Seasonal Variation and Habitat Distribution of Benthic Crustacea in Lake Mývatn

in 1973

Hakon Adalsteinsson

Oikos, Vol. 32, No. 1/2, Ecology of Eutrophic, Subarctic Lake Mývatn and the River Laxá#.
(1979), pp. 195-201.

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OIKOS 32: 195-201.Copenhagen 1979

Seasonal variation and habitat distribution of benthic

Crustacea in Lake Mfvatn in 1973
Hakon Adalsteinsson

Adalsteinsson, H. 1979. Seasonal variation and habitat distribution of benthic Cru-

stacea in Lake Mqvatn in 1973. - Oikos 32: 195-201.

Benthic crustaceans in two basins of Lake M$vatn showed similar species composi-
tion, but abundance and frequency differed. Herbivorous cyclopoids, Paracyclops
fimbriatus (Fischer) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer) peaked in June and Ju-
ly-August respectively. Cladocerans peaked in July-August. Carnivorous Cyclops cf.
abyssorum Sars had peaks in May, June and September. Megacyclops viridis (Jurine)
peaked in July-August. By repeated siphoning from mud, species were divided into
epi- and infauna. Eurycercus lamellatus Miill. and Acroperus harpae Baird belonged
to first category and Macrothrix hirsuticornis Norman and Brady to the second.
Comparatively large epifauna species (E. lamellatus and A . harpae) were much more
common in the S- than in the N-basin, possibly because of more fish predation in the
N-basin. The small Alona rectangula Sars was epifaunal in the N-basin in contrast to
its infaunal habit in the S-basin. The infaunal M. hirsuticornis was dominant in the N-
but scarce in the S-basin, possibly due to competition with chironomids. An abrupt
decline in the cladoceran abundance did not coincide with an increase in invertebrate
predators, but could possibly be related to an increase in fry of the numerous stickle-
back population. Cyclops cf. abyssorum behaved more as a benthic than a planktic
species in the N-basin, but in the S-basin the difference was less clear.

H. Adalsteinsson, National Energy Authority, Laugaveg 116, Reykjavik, Iceland.

W ~ o c m ep a r t o o 6 p a s m B ppyx GacceftHax osepa Mimaw m e m aam#l

BOR m a s , HO pas- noKa3aTenu c 6 m u BcwaeMDCTn. P a c T n T w I b ~ o ~ ;

we Paracyclops fimbriatus (Fischer) H Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer)

=T ~a~anwmm y cc n a ~ o z ~B bm H e H me-asrycre, m a w - mme-

asrycre, xmw& Cyclops c f . a b y s s o m Sars - B me, m e u ce~~m5pe.

Megacyclops v i r i d i s ( J u r i n e ) m e w mix rMcneHHocTu B mane - a s r y c T e .

C nctmam M H O ~ K ~ ~ T cH u O ~( # o ~ 113 m ma ww €am pa3mem Ha

3m-
H UH@~W. Eurycercus lamellatus Mull. u Acroperus harpae Baird npmm-
n s K a T K nepB& x a m n n , u Macrothrix h i r s u t i c o r n i s Norman.Brady KO
B T O ~ O . T H ~ C W E J I ~ Hm
O ynme B- 3m@w (E. lamellatus, A. harpae)
6anee c€wxm B ma, ~ e x w mB CeBepHcM 6acc&~e,aepomxio us-sa 6anee
W W H O ~ xnwmecrBa BO BTW. Merwle Alona rectangula Sars crr-
HOCFITCR K s m @ y H e B ceseptim 6acc-e u K uH@ayHe - B ma. M. hirsu-
t i c o r n i s , O T H ~ C R W ~ ~ CKR uH@ayHe, n c m i ~ ~ p yBmc e B e p H m 6 a c c e Z l ~ en m-
m B ma, B ~ ~ ~ R TBH pOe s y m ~ a ~ e c m~craqmar.P e s K c e
cmemie c 6 m K I I a a q e p He c o s n m e T c y s m e H u e M uucneHHocTu xmmx
HO MCDKeT C03THCCKl'bCR C -eHUeM
~c?C~IO~BOHCNHHX, WUEHHOCTU MUlbKOB
~arwwc.Cyclops cf. a b y s s o m a m c e 6 ~cKopee KW t%mccme @opwB
c e s e p ~ a6ac@~e, a B ma &a-e pas- mi(ay 6 e m n ~nm-nc-
0 ~ M ~ H H E-a.
TOHWM 0 6 ~ 3 XFi3HU

Accepted 10 November 1977

0 OIKOS 0030 -1299/79/010195 - 07 $ 02.5010

13. OIKOS 32:l (1979)

 mainly living epiphytically and on the mud surface
1. Introduction would be siphoned off most effectively in the first of the
Benthic crustaceans were among the most important subsequent siphonings, but that those relatively more
food organisms for the fish in Lake Mqvatn in 1972 frequent in the late siphonings rather lived in the mud.
(Adalsteinsson 1979b), and thus important in the econ-
omy of the lake. Another object of this study was to
ascertain the boundary between the plankton and the 4. Results and discussion
benthos in a shallow lake like Lake Mqvatn, as benthic 4.1. List of species
crustaceans frequently occurred in the plankton. In
1971 Chydorus sphaericus was very common there, The species are arranged after Herbst (1962) and
but not in 1972 or 1973. Alona rectangula was also Kiefer (1960) and include all species observed in
rather common in the plankton in all years. The benthic 1971-1973.
crustaceans were examined in the summer 1973.
Phyllopoda
Notostraca
Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas)
2. Substrate
Cladocera

Samples were taken on the same locations as the Simocephalus vetulus Mull.

plankton samples in the S- and N-basins (Adalsteinsson Iliocryptus sordidus Lieven

1979 a: Fig. 1). The basins differ in depth. In the S-ba- Macrothrix hirsuticornis Norman and Brady

sin the depth of sampling stations varies from 2.5 to 3.9 Eurycercus lamellatus Mull.

m (mean 3.3 m); in the N-basin from 1.0 to 1.5 m Acroperus harpae Baird

(mean 1.3 m). The bottom mud in the S-basin is softer Alona rectangula Sars

and more organic than in the N-basin. Cladophora A. quadrangularis (Mull.)

aegagrophila (Chlorophyta) covers the bottom at sta- A. affinis Leydig

tions 5 and 6, to a lesser extent at st. 4, and occurs at st. Alonella nana Baird

2. St. 1 and 3 are without any vegetation. In the N-basin A. excisa Fischer

there is sparse cover of Potamogeton filiformis at all Graptoleberis testudinaria Fischer

stations except 15, where a dense growth of Myrio- Chydorus sphaericus Mull.

phyllum spicatum is found. Ostracoda (several species)

Copepoda
Macrocyclops fuscus (Jurine)
M. albidus (Jurine)

3. Methods
Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer)

Samples were taken with a Kajak corer (Kajak 1965) Paracyclops fimbriatus (Fischer)

covering 20.4 cm2, overlain by a 10-20 cm layer of the Cyclops cf. abyssorum Sars

bottom water. Transparency in the water was generally Megacyclops viridis (Jurine)

very poor and did not allow sampling of selected sub-

strates, such as whole plants. The results therefore in-
clude both mud and plants. It was clear that for the
purpose of a quantitative study, much more thorough
sampling was necessary. The study was rather aimed at
clarifying the seasonal variation in relative abundance
and habitat selection of the benthic crustaceans. At each
sampling occassion the samples from all stations were
pooled for the respective basins. Besides the weekly
samples, samples from each station in both basins were
treated separately on one occasion in August to study
the distribution pattern. Three cores were pooled at
each station in the N- and two in the S-basin.
A method to separate the individuals from the mud
was chosen in order to give an indication of the biotope
occupied by the species. Water above the mud samples
was repeatedly siphoned off. The siphoning was re-
peated 3-4 times at about 12 h interval. The cladoce-
rans which had attached to the water surface and all
individuals swimming in the water above the mud were
removed and filtered off. It was thought that species
Many of these species were only rarely found. Lepidu-
rus arcticus was only found in fish stomachs and only in
the S-basin. Graptoleberis testudinaria was found in fish
from the N-basin. Single specimens of Simocephalus
were found in the S-basin. Iliocryptus sordidus was not
found in the mud samples, but in 1971 it was rather
common on a sandy bottom in the S-basin. Alonella
excisa was rather rare. Macrocyclops fuscus was found
in the mud samples, but rarely. Macrocyclops albidus
was found in samples from the littoral zone in 1971.
This zone was not studied thoroughly and may be inha-
bited by further species.
4.2. Horizontal distribution
Tab. 1 shows the abundance and variation of several
species or groups at different stations on one occasion in
August. In the S-basin the abundance was generally
much higher at st. 5 than elsewhere, giving a high coeffi-
cient of variation, 104% for the total crustaceans, com-
Tab. 1. Distribution of main groups of benthic crustaceans in the S-basin and the N-basin at one occasion in August 1973 (mean
abundance, S.D. anbd coefficient of variation in %). The stations are the same as in Adalsteinsson 1979a: Fig. 1.
S-basin 10 August (No.140.8 cm2)
Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 x s ~1~100

E. lamellatus.. . . . . . . . . . 2 7 - 2 11 27 8.2 10.1 123

X Alona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 13 18 1 159 3 32.5 62.4 192

M. hirsuticornis ........ 5 4 5 - 39 1 9.0 14.8 164

I: Cladocera . . . . . . . . . . . 12 31 29 16 267 43 66.3 99.0 149

Cyclops sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 9 6 6 30 13 21.0 22.0 105

E. serrulatw ........... 27 10 6 8 41 8 16.7 14.2 85

I: Crustacea . . . . . . . . . . . 108 58 47 44 354 76 114.5 119.7 104

N-basin 3 August (No.161.2 cm2)

13 14 15 16 x s sitloo

C. sphaericus . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 2 4 5.8 2.9 50

A. rectangula . . . . . . . . . . 423 940 87 241 367 344 94

A. quadrangularis ...... 39 17 9 66 30 23 77
A, affinis .............. 48 18 13 96 35 38 108
X Alona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 10 975 109 403 433 345 80
M. hirsuticornis . . . . . . . . 27 1 211 210 244 224 34 15

I: Cladocera . . . . . . . . . . . 876 1230 326 723 705 374 53

Cyclops sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 23 7 18 14.4 7.1 49

E. serrulatus . . . . . . . . . . . 103 90 81 109 85.8 24.8 29

2 Crustacea . . . . . . . . . . . 1064 1410 453 965 882 398 45

pared with 4 5 % in the N-basin. This difference may
also b e a result of more individuals counted in the
N-basin, partly due to larger samples and partly to
greater abundance. In the S-basin Eurycercus lamellatus
was most abundant on stations with Cladophora.
The species composition was different in the N- and
the S-basins. Acroperus harpae, Chydorus sphaericus
and Eurycercus lamellatus were much more common in
the S-basin. The other species were much more com-
mon in the N-basin, especially Macrothrix hirsuticornis
and Alona rectangula. As according to Fryer (1963),
Eurycercus lamellatus is adapted to filamentous plants,
like Myriophyllum (Cladophora in Lake Myvatn, Tab.
1, st. 5 and 6) several net hauls were taken in the My-
riophyllum bed in the N-basin, as it was here that it was
considered most likely to occur if it was present. No
specimens were obtained. This was repeated in 1974,
with the same result. In other localities in Iceland re-
cently studied (unpubl.) Eurycercus is very numerous in
stands of Myriophyllum alterniflorum, which suggests
that it is indeed absent from the N-basin.
4.3. Seasonal variation
Fig. 1shows the seasonal variation of the common spe-
cies. Cyclops cf. abyssorum is the same species as domi-
nates in the plankton. The peak is dominated by adults
in spring, but in July by copepodids and nauplii. In the
autumn the peak is dominated by late instars of cope-
podids. Megacyclops viridis was more common in the
N-basin, where it peaked in the summer a little later
than C . cf. abyssorum. Both species are carnivorous, but
in contrast to C. cf. abyssorum, M. viridis is clearly
benthic and probably more dependent on benthic prey,
including small chironomids and cladocerans (Fryer
1957). M. viridis has one sexual generation in Lake
Mqvatn, but C. cf. abyssorum two.
Paracyclops fimbriatus and Eucyclops serrulatus are
herbivorous. They had separate peaks; P. fimbriatus in
June and E. serrulatus in July-August.
The cladocerans generally peaked in July-August;
Acroperus harpae, Macrothrix hirsuticornis, Alona affi-
nis and A . rectangula in late July; A . harpae about a
week earlier than the others. About a week later Alona
quadrangularis, Chydorus sphaericus and Eurycercus
lamellatus peaked. Alonella increased throughout the
autumn.
4.4. Habitat selection
In some cases peaks of two o r more species coincide.
These species most likely have somewhat different ha-
bitat requirements. The method used to separate the
animals from the samples was designed to indicate their
habitat selection. In Fig. 2 the proportion of the differ-
ent species as a percentage of the total yield is shown for
subsequent siphoning occasions. M. hirsuticornis sho-
wed the strongest affinity for the mud, but E, lamellatus,
A . harpae and C . sphaericus were practically cleaned
from the mud during the two first occasions. Alona sp.
as well as the Cyclops sp, occupied an intermediate po-
sition; in the case of Cyclops this might also be associ-
ated with their good swimming ability and their positi-
vely rheotactic behaviour. Alona and C . sphaericus are
very adaptable, hence widely spread (Fryer 1968), and
may occupy somewhat different habitats in the N- and

OIKOS 32: 1-2 (1979) 197

Fig. 1. Seasonal variation of the most
common benthic crusta-
ceans in May-October 1973.

Acroperus harpae

A afflnis
9 0 10
E 5
I 1 1
.
..4'\--.-.
1 1
.1 - * 150
v

F',"
C A quadrangularis A. quadrangularis

0
. . , 0

'
E Chydorus sphoericus Chydorus sphaericus

\ Paracyclops

Eucyclops. serrulatus

Cyclops c f abyssorurn
lo-$ E' O

Other cyclopo~da Other cyclopo~da

(-Megacyclops vir~dis)

OIKOS 32: 1-2 (1979)

 S -basin N-basin the S-basin. A. rectangula behaved differently in the

\ samples from the S- and N-basins, and showed greater

%
Eurycercus Macrothrix affinity for mud in the S- than in the N-basin.
Lamellatus hirsuticornis
Adalsteinsson (1979a, b) thought that predation
(July -August) (19.07 - 03.08) pressure on the large plant frequenting and mud surface
LO L - 5 0 ind. L12 - 1640 species was most pronounced in the N-basin. This could
be the cause of the scarcity of the large E. lamellatus and
the comparatively large A. harpae in the N-basin. This
leaves a niche open to other species, too small to be
attractive to fishes. Having that in mind, the coinciding
Alona peaks of several species may be understood better by
dividing the species into two main habitat categories;
60
epifauna (plant- o r mud surface frequenting), and mud
LO 8 9 ind. infauna, and possibly a third, intermediate group (Tab.
20 2).
Comparison with other ecological works supports the
E
separation based on the above siphoning procedure
.-@
(Berg 1933, Meijering 1961, Smirnov 1963, Pennak
2,

r Alona rectangula
1966, Fryer 1963, 1968, Quade 1969, Eie 1974).
The decline of the cladocerans surprisingly enough
coincided with the most intensive period of phyto-
plankton production in both basins. The decline was not
followed by any pronounced production of males and
ephippia, except by M. hirsuticornis which started to
produce males at the peak period, and later ephippia.
This pattern resembles that observed by Goulden
Chydorus sphaericus
(1971) who found a similar decline to be caused largely
by predaceous tanypodine midges, especially Procladius
03.08 (July -August)
sp. In Myvatn Procladius islandicus is found as well as
122 ind. 5 - 30 ind. several other carnivores. Their period of highest abun-
dance in 1973 was, according to Lindegaard and Jo-
.-CC 20

nasson (1979): Hydra late August-September, Chaeto-
0
r 0 gaster August-September, P. islandicus May-July and
.-a September, minimum in August, Macropelopia
Ln Eucyclops serrulatus ----- (19.07-3.08.) August-September, and Megacyclops viridis Ju-
Cyclops cf. abyssorum - (19.07.) ly-August. Of these only Chaetogaster, Macropelopia
80 1 1 and M. viridis have a population pattern that indicates a
role in the reduction of cladocerans, but they were by no
means sufficiently numerous to explain this. On the
LO - 68 ind. other hand fry from the early summer spawn of the
20 numerous stickleback might be responsible for the de-
cline of the small cladocerans in late July and August.
They were not examined in 1973, but in 1969 Gar-
I: Crustacea darsson (pers. comm.) examined some stomachs of fry
60 and found small chydorids and rotifers.
1 \ (June- Sept.) 1 (June - Sept.) The difference in abundance in the two basins of M.
hirsuticornis and other species preferring mud is more
difficult to understand. In this case theremight be com-
petition for space and food with chironomids which
were much sparser in the N- than in the S-basin (Linde-
Successive siphonings
gaard and J6nasson 1979). The most important species
in the S-basin was C. islandicus. It has similar habits to
Fig. 2. Result of successive siphonings off of the water above C. anthracinus (Jonasson 1972), feeding by sweeping
the mud sample surface. Values on the ordinate show the pro- the mud surface around its tube. This might be just the
portion of the total number of individuals in all siphonings. The space and food source preferred by M. hirsuticornis.
graphs indicate the siphoning success at the period of popula-
tion peak of the respective species. If the peak is only based on
one observation, the mean of all observations are also shown
(.-.-). Number of individuals given indicates the total number
siphoned.
OIKOS 32: 1-2 (1979)
Tab . 2 . Habitat selection of benthic Crustacea in Lake Mgvatn .

S-basin N-basin
Habitat July August July August

Epifauna ................ A . harpae E . lamellatus ( A. harpae)

C . sphaericus A . rectangula
A . quadrangularis
Intermediate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . affinis
Mud infauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . rectangula M . hirsuticornis

Tab . 3 . The ratio of Cyclops sp. between plankton and benthos .

Planktic: benthic in the S-basin
Stage 23 May 22 June 19 July 27 Aug 12 Sept 19 Sept

nauplii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > 1000 34 6.8 400

cop . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 87 0.7 10

cop.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 45 2.5 3.2

cop.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 36 0.4 0.6

cop.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 1.4 0.5

cop.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 1.3 0.4

adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 3.0 0.3

cop . + adults ............. 0.2 8 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.7

Planktic: benthic in the N-basin

cop . + adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.2 - 0.1

Tab . 4 . Numbers of benthic crustaceans found in the plankton and the benthos. and the plankton: benthos ratio .

Benthic cladocerans in S-basin Benthic cladocerans in N-basin

in plankton in benthos pl:be in plankton in benthos pl:be
Date no . rn-' no . m-2 no . m-Z no . m-2
.
...
...
. pppppppppp.. . ppp-p-

22 June . . . . . . . . . 90 3000 0.03 300 17000 0.02

29June . . . . . . . . . 600 2200 0.27 800 13200 0.06

6 July . . . . . . . . . 300 5800 0.05 300 9600 0.03

12 July . . . . . . . . . 1700 4900 0.35 600 57000 0.01

19 July . . . . . . . . . 3800 23300 0.16 600 167000 0.004

26 July . . . . . . . . . 6700 18800 0.36 5300 344000 0.015

3 Aug . . . . . . . . . 11000 17700 0.62 10500 199000 0.05

10 Aug . . . . . . . . . 7300 9100 0.80 500 111000 0.004

20 Aug . . . . . . . . . 1600 300

27 Aug . . . . . . . . . 4600 10200 0.45 400 70000 0.006

4 Sept . . . . . . . . . 2300 800

12 Sept . . . . . . . . . 600 5200 0.12 -

19 Sept . . . . . . . . . 300 7300 0.04 500 70000 0.007

3 Oct . . . . . . . . . 700 2900

10 Oct . . . . . . . . . 200 400

x ............... 0.34 0.02

200 OIKOS 32: 1-2 (1979)


4.5. Occurrence in both plankton and benthos
Cyclops cf. abyssorum occurred in both the plankton
and the benthos. In Tab. 3 the abundance of different
stages in the plankton and benthos is compared. In the
benthos late instars and adults tended to be proportion-
ally more abundant than nauplii and young copepodids.
Nauplii especially were more planktic than other in-
stars. Tab. 3 also shows the ratio between C. cf. abys-
sorum in the plankton and in the benthos in the N-ba-
sin. Evidently it was more benthic in the N- than in the
S-basin.
Because the N-basin is only one third the depth of the
S-basin, thereby permitting more frequent suspension
of the bottom substrate (Adalsteinsson 1979a), it seem-
ed likely that benthic crustaceans would enter the
plankton more frequently in the N- than in the S-basin.
This was not the case (Tab. 4), the proportion of benthic
crustaceans in the plankton being generally lower in the
N-basin. This might mainly be a result of one of the
commonest species in the N-basin being an infaunal
species. Differences in predation pressure may also be
involved.
4.6. Biomass
As already indicated, the sampling method was not
really quantitative. Especially in the N-basin the mean
biomass may be considerably underestimated. The
estimate may be better in the S-basin, although coun-
teracted by an uneven distribution (Tab. 1). The mean,
minimum and maximum abundances are given in Tab.
5. In both basins the mean biomass was estimated at 1.3
g fw m-', but the maximum in the N-basin was estima-
ted to be twice that of the S-basin. The PIB ratio of the
planktonic crustaceans (May-October) was estimated at
15 for Cyclops sp. and 11 for Daphnia longispina
(Adalsteinsson 1979a). Assuming that the turnover rate
was similar in both benthos and plankton, the minimum
production (May-October) in both basins may be esti-
mated as about 15 g fw m-2.
Tab. 5. The abundance (number and g fw m-Z of the benthic
crustaceans in Lake Myvatn, May-September 1973.
Acknowledgements - The manuscript was kindly read by Dr G.
Fryer, Prof. A. Gardarsson, Prof. B. Pejler and Dr P. M. Jo-
nasson. Thanks are due to J. Sigtryggsson for assistance with
sampling. The drawings were done by B. Andersson and by the
staff of the National Energy Authority, Iceland, and typing by
Ms K. Therkildsen.
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S-basin N-basin
Variables abundance date abundance date

Number mean . . . 24500 108000

- min. . . . . 6900 23 May 5100 23 May
- max. . . . 67000 3 Aug 409000 26 July
Biomass mean . . . 1.3 1.3
- min. . . . . 0.4 23 May 0.1 23 May
- max. . . . 2.5 3 Aug 5.1 26 July

OIKOS 32: 1-2 (1979)

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Seasonal Variation and Habitat Distribution of Benthic Crustacea in Lake Mývatn in 1973
Hakon Adalsteinsson
Oikos, Vol. 32, No. 1/2, Ecology of Eutrophic, Subarctic Lake Mývatn and the River Laxá#.
(1979), pp. 195-201.
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References

The Food of Some Freshwater Cyclopoid Copepods and its Ecological Significance
G. Fryer
The Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 26, No. 2. (Nov., 1957), pp. 263-286.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8790%28195711%2926%3A2%3C263%3ATFOSFC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8

Cladoceran Faunas Associated with Aquatic Macrophytes in Some Lakes in Northwestern

Minnesota
Henry W. Quade
Ecology, Vol. 50, No. 2. (Mar., 1969), pp. 170-179.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%28196903%2950%3A2%3C170%3ACFAWAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P