio, Colombia and processed at the Meta Agroindustrial Center (SENAHachón). The
elaboration of the passion fruit bioplastic films (BPM) was carried out by the following
procedure: the paste obtained from the mesocarp was mixed with glycerol at a concentration of
5%, used as a plasticizer; a portion of the mixture was poured onto smooth expanded
polystyrene plates covered with a non-stick plastic film (film), spreading the mixture with the help
 of spatulas to form thin films. The determination of the functional groups of the passion fruit
bioplastic samples was carried out using the Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy technique
with a Nicolet Magna Protegé 460 FTIR infrared spectrophotometer in the absorbance mode,
with a resolution of 4 cm1 and 100 scans. The 1 mg samples were mixed with 100 mg of KBr.
The crystallinity of passion fruit mesocarp was determined by X-ray diffraction spectra, powder
method (PXRD), using a Siemens D 5000 Diffractometer equipment, CuKspectrum (1.5418 and
energy of 8.047 keV). Fourier infrared spectroscopy was performed to characterize the
molecular interactions in the passion fruit bioplastic (PMB) film. The microstructure of the
passion fruit bioplastic film is influenced by the inter-spatial organization of its components as
well as the way they have interacted during the drying process. In Kulkarni
& Vijayanand (2010), utilization of passion fruit peel for pectin extraction was studied. Passion
fruit peel obtained after juice extraction was blanched in boiling water for 5 min, and dehydrated
in a cross-flow hot air drier at 60 °C to a moisture content of 4 g/100 g of dried peel.
Subsequently, the dehydrated peels were packed in low density polyethylene bags having a
thickness of 75 mm, sealed in tin containers and stored at 10 C. These dried peels were used
for pectin extraction studies. Extraction conditions: During pectin extraction, pH of extractant
2.0, number of extractions 2, temperature 98.7 C, and extraction time of 60 min were
maintained during pectin extraction. Extraction of pectin from dried peels of passion fruit may be
considered for effective utilization of passion fruit processing waste. The effects of pH, peel to
extractant ratio, and number of extractions, extraction time, and temperature on the yield and
quality characteristics of pectin were investigated. The dried peel to extractant ratios were
maintained at 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:30, and 1:40 (w/v) during extraction. The peel to extractant
ratio for extraction of pectin from dried passion fruit peel was varied from 1:10 to 1:40 (w/v). The
methoxyl content and equivalent weight of pectin extracted with a peel to extractant ratio (1:30,
w/v) were found to be 9.61 g/100 g and 803.4, respectively. The other extraction conditions,
such as peel to extractant ratio, pH of extractant, and extraction temperature were maintained at
1:30 (w/v), 2.0, and 98.7 C, respectively. IJARIIT, (2019). This article reviews the production of
bioplastic from banana peel via various methodologies and its applications. Making bioplastic
from banana peel instead of petroleum-based plastic is an effective solution that leads to a
reduction in the use of non-renewable raw materials. Although the peel contains minerals like
calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and iron, its main component is starch. The
materials which are synthesized using banana peel have the properties of pliability,
user-friendliness, and most importantly, degradation tractability. Nowadays, it is crucial to have a
potential bioplastic material as an alternate to conventional plastics. Poly-hydroxybutyrates
(PHB) are value-added, biocompatible, hydrophobic, biodegradable thermoplastics that can be
synthesized by microbes utilizing the polysaccharides from banana peel and bear similar
mechanical properties to those of polypropylene or polyethylene. A bioplastic sample of 40 wt.%
banana peel demonstrated the highest weight loss percentage of 65.1%, whereas the sample of
5 wt.% banana peel showed the lowest weight loss percentage of 45.2%. The studies revealed
that the chemical-based bioplastics have a higher tensile strength of 228KPa. But when Young's
modulus was calculated, natural-based bioplastics have a higher elasticity of 1.88MPa. 10%
banana peel concentration showed a higher resistance of 35.147N/mm. Therefore, the lower the
starch content, the higher the tear resistance. The strength and modulus increase only for some
proportion of the weight fraction of filler. Biopolymeric films obtained from banana peels were
 found to have a tensile strength of 2Mpa and a tear strength of 5 kN/m. There is an additional
peak in the banana peel filler at 1281 cm1, corresponding to the O-H phenolic of lignin. The
FTIR analysis of the banana peel filler indicates its lignocellulosic nature. Banana peel-based
bioplastic used for the production of vehicle bumpers showed a water absorption capacity of
0.03%.
Azieyanti et al. (2020) This study was conducted mainly to develop a bioplastic from food waste
and banana peels. The additives used together with banana peels are natural-based materials
such as corn starch, potato starch, and sage, while the chemical-based materials used consist
of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. The banana peel bioplastic with chemical-based
shows high tensile strength and elongation at break compared to natural-based. Thus, banana
peels can be proposed as an appropriate hotspot for the manufacturing of bioplastics. There
were two procedures performed in order to obtain the bioplastic materials. This shows the
relationship between tensile strength for both natural and chemical-based bioplastics. As
observed, there was an increasing pattern in the graph from natural-based to chemical-based. It
shows a graph of the Young’s modulus of the bioplastics. Based on the graph, natural-based
materials achieved 1.88 MPa of modulus elasticity. While the chemical-based obtained 1.53
MPa of the modulus of elasticity. This shows the overview of the percentage elongation at break
between both bioplastics. The natural-based have only 13.97% of the percentage of elongation.
while the chemical-based achieved 18.77% of percentage elongation. The bioplastic itself has a
weak interfacial adhesion problem. However, the use of glycerol improves the adhesion bonding
between the fibres and other ingredients. The samples of bioplastic made from natural and
chemical-based materials were obtained. The natural-based materials were much less costly
compared to the chemical-based. The natural-based materials produce strong and durable
bioplastic composites, while the chemical-based materials produce very soft and fragile
bioplastic composites. This research aims to study the effects of additive (glycerol and zinc
oxide) additions on the characteristics of antimicrobial activity and biodegradability of bioplastics
made from chitosan and Kepok banana peel starch (Agustin & Padmawijaya, 2017). Glycerol
was used as a plasticizer and was purchased from PT. Brataco (Surabaya, Indonesia).
Afterwards, 30 mL of glycerol was added in order to have a chitosan-starch-glycerol ratio of 100:
30 (v/v). Various additives like glycerol (0, 5, 10 mL) and zinc oxide (1, 3, 5%) (w/v) were added
to increase the biodegradability and antimicrobial activity of bioplastics. When glycerol was
added to the 30% banana peel starch-chitosan bioplastic, the degradability of the bioplastic film
also increased. Glycerol can reduce intermolecular forces in starch or chitosan and thus
decrease the strength of the films significantly. The addition of glycerol as a plasticizer into
chitosan bioplastics decreased the antimicrobial activity of bioplastics because glycerol filled the
space between hydrogen bonds and will weaken the chitosan strength, which can affect the
chitosan antimicrobial activity. The addition of glycerol, which acts as a plasticizer, will increase
the biodegradability of bioplastics but, at the same time, will reduce their antimicrobial activity.
Blends between banana peel starch and chitosan using glycerol as a plasticizer will produce
biodegradable plastics that can have antimicrobial activity towards microorganisms.

Definition of Terms
Bioplastic simply refers to plastic made from plant or other biological material instead of
petroleum. It is also often called bio-based plastic.
Glycerol is a sweet syrupy hygroscopic trihydroxy alcohol C3H8O3 usually obtained by the
saponification of fats.

Bioplastics from Banana Peels and Passion Fruit Peel (Passiflora Edulis)
Chapter 3 Methodology
Felmar B. Mapute,
Bernard Justo buan
Alleah Soriano
Christel Louise Pereira
Sophia Lauren Piad

Research Design
- The research design used was an experimental research design. The bioplastic will use
banana peels and passion fruit peel (passiflora edulis). A bioplastic made from banana
peels and food waste. Banana peels can thus be suggested as a potential hotspot for
bioplastic production. Chemical-based bioplastic composites are very soft and fragile,
whereas natural-based composites are strong and long-lasting. Obtaining films from a
vegetable biopolymer derived from the peel (a by-product) of passion fruit (Passiflora
edulis) (BPM) and contributing to the reduction of pollution caused by petroleum-derived
plastics, pectin was extracted from passion fruit peels using acid hydrolysis at four
concentrations of citric acid (0, 1, 2, and 3%), resulting in a paste mixture with glycerol.

Research Locale
The research was conducted at home. This study has tested the effectiveness and durability of
banana peel and passion fruit peel bioplastics, which would help our environment and increase
the production of bioplastics that we could use in our daily lives. The participants are the
researchers who tested the durability of the bioplastic made from banana peel and passion fruit
peel.

Sampling Techniques
Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled
fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a
hypothesis statement. Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or
independent variable has on a dependent variable.

The Method and Experimental Procedure

The materials for this procedure are the glycerol, sodium chloride, banana peel, Hydrochloric
acid, and sodium hydroxide
Similarly sized bananas with no injuries or bruises on the skin are purchased from the market in
order to ensure the process is fair.
 3.1.Preparation of Banana Peels
The peels of the three different varieties of banana were removed from the flesh using a
stainless knife. Approximately 300g of each banana peel were dipped in acetic acid solution,
and the peels were then placed into a beaker containing 800 mL of water, and then the peels
were kept for 30 minutes to boil. After boiling for 30 minutes, the water was then decanted off
and the peels were left out on filter paper for drying for 30 minutes at room temperature.
3.2 Production of Bioplastic Films
After drying for 30 minutes, the peels were pureed using a mortar and pestle to form a fine
paste. Paste was taken 25mL and placed in a 50mL beaker. Then 3mL of 0.5M HCL was added
to the paste and the mixture was stirred using a magnetic stirrer. Then 2mL of a 15% glycerol
solution was added and the mixture was stirred. A 3mL of 1% corn starch was then added as
co-biopolymer and the mixture was stirred again. Then 3mL of 0.5M NaOH was added to the
mixture and stirred. The mixture was poured into a mould and then it was placed in the oven for
130oC and baked for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, it was taken out and kept for cooling. After
proper drying, the bioplastic film was scraped off from the mould.
Statistical Analysis
3.3 Characterization Techniques
A small piece of sample was cut into a 2 cm x 2 cm size. The initial weight was measured before
dipping. The samples were dipped in water for 24 hours at room temperature. The sample was
taken out and kept for drying, and the final weight was recorded. The water uptake amount was
calculated by the following formula:
Water Absorption (%) = ([Final weight (g)-Initial weight (g)] / Initial weight) x 100

Reference

Jaikishan Chandarana, & Chandra, S. (2021, January 27). Production of Bioplastics from
Banana Peels. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348806219_Production_of_Bioplastics_from_Banana_
Peels
Maura Gabriela Alcivar-Gavilanes, Katiuska Lisette Carrillo-Anchundia, & María Antonieta Riera.
(2022). Development of a bioplastic from banana peel. Ingeniería E Investigación, 42(3),
e92768–e92768. https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.92768
Shafqat, A., Al-Zaqri, N., Tahir, A., & Alsalme, A. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of
starch based bioplatics using varying plant-based ingredients, plasticizers and natural fillers.
 Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(3), 1739–1749.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.015
Henao-Díaz, L. S., Cadena-Casanova, C. L., Bolio López, G. I., Veleva, L., Azamar-Barrios, J.
A., Hernández-Villegas, M. M., & Córdova-Sánchez, S. (2021). Obtaining and characterization
films of a bioplastic obtained from passion fruit waste (Passiflora edulis). Agro Productividad, II.
https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i7.2010
5. Kulkarni, S. G., & Vijayanand, P. (2010). Effect of extraction conditions on the quality
characteristics of pectin from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa L.). LWT - Food
Science and Technology, 43(7), 1026–1031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.11.006
6. IJARIIT. (2019). IJARIIT.
https://www.ijariit.com/?utm_source=pdf&utm_medium=edition&utm_campaign=OmAkSols&utm
_term=V7I2-1480
7. Azieyanti, N. A., Amirul, A., Othman, S. Z., & Misran, H. (2020). Mechanical and Morphology
Studies of Bioplastic-Based Banana Peels. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1529(3),
032091. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1529/3/032091
8. Agustin, Y. E., & Padmawijaya, K. S. (2017). Effect of glycerol and zinc oxide addition on
antibacterial activity of biodegradable bioplastics from chitosan-kepok banana peel starch. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 223, 012046.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/223/1/012046