Number the Stars 

is a work of historical fiction by the American author Lois Lowry about the escape of a Jewish family, the
Rosens, from Copenhagen, Denmark, during World War II.
The story centers on 10-year-old Annemarie Johansen, who lives with her mother, father, and sister Kirsti in Copenhagen in 1943.
Annemarie becomes a part of the events related to the rescue of the Danish Jews, when thousands of Jews were to reach neutral
ground in Sweden to avoid being relocated to concentration camps. She risks her life to help her best friend, Ellen Rosen, by
pretending that Ellen is Annemarie's late older sister, Lise, who was killed earlier in the war by the Nazi army because of her work
with the Danish Resistance. However, her former fiancé, Peter, who is partly based on the Danish resistance member Kim Malthe-
Bruun, continues to help them.
The story's title is taken from a reference to Psalm 147:4 in which the writer relates that God has numbered all the stars and named
each of them. It ties into the Star of David, which is worn by Ellen Rosen on her necklace and is a symbol of Judaism.
The novel was awarded the Newbery Medal in 1990[1] as the previous year's "most distinguished contribution to American
literature for children."[2]
Lowry traveled to Copenhagen to conduct research and interviews for the book. She took the photo of the girl used for the cover
(shown in infobox), which was used on many editions of the book. The Swedish girl used for the cover of the book went by the
name of Anna Caterina Johnson, and had been photographed when she was 10 by Lois Lowry.[3]

Plot[edit]
Annemarie Johansen and her Jewish best friend, Ellen Rosen, are ten-year-old girls living in Copenhagen, Denmark, during World
War II. Annemarie has a 5-year-old sister, Kirsti. There are Nazis on every street corner in Copenhagen. Butter, sugar, coffee,
cigarettes, and electricity are rationed.
After an encounter with two German soldiers, Annemarie and Ellen are told to be much more careful. Later, it turns out that for
unknown reasons, the Germans are "relocating" Denmark's Jews. At the synagogue, the Nazis have taken the names and addresses
of all Jewish people in Copenhagen. Ellen's parents have fled with Peter, the former fiancé of Annemarie's older sister, Lise, who
died because of a car accident. Ellen must stay with the Johansens and pretend to be Lise even though she is half the age of the
real Lise. Soldiers enter the Johansens' apartment at 4 a.m. and think that the Rosens are "paying a visit" to the Johansens.
Annemarie and Ellen wake up, and Annemarie breaks the Star of David necklace off Ellen's neck. If the soldiers had seen it, they
would have known that Ellen is a Jew. The soldiers see Ellen's dark hair and become suspicious because the Johansens have blond
hair, and Ellen has brown hair. Luckily, Lise had brown hair as an infant. Mr. Johansen shows the Nazis a picture of the baby
Lise, and they leave.
Mrs. Johansen, Annemarie, Ellen, and Kirsti leave the next morning to go to Uncle Henrik's house by the sea. Sweden, a Nazi-free
country, can be seen from Uncle Henrik's house. Before they go to his house, Mr. Johansen spoke in code to Henrik. When they
get there, Henrik seems like his ordinary self. The next day, Henrik says that Annemarie's Great-Aunt Birte has died. A huge
casket is placed in the middle of the living room. Annemarie knows that there is no Aunt Birte but learns from her uncle that it is
easier to be brave if without not knowing something and so she does not tell Ellen the truth about her "aunt".
Later, many people come to mourn "Aunt Birte" to Annemarie's puzzlement. Nazis come to the house and see all the people and
start questioning the family. They explain that Great-Aunt Birte has died, and they are carrying out traditional rituals. The Nazis
order the casket opened, and Mrs. Johansen acts fast. She says that Great-Aunt Birte had typhus, a very contagious and dangerous
disease, as the doctor said. She goes to the casket to open it, but one of the soldiers slaps her in the face and says that they (the
Johansens) can open it when the soldiers leave.
After they leave, the wake continues. Peter, who is present, reads the beginning of Psalm 147 from the Bible to the group, which
recounts the Lord God numbering the stars. As the psalm is not familiar to Annemarie, her thoughts begin to wander. She wonders
how it is possible to number the stars in the sky and remembers Ellen saying that her mother is afraid of the ocean because her
mother thinks that it is cold and cruel. Annemarie thinks that the night sky and the world are also cold and cruel. Peter opens the
casket and gives the warm clothing and blankets concealed inside it to the Jewish families. They depart in smaller groups to avoid
attracting attention. Ellen says goodbye to Annemarie and her mother.
In the morning, Annemarie sees her mother crawling in the distance because she had broken her ankle. After helping her mother
back to the house, Annemarie finds a packet of great importance to the Resistance. Mr. Rosen dropped the packet when he
accidentally tripped on a flight of stairs. Mrs. Johansen tells Annemarie to fill a basket with food and the packet and to run as fast
as she can. Annemarie runs off onto a wooded path in the direction of her uncle's boat. She is halted by Nazi soldiers with dogs.
When they question Annemarie about what she is doing out so early, she lies that she is taking a basket with a meal to her uncle.
The soldiers do not believe her, and one of them grabs at the basket. However, the soldiers eventually let her go, and Annemarie
makes it to her uncle's boat. She gives Henrik an envelope that contains a handkerchief. It had traces of cocaine on it to numb the
dog's sense of smell. When the Nazi dogs took onto the boat sniff the handkerchief, they could no longer smell Uncle Henrik's
hidden "cargo," the Jews that he is smuggling to safety.
Henrik returns to Denmark later that evening from Sweden. He tells Annemarie that many Jewish people, including the Rosens,
were hiding in his boat. He also explains that the handkerchief in her package contained the scent of rabbit blood, which attracted
the dogs, and the strong odor of cocaine, which numbed their noses, preventing them from tracking down the Jews in Henrik's

1
boat. Several revelations are made, including that Peter is in the Danish Resistance. It also reveals that Annemarie's older sister
Lise hadn't died from a car accident but from being ran over from a tank because she was part of the Resistance.

Last stop Auschwitz

My story of survival from within the camp
EDDY DE WIND

2
NaN
Categorii:
Biografii, memorii, jurnale
Data publicării:
2020

●Written in Auschwitz itself and translated for the first time ever into English, this one-of-a-kind,
minute-by-minute true account is a crucial historical testament to a Holocaust survivor's fight for
his life at the largest extermination camp in Nazi Germany.

"We know that there is only one ending to this, only one liberation from this barbed wire hell: death."
-- Eddy de Wind

In 1943, amidst the start of German occupation, Eddy de Wind worked as a doctor at Westerbork, a
Dutch transit camp. His mother had been taken to this camp by Nazis but Eddy was assured by the
Jewish Council she would be freed in exchange for his labor. He later found out she'd already been
transferred to Auschwitz.

While at Westerbork, he fell in love with a woman named Friedel and they married. One year later, they were transported to
Auschwitz. Upon arrival, Friedel and Eddy were separated -- Eddy forced to work as a medical assistant in one barrack, Friedel at
the mercy of Nazi experimentation in a nearby block. Sneaking moments with his beloved and communicating whenever they
could, Eddy longed for the day he could be free with Friedel . . .

Written in the camp itself in the weeks following the Red Army's liberation of the camp, Last Stop Auschwitz is the raw, true
account of Eddy's experiences at Auschwitz. In stunningly poetic prose, he provides unparalleled access to the horrors he faced in
the concentration camp. Including photos from Eddy's life before, during, and after the Holocaust, this poignant memoir is at once
a moving love story, a detailed portrayal of the atrocities of Auschwitz, and an intelligent consideration of the kind of behavior --
both good and evil -- people are capable of. Never before published in English, this book is a vital and enduring document: a
testament to the strength of the human spirit, and a warning against the depths we can sink to when prejudice is given
power. (less)

●'The ultimate Holocaust testimony.' HEATHER MORRIS, author of The Tattooist of Auschwitz and Cilka's Journey
Afterword by JOHN BOYNE, author of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

Eddy de Wind, a Dutch doctor and psychiatrist, was shipped to Auschwitz with his wife Friedel, whom he had met and married at
the Westerbork labour camp in the Netherlands. At Auschwitz, they made it through the brutal selection process and were put to
work. Each day, each hour became a battle for survival.
For Eddy, this meant negotiating with the volatile guards in the medical barracks. For Friedel, it meant avoiding the Nazis'
barbaric medical experiments. As the end of the war approached and the Russian Army drew closer, the last Nazis fled, taking
many prisoners with them, including Friedel. Eddy hid under a pile of old clothes and stayed behind. Finding a notebook and
pencil, he began to write with furious energy about his experiences.
Last Stop Auschwitz is an extraordinary account of life as a prisoner, a near real-time record of the daily struggle to survive but
also of the flickering moments of joy Eddy and Friedel found in each other. Documenting the best and the worst of humanity, it is
a unique and timeless story that reminds us of what we as humans are capable of, but that there is hope, even in Hell.

Wuthering Heights is an 1847 novel by Emily Brontë, published under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. It concerns two families of
the landed gentry living on the West Yorkshire moors, the Earnshaws and the Lintons, and their turbulent relationships with
Earnshaw's adopted son, Heathcliff. It was influenced by Romanticism and Gothic fiction.
Wuthering Heights is now considered a classic of English literature, but contemporaneous reviews were polarised. It was
controversial for its depictions of mental and physical cruelty, and for its challenges to Victorian morality, and religious and
societal values.[1][2]
Wuthering Heights was accepted by publisher Thomas Newby along with Anne Brontë's Agnes Grey before the success of their
sister Charlotte's novel Jane Eyre, but they were published later. Charlotte edited a second edition of Wuthering Heights after
Emily's death which was published in 1850.[3] It has inspired an array of adaptations across several media, including a hit song.
Opening[edit]
In 1801, Mr Lockwood, the new tenant at Thrushcross Grange in Yorkshire, pays a visit to his landlord, Heathcliff, at his remote
moorland farmhouse, Wuthering Heights. There he meets a reserved young woman (later identified as Cathy Linton); Joseph, a
cantankerous servant; and Hareton, an uneducated young man who speaks like a servant. Everyone is sullen and inhospitable.
3
Snowed in for the night, he reads some diary entries of a former inhabitant of his room, Catherine Earnshaw, and has a nightmare
in which a ghostly Catherine begs to enter through the window. Woken by Lockwood, Heathcliff is troubled.
Lockwood returns to Thrushcross Grange in heavy snow, falls ill from the cold and becomes bedridden. While he recovers,
Lockwood's housekeeper Ellen (Nelly) Dean tells him the story of the strange family.
Nelly's tale[edit]
Thirty years earlier, the Earnshaws live at Wuthering Heights with their children, Hindley and Catherine, and a servant — Nelly
herself. Returning from a trip to Liverpool, Earnshaw brings a young orphan whom he names Heathcliff and treats as his
favourite. His own children he neglects, especially after his wife dies. Hindley beats Heathcliff, who gradually becomes close
friends with Catherine.
Hindley departs for university, returning as the new master of Wuthering Heights on the death of his father three years later. He
and his new wife Frances allow Heathcliff to stay, but only as a servant.
Heathcliff and Catherine spy on Edgar Linton and his sister Isabella, children who live nearby at Thrushcross Grange. Catherine is
attacked by their dog, and the Lintons take her in, sending Heathcliff home. When the Lintons visit, Hindley and Edgar make fun
of Heathcliff and a fight ensues. Heathcliff is locked in the attic and vows revenge.
Frances dies after giving birth to a son, Hareton. Two years later, Catherine becomes engaged to Edgar. She confesses to Nelly
that she loves Heathcliff, and will try to help but cannot marry him because of his low social status. Nelly warns her against the
plan. Heathcliff overhears part of the conversation and, misunderstanding Catherine's heart, flees the household. Catherine falls ill,
distraught.
Edgar and Catherine marry, and three years later Heathcliff unexpectedly returns — now a wealthy gentleman. He encourages
Isabella's infatuation with him as a means of revenge on Catherine. Enraged by Heathcliff's constant presence at Thrushcross
Grange, Edgar cuts off contact. Catherine responds by locking herself in her room and refusing food; pregnant with Edgar's child,
she never fully recovers. At Wuthering Heights Heathcliff gambles with Hindley who mortgages the property to him to pay his
debts. Heathcliff elopes with Isabella, but the relationship fails and they soon return.
When Heathcliff discovers that Catherine is dying, he visits her in secret. She dies shortly after giving birth to a daughter, Cathy,
and Heathcliff rages, calling on her ghost to haunt him for as long as he lives. Isabella flees south where she gives birth to
Heathcliff's son, Linton. Hindley dies six months later, leaving Heathcliff as master of Wuthering Heights.
Twelve years later, Isabella is dying and the still-sickly Linton is brought back to live with his uncle Edgar at the Grange, but
Heathcliff insists that his son must instead live with him. Cathy and Linton (respectively at the Grange and Wuthering Heights)
gradually develop a relationship. Heathcliff schemes to ensure that they marry, and on Edgar's death demands that the couple
move in with him. He becomes increasingly wild and reveals that on the night Catherine died he dug up her grave, and ever since
has been plagued by her ghost. When Linton dies, Cathy has no option but to remain at Wuthering Heights.
Having reached the present day, Nelly's tale concludes.
Ending[edit]
Lockwood grows tired of the moors and moves away. Eight months later he sees Nelly again and she reports that Cathy has been
teaching the still-uneducated Hareton to read. Heathcliff was seeing visions of the dead Catherine; he avoided the young people,
saying that he could not bear to see Catherine's eyes, which they both shared, looking at him. He had stopped eating, and some
days later was found dead in Catherine's old room.
In the present, Lockwood learns that Cathy and Hareton plan to marry and move to the Grange. Joseph is left to take care of the
declining Wuthering Heights. Nelly says that the locals have seen the ghosts of Catherine and Heathcliff wandering abroad
together, and hopes they are at peace.
Family relationships map[edit]

[Mrs
[Mrs Earnshaw] Mr Earnshaw Mr Linton
Linton]

Frances Hindley Catherine Edgar Isabella

Heathcliff
[Earnshaw] Earnshaw Earnshaw Linton Linton

4
 Hareton Linton
Cathy
Earnshaw Heathcliff
Linton
m. 1803 m. 1801

Timeline[edit]
C. P, Sanger's Timeline (1926). Sanger's essay, "The Structure of Wuthering Heights"
The stone above the front door of Wuthering Heights, bearing the name Earnshaw, is inscribed, presumably to mark the
1500:
completion of the house.
1757: Hindley Earnshaw born (summer)
1762: Edgar Linton born
1765: Catherine Earnshaw born (summer); Isabella Linton born (late 1765)
1771: Heathcliff brought to Wuthering Heights by Mr Earnshaw (late summer)
1773: Mrs Earnshaw dies (spring)
1774: Hindley sent off to university by his father
Hindley marries Frances; Mr Earnshaw dies and Hindley comes back (October); Heathcliff and Catherine visit
1775: Thrushcross Grange for the first time; Catherine remains behind (November), and then returns to Wuthering Heights
(Christmas Eve)
1778: Hareton born (June); Frances dies
1780: Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights; Mr and Mrs Linton both die
1783: Catherine has married Edgar (March); Heathcliff comes back (September)
Heathcliff marries Isabella (February); Catherine dies and Cathy born (20 March); Hindley dies; Linton Heathcliff born
1784:
(September)
Isabella dies; Cathy visits Wuthering Heights and meets Hareton; Linton brought to Thrushcross Grange and then taken to
1797:
Wuthering Heights
1800: Cathy meets Heathcliff and sees Linton again (20 March)
Cathy and Linton are married (August); Edgar dies (August); Linton dies (September); Mr Lockwood goes to Thrushcross
1801:
Grange and visits Wuthering Heights, beginning his narrative
Mr Lockwood goes back to London (January); Heathcliff dies (April); Mr Lockwood comes back to Thrushcross Grange
1802:
(September)
1803: Cathy plans to marry Hareton (1 January)

Characters

 Heathcliff is a foundling from Liverpool, who is taken by Mr Earnshaw to Wuthering Heights, where he is reluctantly cared
for by the family, and spoiled by his adopted father. He and Catherine Earnshaw grow close, and their love is the central
theme of the first volume. His revenge against the man she chooses to marry and its consequences are the central theme of the
second volume. Heathcliff has been considered a Byronic hero, but critics have pointed out that he reinvents himself at
various points, making his character hard to fit into any single type. He has an ambiguous position in society, and his lack of
status is underlined by the fact that "Heathcliff" is both his given name and his surname. The character of Heathcliff may
have been inspired by Branwell Brontë. An alcoholic and an opium addict, he would have indeed terrorised Emily and her
sister Charlotte during frequent crises of delirium tremens that affected him a few years before his death. Even though
Heathcliff has no alcohol or drug problems, the influence of Branwell's character is likely. Hindley Earnshaw, an alcoholic,
often seized with madness, also owes something to Branwell.[4]
 Catherine Earnshaw: First introduced to the reader after her death, through Lockwood's discovery of her diary and carvings.
The description of her life is confined almost entirely to the first volume. She seems unsure whether she is, or wants to
become, more like Heathcliff, or aspires to be more like Edgar. Some critics have argued that her decision to marry Edgar
Linton is allegorically a rejection of nature and a surrender to culture, a choice with unfortunate, fateful consequences for all
the other characters.[5] She dies hours after giving birth to her daughter.
 Edgar Linton: Introduced as a child in the Linton family, he resides at Thrushcross Grange. Edgar's style and manners are in
sharp contrast to those of Heathcliff, who instantly dislikes him, and of Catherine, who is drawn to him. Catherine marries
him instead of Heathcliff because of his higher social status, with disastrous results to all characters in the story. He dotes on
his wife and later his daughter.
 Ellen (Nelly) Dean: The main narrator of the novel, Nelly is a servant to three generations of the Earnshaws and two of the
Linton family. Humbly born, she regards herself nevertheless as Hindley's foster-sister (they are the same age and her mother
is his nurse). She lives and works among the rough inhabitants of Wuthering Heights but is well-read, and she also
experiences the more genteel manners of Thrushcross Grange. She is referred to as Ellen, her given name, to show respect,

5
 and as Nelly among those close to her. Critics have discussed how far her actions as an apparent bystander affect the other
characters and how much her narrative can be relied on.[6]
 Isabella Linton: Edgar's sister. She views Heathcliff romantically, despite Catherine's warnings, and becomes an unwitting
participant in his plot for revenge against Edgar. Heathcliff marries her but treats her abusively. While pregnant, she escapes
to London and gives birth to a son, Linton. She entrusts her son to her brother Edgar when she dies.
 Hindley Earnshaw: Catherine's elder brother, Hindley, despises Heathcliff immediately and bullies him throughout their
childhood before his father sends him away to college. Hindley returns with his wife, Frances, after Mr Earnshaw dies. He is
more mature, but his hatred of Heathcliff remains the same. After Frances's death, Hindley reverts to destructive behaviour,
neglects his son, and ruins the Earnshaw family by drinking and gambling to excess. Heathcliff beats Hindley up at one point
after Hindley fails in his attempt to kill Heathcliff with a pistol. He dies less than a year after Catherine and leaves his son
with nothing.
 Hareton Earnshaw: The son of Hindley and Frances, raised at first by Nelly but soon by Heathcliff. Joseph works to instill a
sense of pride in the Earnshaw heritage (even though Hareton will not inherit Earnshaw property, because Hindley has
mortgaged it to Heathcliff). Heathcliff, in contrast, teaches him vulgarities as a way of avenging himself on Hindley. Hareton
speaks with an accent similar to Joseph's, and occupies a position similar to that of a servant at Wuthering Heights, unaware
that he has been done out of his inheritance. He can only read his name. In appearance, he reminds Heathcliff of his aunt,
Catherine.
 Cathy Linton: The daughter of Catherine and Edgar Linton, a spirited and strong-willed girl unaware of her parents' history.
Edgar is very protective of her and as a result, she is eager to discover what lies beyond the confines of the Grange. Although
one of the more sympathetic characters of the novel, she is also somewhat snobbish towards Hareton and his lack of
education. She falls in love with and marries Linton Heathcliff.
 Linton Heathcliff: The son of Heathcliff and Isabella. A weak child, his early years are spent with his mother in the south of
England. He learns of his father's identity and existence only after his mother dies when he is twelve. In his selfishness and
capacity for cruelty he resembles Heathcliff; physically, he resembles his mother. He marries Cathy Linton because his
father, who terrifies him, directs him to do so, and soon after he dies from a wasting illness associated with tuberculosis.
 Joseph: A servant at Wuthering Heights for 60 years who is a rigid, self-righteous Christian but lacks any trace of genuine
kindness or humanity. He speaks a broad Yorkshire dialect and hates nearly everyone in the novel.
 Mr Lockwood: The first narrator, he rents Thrushcross Grange to escape society, but in the end, decides society is
preferable. He narrates the book until Chapter 4, when the main narrator, Nelly, picks up the tale.
 Frances: Hindley's ailing wife and mother of Hareton Earnshaw. She is described as somewhat silly and is obviously from a
humble family. Frances dies not long after the birth of her son.
 Mr and Mrs Earnshaw: Catherine's and Hindley's father, Mr Earnshaw is the master of Wuthering Heights at the beginning
of Nelly's story and is described as an irascible but loving and kind-hearted man. He favours his adopted son, Heathcliff,
which causes trouble in the family. In contrast, his wife mistrusts Heathcliff from their first encounter.
 Mr and Mrs Linton: Edgar's and Isabella's parents, they educate their children in a well-behaved and sophisticated way. Mr
Linton also serves as the magistrate of Gimmerton, as his son does in later years.
 Dr Kenneth: The longtime doctor of Gimmerton and a friend of Hindley's who is present at the cases of illness during the
novel. Although not much of his character is known, he seems to be a rough but honest person.
 Zillah: A servant to Heathcliff at Wuthering Heights during the period following Catherine's death. Although she is kind to
Lockwood, she doesn't like or help Cathy at Wuthering Heights because of Cathy's arrogance and Heathcliff's instructions.
 Mr Green: Edgar's corruptible lawyer who should have changed Edgar's will to prevent Heathcliff from gaining Thrushcross
Grange. Instead, Green changes sides and helps Heathcliff to inherit the Grange as his property.
SPARKNOTES
In the late winter months of 1801, a man named Lockwood rents a manor house called Thrushcross Grange in the
isolated moor country of England. Here, he meets his dour landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man who lives in the ancient
manor of Wuthering Heights, four miles away from the Grange. In this wild, stormy countryside, Lockwood asks his
housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathcliff and the strange denizens of Wuthering Heights. Nelly
consents, and Lockwood writes down his recollections of her tale in his diary; these written recollections form the main
part of Wuthering Heights.
 Nelly remembers her childhood. As a young girl, she works as a servant at Wuthering Heights for the owner of the
manor, Mr. Earnshaw, and his family. One day, Mr. Earnshaw goes to Liverpool and returns home with an orphan boy
whom he will raise with his own children. At first, the Earnshaw children—a boy named Hindley and his younger sister
Catherine—detest the dark-skinned Heathcliff. But Catherine quickly comes to love him, and the two soon grow
inseparable, spending their days playing on the moors. After his wife’s death, Mr. Earnshaw grows to prefer Heathcliff to
his own son, and when Hindley continues his cruelty to Heathcliff, Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley away to college,
keeping Heathcliff nearby.
 Three years later, Mr. Earnshaw dies, and Hindley inherits Wuthering Heights. He returns with a wife, Frances, and
immediately seeks revenge on Heathcliff. Once an orphan, later a pampered and favored son, Heathcliff now finds
himself treated as a common laborer, forced to work in the fields. Heathcliff continues his close relationship with
Catherine, however. One night they wander to Thrushcross Grange, hoping to tease Edgar and Isabella Linton, the
cowardly, snobbish children who live there. Catherine is bitten by a dog and is forced to stay at the Grange to recuperate

6
 for five weeks, during which time Mrs. Linton works to make her a proper young lady. By the time Catherine returns, she
has become infatuated with Edgar, and her relationship with Heathcliff grows more complicated.
 When Frances dies after giving birth to a baby boy named Hareton, Hindley descends into the depths of alcoholism, and
behaves even more cruelly and abusively toward Heathcliff. Eventually, Catherine’s desire for social advancement
prompts her to become engaged to Edgar Linton, despite her overpowering love for Heathcliff. Heathcliff runs away
from Wuthering Heights, staying away for three years, and returning shortly after Catherine and Edgar’s marriage.
 When Heathcliff returns, he immediately sets about seeking revenge on all who have wronged him. Having come into a
vast and mysterious wealth, he deviously lends money to the drunken Hindley, knowing that Hindley will increase his
debts and fall into deeper despondency. When Hindley dies, Heathcliff inherits the manor. He also places himself in line
to inherit Thrushcross Grange by marrying Isabella Linton, whom he treats very cruelly. Catherine becomes ill, gives
birth to a daughter, and dies. Heathcliff begs her spirit to remain on Earth—she may take whatever form she will, she
may haunt him, drive him mad—just as long as she does not leave him alone. Shortly thereafter, Isabella flees to London
and gives birth to Heathcliff’s son, named Linton after her family. She keeps the boy with her there.
 Thirteen years pass, during which Nelly Dean serves as Catherine’s daughter’s nursemaid at Thrushcross Grange. Young
Catherine is beautiful and headstrong like her mother, but her temperament is modified by her father’s gentler influence.
Young Catherine grows up at the Grange with no knowledge of Wuthering Heights; one day, however, wandering
through the moors, she discovers the manor, meets Hareton, and plays together with him. Soon afterwards, Isabella dies,
and Linton comes to live with Heathcliff. Heathcliff treats his sickly, whining son even more cruelly than he treated the
boy’s mother.
 Three years later, Catherine meets Heathcliff on the moors, and makes a visit to Wuthering Heights to meet Linton. She
and Linton begin a secret romance conducted entirely through letters. When Nelly destroys Catherine’s collection of
letters, the girl begins sneaking out at night to spend time with her frail young lover, who asks her to come back and
nurse him back to health. However, it quickly becomes apparent that Linton is pursuing Catherine only because
Heathcliff is forcing him to; Heathcliff hopes that if Catherine marries Linton, his legal claim upon Thrushcross Grange
—and his revenge upon Edgar Linton—will be complete.
 One day, as Edgar Linton grows ill and nears death, Heathcliff lures Nelly and Catherine back to Wuthering Heights, and
holds them prisoner until Catherine marries Linton. Soon after the marriage, Edgar dies, and his death is quickly
followed by the death of the sickly Linton. Heathcliff now controls both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. He
forces Catherine to live at Wuthering Heights and act as a common servant, while he rents Thrushcross Grange to
Lockwood.
 Nelly’s story ends as she reaches the present. Lockwood, appalled, ends his tenancy at Thrushcross Grange and returns to
London. However, six months later, he pays a visit to Nelly, and learns of further developments in the story. Although
Catherine originally mocked Hareton’s ignorance and illiteracy (in an act of retribution, Heathcliff ended Hareton’s
education after Hindley died), Catherine grows to love Hareton as they live together at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff
becomes more and more obsessed with the memory of the elder Catherine, to the extent that he begins speaking to her
ghost. Everything he sees reminds him of her. Shortly after a night spent walking on the moors, Heathcliff dies. Hareton
and young Catherine inherit Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, and they plan to be married on the next New
Year’s Day. After hearing the end of the story, Lockwood goes to visit the graves of Catherine and Heathcliff.
 Chronology
 The story of Wuthering Heights is told through flashbacks recorded in diary entries, and events are often presented out of
chronological order—Lockwood’s narrative takes place after Nelly’s narrative, for instance, but is interspersed with
Nelly’s story in his journal. Nevertheless, the novel contains enough clues to enable an approximate reconstruction of its
chronology, which was elaborately designed by Emily Brontë. For instance, Lockwood’s diary entries are recorded in the
late months of 1801 and in September 1802; in 1801, Nelly tells Lockwood that she has lived at Thrushcross Grange for
eighteen years, since Catherine’s marriage to Edgar, which must then have occurred in 1783.
 We know that Catherine was engaged to Edgar for three years, and that Nelly was twenty-two when they were engaged,
so the engagement must have taken place in 1780, and Nelly must have been born in 1758. Since Nelly is a few years
older than Catherine, and since Lockwood comments that Heathcliff is about forty years old in 1801, it stands to reason
that Heathcliff and Catherine were born around 1761, three years after Nelly. There are several other clues like this in the
novel (such as Hareton’s birth, which occurs in June, 1778). The following chronology is based on those clues, and
should closely approximate the timing of the novel’s important events. A “~” before a date indicates that it cannot be
precisely determined from the evidence in the novel, but only closely estimated.
 1500: The stone above the front door of Wuthering Heights, bearing the name of Hareton Earnshaw, is inscribed,
possibly to mark the completion of the house.
 1758: Nelly is born.
 ~1761: Heathcliff and Catherine are born.
 ~1767: Mr. Earnshaw brings Heathcliff to live at Wuthering Heights. 
 1774: Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley away to college.
 1777: Mr. Earnshaw dies; Hindley and Frances take possession of Wuthering Heights; Catherine first visits Thrushcross
Grange around Christmastime.
 1778: Hareton is born in June; Frances dies; Hindley begins his slide into alcoholism.
 1780: Catherine becomes engaged to Edgar Linton; Heathcliff leaves Wuthering Heights.
 1783: Catherine and Edgar are married; Heathcliff arrives at Thrushcross Grange in September.
7
 1784: Heathcliff and Isabella elope in the early part of the year; Catherine becomes ill with brain fever; young Catherine
is born late in the year; Catherine dies.
 1785: Early in the year, Isabella flees Wuthering Heights and settles in London; Linton is born.
 ~1785: Hindley dies; Heathcliff inherits Wuthering Heights.
 ~1797: Young Catherine meets Hareton and visits Wuthering Heights for the first time; Linton comes from London after
Isabella dies (in late 1797 or early 1798).
 1800: Young Catherine stages her romance with Linton in the winter.
 1801: Early in the year, young Catherine is imprisoned by Heathcliff and forced to marry Linton; Edgar Linton dies;
Linton dies; Heathcliff assumes control of Thrushcross Grange. Late in the year, Lockwood rents the Grange from
Heathcliff and begins his tenancy. In a winter storm, Lockwood takes ill and begins conversing with Nelly Dean.
 1801-1802: During the winter, Nelly narrates her story for Lockwood.
 1802: In spring, Lockwood returns to London; Catherine and Hareton fall in love; Heathcliff dies; Lockwood returns in
September and hears the end of the story from Nelly.
 1803: On New Year’s Day, young Catherine and Hareton plan to be married.

8
 Turtles All the Way Down (novel)
Turtles All the Way Down
This article is about the novel. For other
uses, see Turtles All the Way Down.
Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem of infinite regress. Turtles All the Way Down is a young
The saying alludes to the mythological idea of a World Turtle that supports adult novel written by American
author John Green. He published this
a flat Earth on its back. It suggests that this turtle rests on the back of an even novel on October 10, 2017, by Dutton
larger turtle, which itself is part of a column of increasingly large turtles that Books. It is his fifth solo novel, and his
seventh overall. Its publication was
announced during VidCon 2017, the
online video conference co-founded by
Green and his brother Hank. It is his first
published work since his 2012 novel The
Fault in Our Stars. It was released on
October 10, 2017, and debuted at #1 on
the New York Times bestseller list.[1]

Background[edit]
The story centers on 16-year-old Aza
Holmes, an American high school
student with OCD and anxiety, and her
search for a fugitive billionaire who
happens to be a neighbor's father. She is
grieving the loss of her own father while
a budding relationship grows between her
and the billionaire's son. Additionally,
the continues indefinitely. novel explores Aza's relationship with
her best friend, Daisy. The only other details
of First edition cover the plot revealed to the public before
release was that it was to contain, either
literally or figuratively, a tuatara, Star
Author John Green Wars fan fiction, an unexpected reunion,
friendship, and values of life.
Speaking about the novel, Green stated:
Cover artist Rodrigo Corral "This is my first attempt to write directly
about the kind of mental illness that has
affected my life since childhood, so
Country United States while the story is fictional, it is also quite
personal."[2]

Language English Plot summary[edit]

Aza Holmes is a 16-year-old high school
Young adult novel student living in Indianapolis who
Genre
Realistic fiction struggles with OCD, which often
manifests as a fear of the human
Published October 10, 2017 microbiome. Constantly worried about
infection, particularly by C. diff, she
repeatedly opens a never-fully-healed callus on her finger in an effort to drain out what she believes are pathogens. Throughout
the book, Aza is accompanied by two close friends: Mychal Turner, an aspiring artist, and her best friend Daisy Ramirez, who
writes Star Wars fan fiction.
One day at school Daisy discovers that Russell Pickett, a billionaire construction magnate and the father of one of Aza's old
friends, Davis Pickett, has gone missing in the wake of fraud investigations. Tempted by the reward of $100,000 for information
leading to Pickett's arrest, Daisy takes Aza on a search for the missing billionaire. After canoeing across the White River and
sneaking onto the Pickett property, they are caught by the security guard who brings them to meet Davis.
To persuade the two girls to stop pursuing the elder Pickett, Davis gives Aza $100,000 taken from his father's various stashes
around the guest house, which she splits with Daisy. After the meeting, Davis and Aza begin dating and, at the same time, Daisy

9
becomes romantically involved with Mychal. As time passes, Aza comes to believe that she cannot overcome her anxiety,
preventing her from ever having a normal relationship with Davis. She finds numerous blog posts written by him about his
feelings on both his father's disappearance and his relationship with her.
Aza reads Daisy's fan fiction for the first time and discovers that Daisy has been using it as a vent for her frustrations with Aza.
She continues to spiral into a panic attack which results in her drinking a bottle of hand sanitizer, and passing out. Their friendship
briefly deteriorates, culminating in a heated argument while Aza is driving that results in a car accident. Aza spends several weeks
in the hospital, during which she also has a panic attack, due to C. diff and ends up drinking sanitizer again. She recovers and
rekindles her friendship with Daisy once she is healed and taking new prescriptions that can help her cope her anxiety.
At an underground art exhibition inside an unfinished drainage tunnel system off of Pogue's Run (that Pickett's company was
responsible for), Aza and Daisy go exploring on their own, where they finally solve the mystery and realize that Pickett had run to
the very place they were. After noticing a putrefaction emanating from the area, they suspect that the billionaire had already died
while in hiding. Aza tells Davis of their discovery, and the latter eventually places an anonymous tip to the police, in which they
have found the body and had their coroners confirmed its identity and determined that Pickett was killed by exposure in the
tunnels.
Given the loss of their parents and home (their mother died years prior), added to the fact that their father had left his entire
fortune to his pet tuatara, Davis and his younger brother Noah decide to relocate to Colorado, where they have rented a house and
would be attending schools. As Davis and Aza say their goodbyes, she reflects on the open possibilities of her future.

Animal Farm
.

Animal Farm

10
 First edition cover

Author George Orwell

Original title Animal Farm: A Fairy Story

Country United Kingdom

Language English

Genre Political satire

Animal Farm is a satirical allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945.[1][2] The book tells
the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be
equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before,
under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon.
According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of
the Soviet Union.[3][4] Orwell, a democratic socialist,[5] was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an
attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the May Days conflicts between the POUM and Stalinist forces
during the Spanish Civil War.[6][a] The Soviet Union had become a totalitarian autocracy built upon a cult of personality while
engaging in the practice of mass incarcerations and secret summary trials and executions. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell
described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin ("un conte satirique contre Staline"),[7] and in his essay "Why I Write"
(1946), wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse
political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole".[8]
The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and
only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime kept it. Other titular variations include subtitles like "A Satire" and "A
Contemporary Satire".[7] Orwell suggested the title Union des républiques socialistes animales for the French translation, which
abbreviates to URSA, the Latin word for "bear", a symbol of Russia. It also played on the French name of the Soviet
Union, Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques.[7]
Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944, when the United Kingdom was in its wartime alliance with
the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany, and the British intelligentsia held Stalin in high esteem, a phenomenon Orwell hated.
[b]
 The manuscript was initially rejected by a number of British and American publishers,[9] including one of Orwell's own, Victor
Gollancz, which delayed its publication. It became a great commercial success when it did appear partly because international
relations were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War.[10]
11
Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);[11] it also featured at number 31 on
the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels,[12] and number 46 on the BBC's The Big Read poll.[13] It won
a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996[14] and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection.[15]

Plot summary[edit]
The poorly-run Manor Farm near Willingdon, England, is ripened for rebellion from its animal populace by neglect at the hands of
the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer, Mr. Jones. One night, the exalted boar, Old Major, holds a conference, at which he calls for
the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called "Beasts of England". When Old Major dies, two
young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the
property "Animal Farm". They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, "All animals are
equal". The decree is painted in large letters on one side of the barn. Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while
Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of Animalism. To commemorate the start of Animal Farm, Snowball raises a
green flag with a white hoof and horn. Food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of
leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health. Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mr. Jones
and his associates to retake the farm (later dubbed the "Battle of the Cowshed"), Snowball announces his plans to modernise the
farm by building a windmill. Napoleon disputes this idea, and matters come to head, which culminate in Napoleon's dogs chasing
Snowball away and Napoleon declaring himself supreme commander.
Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the
farm. Through a young porker named Squealer, Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea, claiming that Snowball was only
trying to win animals to his side. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. When the animals
find the windmill collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon and Squealer persuade the animals that Snowball is trying to sabotage
their project and begin to purge the farm of animals Napoleon accuses of consorting with his old rival. When some animals recall
the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) gradually smears Snowball to the point of
saying he is a collaborator of Mr. Jones, even dismissing the fact that Snowball was given an award of courage while falsely
representing himself as the main hero of the battle. "Beasts of England" is replaced with "Animal Farm", while an anthem
glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man ("Comrade Napoleon"), is composed and sung. Napoleon
then conducts a second purge, during which many animals who are alleged to be helping Snowball in plots are executed by
Napoleon's dogs, which troubles the rest of the animals. Despite their hardships, the animals are easily placated by Napoleon's
retort that they are better off than they were under Mr. Jones, as well as by the sheep's continual bleating of “four legs good, two
legs bad”.
Mr. Frederick, a neighbouring farmer, attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Although the
animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer the workhorse, are wounded. Although he recovers from
this, Boxer eventually collapses while working on the windmill (being almost 12 years old at that point). He is taken away in
a knacker's van, and a donkey called Benjamin alerts the animals of this, but Squealer quickly waves off their alarm by persuading
the animals that the van had been purchased from the knacker by an animal hospital and that the previous owner's signboard had
not been repainted. Squealer subsequently reports Boxer's death and honours him with a festival the following day. (However,
Napoleon had in fact engineered the sale of Boxer to the knacker, allowing him and his inner circle to acquire money to
buy whisky for themselves.)
Years pass, the windmill is rebuilt, and another windmill is constructed, which makes the farm a good amount of income.
However, the ideals that Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating, and running water, are forgotten, with
Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives. Snowball has been forgotten, alongside Boxer, with "the
exception of the few who knew him". Many of the animals who participated in the rebellion are dead or old. Mr. Jones is also
dead, saying he "died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country". The pigs start to resemble humans, as they walk
upright, carry whips, drink alcohol, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are abridged to just one phrase: "All animals
are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." The maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad" is similarly changed
to "Four legs good, two legs better." Other changes include the Hoof and Horn flag being replaced with a plain green banner and
Old Major's skull, which was previously put on display, being reburied.
Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and local farmers, with whom he celebrates a new alliance. He abolishes the practice of
the revolutionary traditions and restores the name "The Manor Farm". The men and pigs start playing cards, flattering and praising
each other while cheating at the game. Both Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington, one of the farmers, play the Ace of Spades at the same
time and both sides begin fighting loudly over who cheated first. When the animals outside look at the pigs and men, they can no
longer distinguish between the two.

Characters[edit]
Pigs[edit]

 Old Major – An aged prize Middle White boar provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is also called Willingdon
Beauty when showing. He is an allegorical combination of Karl Marx, one of the creators of communism, and Vladimir
Lenin, the communist leader of the Russian Revolution and the early Soviet nation, in that he draws up the principles of the

12
 revolution. His skull being put on revered public display recalls Lenin, whose embalmed body was put on display.[16] By the
end of the book, the skull is reburied.
 Napoleon – "A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a
reputation for getting his own way".[17] An allegory of Joseph Stalin,[16] Napoleon is the leader of Animal Farm.
 Snowball – Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones' overthrow. His life parallels that of Leon Trotsky,
[16]
 but may also combine elements from Lenin.[18][c]
 Squealer – A small, white, fat porker who serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and minister of propaganda, holding a
position similar to that of Vyacheslav Molotov.[16]
 Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of
England" is banned. Rodden compares him to the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky.[19]
 The piglets – Hinted to be the children of Napoleon and are the first generation of animals subjugated to his idea of animal
inequality.
 The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed,
the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge. Probably based on the Great Purge of Grigori Zinoviev, Lev
Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Alexei Rykov.
 Pinkeye – A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the taste tester that samples Napoleon's food to make sure it is not
poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.
Humans[edit]

 Mr. Jones – A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on
the job. He is an allegory of Russian Tsar Nicholas II,[20] who abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 and was
murdered, along with the rest of his family, by the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918. The animals revolt after Jones drinks so much
he does not care for them.
 Mr. Frederick – The tough owner of Pinchfield Farm, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an
alliance with Napoleon.[21][22][23][24] Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another,
making Animal Farm a "buffer zone" between the two bickering farmers. The animals of Animal Farm are terrified of
Frederick, as rumours abound of him abusing his animals and entertaining himself with cockfighting (a likely allegory for the
human rights abuses of Adolf Hitler). Napoleon enters into an alliance with Frederick in order to sell surplus timber that
Pilkington also sought, but is enraged to learn Frederick paid him in counterfeit money. Shortly after the swindling, Frederick
and his men invade Animal Farm, killing many animals and destroying the windmill. The brief alliance and subsequent
invasion may allude to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Operation Barbarossa.[23][25][26]
 Mr. Pilkington – The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood Farm, a large neighbouring farm overgrown
with weeds. Pilkington is wealthier than Frederick and owns more land, but his farm is in need of care as opposed to
Frederick's smaller but more efficiently run farm. Although on bad terms with Frederick, Pilkington is also concerned about
the animal revolution that deposed Jones and worried that this could also happen to him.
 Mr. Whymper – A man hired by Napoleon to act as the liaison between Animal Farm and human society. At first, he is used
to acquire necessities that cannot be produced on the farm, such as dog biscuits and paraffin wax, but later he procures
luxuries like alcohol for the pigs.
Equines[edit]

 Boxer – A loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard-working, and respectable cart-horse, although quite naive and
gullible.[27] Boxer does a large share of the physical labour on the farm. He is shown to hold the belief that "Napoleon is
always right." At one point, he had challenged Squealer's statement that Snowball was always against the welfare of the farm,
earning him an attack from Napoleon's dogs. But Boxer's immense strength repels the attack, worrying the pigs that their
authority can be challenged. Boxer has been compared to Alexey Stakhanov, a diligent and enthusiastic role model of
the Stakhanovite movement.[28] He has been described as "faithful and strong";[29] he believes any problem can be solved if he
works harder.[30] When Boxer is injured, Napoleon sells him to a local knacker to buy himself whisky, and Squealer gives a
moving account, falsifying Boxer's death.
 Mollie – A self-centred, self-indulgent, and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution,
in a manner similar to those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar.[31] She is only once mentioned again.
 Clover – A gentle, caring mare, who shows concern especially for Boxer, who often pushes himself too hard. Clover can read
all the letters of the alphabet, but cannot "put words together". She seems to catch on to the sly tricks and schemes set up by
Napoleon and Squealer.
 Benjamin – A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly. He is
sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, "Life will go on as it has always gone on – that is, badly."
The academic Morris Dickstein has suggested there is "a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless scepticism"[32] and
indeed, friends called Orwell "Donkey George", "after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in Animal Farm."[33]
Other animals[edit]

13
 Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few
animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read.
 The puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, the puppies were taken away at birth by Napoleon and raised by him to serve
as his powerful security force.
 Moses – The Raven, "Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker."[34] Initially
following Mrs. Jones into exile, he reappears several years later and resumes his role of talking but not working. He regales
Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called "Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country
where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!" Orwell portrays established religion as "the black raven of
priestcraft – promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power." His preaching to
the animals heartens them, and Napoleon allows Moses to reside at the farm "with an allowance of a gill of beer daily", akin
to how Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church during the Second World War.[32]
 The sheep – They show limited understanding of Animalism and the political atmosphere of the farm, yet nonetheless they
are the voice of blind conformity[32] as they bleat their support of Napoleon's ideals with jingles during his speeches and
meetings with Snowball. Their constant bleating of "four legs good, two legs bad" was used as a device to drown out any
opposition or alternative views from Snowball, much as Stalin used hysterical crowds to drown out Trotsky.[35] Towards the
latter section of the book, Squealer (the propagandist) trains the sheep to alter their slogan to "four legs good, two legs
better," which they dutifully do.
 The hens – The hens are promised at the start of the revolution that they will get to keep their eggs, which are stolen from
them under Mr. Jones. However, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside
Animal Farm. The hens are among the first to rebel, albeit unsuccessfully, against Napoleon.
 The cows – The cows are enticed into the revolution by promises that their milk will not be stolen but can be used to raise
their own calves. Their milk is then stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them. The milk is stirred into the pigs' mash every
day, while the other animals are denied such luxuries.
 The cat – Never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods and is forgiven because her excuses are so
convincing and she "purred so affectionately that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions."[36] She has no
interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have
actually "voted on both sides." [37]

Genre and style[edit]

George Orwell's Animal Farm is an example of a political satire that was intended to have a "wider application," according to
Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance.[38] Stylistically, the work shares many similarities with some of Orwell's other works,
most notably 1984, as both have been considered works of Swiftian Satire.[39] Furthermore, these two prominent works seem to
suggest Orwell's bleak view of the future for humanity; he seems to stress the potential/current threat of dystopias similar to those
in Animal Farm and 1984.[40] In these kinds of works, Orwell distinctly references the disarray and traumatic conditions of Europe
following the Second World War.[41] Orwell's style and writing philosophy as a whole were very concerned with the pursuit of
truth in writing.[42] Orwell was committed to communicating in a way that was straightforward, given the way that he felt words
were commonly used in politics to deceive and confuse.[42] For this reason, he is careful, in Animal Farm, to make sure the
narrator speaks in an unbiased and uncomplicated fashion.[42] The difference is seen in the way that the animals speak and interact,
as the generally moral animals seem to speak their minds clearly, while the wicked animals on the farm, such as Napoleon, twist
language in such a way that it meets their own insidious desires.[42] This style reflects Orwell's close proximation to the issues
facing Europe at the time and his determination to comment critically on Stalin's Soviet Russia.[42]
Summary Sparknotes
Plot Overview
Summary Plot Overview
Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he
has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must
work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called “Beasts of England,” in which his dream vision is lyrically described.
The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm. When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs—
Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer—formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Late one night, the
animals manage to defeat the farmer Mr. Jones in a battle, running him off the land. They rename the property Animal Farm and
dedicate themselves to achieving Major’s dream. The cart-horse Boxer devotes himself to the cause with particular zeal,
committing his great strength to the prosperity of the farm and adopting as a personal maxim the affirmation “I will work harder.”
At first, Animal Farm prospers. Snowball works at teaching the animals to read, and Napoleon takes a group of young puppies to
educate them in the principles of Animalism. When Mr. Jones reappears to take back his farm, the animals defeat him again, in
what comes to be known as the Battle of the Cowshed, and take the farmer’s abandoned gun as a token of their victory. As time
passes, however, Napoleon and Snowball increasingly quibble over the future of the farm, and they begin to struggle with each
other for power and influence among the other animals. Snowball concocts a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill,
but Napoleon solidly opposes the plan. At the meeting to vote on whether to take up the project, Snowball gives a passionate
speech. Although Napoleon gives only a brief retort, he then makes a strange noise, and nine attack dogs—the puppies that
Napoleon had confiscated in order to “educate”—burst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon assumes
leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there will be no more meetings. From that point on, he asserts, the pigs alone will
make all of the decisions—for the good of every animal.
14
Napoleon now quickly changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing
it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill toppled. The human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals
made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge,
during which various animals who have allegedly participated in Snowball’s great conspiracy—meaning any animal who opposes
Napoleon’s uncontested leadership—meet instant death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership unquestioned (Boxer
has taken up a second maxim, “Napoleon is always right”), Napoleon begins expanding his powers, rewriting history to make
Snowball a villain. Napoleon also begins to act more and more like a human being—sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and
engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. The original Animalist principles strictly forbade such activities, but Squealer,
Napoleon’s propagandist, justifies every action to the other animals, convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader and is
making things better for everyone—despite the fact that the common animals are cold, hungry, and overworked.

Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of some timber and then attacks the farm and dynamites the
windmill, which had been rebuilt at great expense. After the demolition of the windmill, a pitched battle ensues, during which
Boxer receives major wounds. The animals rout the farmers, but Boxer’s injuries weaken him. When he later falls while working
on the windmill, he senses that his time has nearly come. One day, Boxer is nowhere to be found. According to Squealer, Boxer
has died in peace after having been taken to the hospital, praising the Rebellion with his last breath. In actuality, Napoleon has
sold his most loyal and long-suffering worker to a glue maker in order to get money for whisky.

Years pass on Animal Farm, and the pigs become more and more like human beings—walking upright, carrying whips, and
wearing clothes. Eventually, the seven principles of Animalism, known as the Seven Commandments and inscribed on the side of
the barn, become reduced to a single principle reading “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”
Napoleon entertains a human farmer named Mr. Pilkington at a dinner and declares his intent to ally himself with the human
farmers against the laboring classes of both the human and animal communities. He also changes the name of Animal Farm back
to the Manor Farm, claiming that this title is the “correct” one. Looking in at the party of elites through the farmhouse window,
the common animals can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the human beings.

15
Percy Jackson & the Olympians

UK logo for Percy Jackson and the Olympians (as the series is

known there)

 The Lightning Thief (2005)

 The Sea of Monsters (2006)
 The Titan's Curse (2007)
 The Battle of the Labyrinth (2008)
 The Last Olympian (2009)

Author Rick Riordan

Country United States

Language English

Genre Fantasy, Children’s Fiction, adventure

Percy Jackson & the Olympians, often shortened to Percy Jackson or PJO, is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure novels written by
American author Rick Riordan, and the first book series in the Camp Half-Blood Chronicles.[4] Five supplementary books, along
with graphic novel versions of each book in the first series have also been released. More than 69 million copies of the books have
been sold in more than 35 countries.[5]
As of October 28, 2011, the books have been on The New York Times Best Seller list for children's book series for 245 weeks.
[6]
 The first book was adapted into a film titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief in 2010, which was
commercially successful, but due to major deviations from the books received mixed reviews from fans around the world. An
adaptation of the second book, titled Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released in 2013.[7][8]
16
A TV series adaptation is in development for Disney+, but as of May 2021, no release date has been announced.

Origins[edit]

Development for both The Lightning Thief and the Percy Jackson series commenced when Rick Riordan began writing stories for
his son Haley Riordan, who had at the time been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia.[9] His son, Haley, had been studying Greek
mythology in second grade and requested that his father tell him bedtime stories based on Greek myths. When Rick Riordan ran
out of myths, his son suggested that he would make up new stories using existing mythological characters and new ones. This led
Riordan to create the fictional character of Percy Jackson and create the story of how he travels across the United States to
recover Zeus' lightning bolt. Haley suggested that he should turn that story into a book, and Riordan wrote the book over the next
year despite being busy at that time.[10]
Leaving his manuscript with his agent and editor for review, Rick Riordan presented the book to a group of sixth, seventh,
and eighth graders to read and critique. He gained their approval, and with their help, came up with the name of the book and
created the way Percy's sword works.[11] In 2004, the book was sold to Miramax Books for enough money for Riordan to quit his
job and focus on writing.[12] After it was released on 28 June 2005, it sold over 1.2 million copies. The book was released in
multiple versions, including hardcover, paperback and audio editions.[13][14] It has been translated into multiple languages and
published all over the world.[15]

Plot[edit]
The book follows the entire story of Percy Jackson, a boy set in modern times who discovers he is a demi-God. Son of Poseidon,
he was abandoned by his father because of an oath to not father any more kids. Percy’s journey turns more electrifying when he
finds other demi-God kids in a camp.
With his friend Annabeth by his side, his best friend and companion Grover, who Percy finds out is actually his bodyguard, his
journey across the mystic worlds begins. Percy soon finds himself fulfilling extraordinary quests and completing battles with the
gods.[16]

Books[edit]
The Lightning Thief[edit]
Main article: The Lightning Thief
The Lightning Thief is the first book in the series and was released on July 1, 2005.
Percy returns home for summer vacation, after which he and his mortal mother Sally Jackson, travel to their cabin in Montauk to
take their mind off things and to escape Percy's stepdad, Gabe Ugliano. However, the trip is cut short after a series of harrowing
incidents, such as being attacked by the Minotaur, resulting in the death of his mother. Percy finds himself at Camp Half-Blood, a
training camp for demigods like him. He discovers that he is a demigod, son of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. Percy also
learns that his best friend, Grover Underwood, is actually a satyr, a forest spirit with a human torso, horns, and a goat’s lower
body and that Zeus is accusing Percy of having stolen his Master Bolt, the most powerful weapon in the universe. To clear his
name, save the world from another war between the Olympian gods, and maybe even save his mother, Percy sets out to retrieve
the lightning bolt from Hades, who is suspected of being the real thief. Thus, Percy, Grover, and Annabeth Chase, a daughter
of Athena, start on a journey to the underworld, facing numerous mythological monsters on the way. After confronting an
innocent Hades, they learn that their friend Luke Castellan, son of Hermes, is the real thief who stole the Lightning Bolt (also
called the Master Bolt) to allow Kronos (also spelled Cronos or Cronus), the defeated King of the Titans from the past, a chance to
rise again and that Ares, the Greek god of war, helped cover up Luke's crime in order to instigate a war between Olympians.
The book was adapted into a film by Chris Columbus and 20th Century Fox, under the title Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The
Lightning Thief, and was released on February 12, 2010.
The Sea of Monsters[edit]
Main article: The Sea of Monsters
The Sea of Monsters is the second installment in the series, released on April 1, 2006
Camp Half-Blood is under attack when Thalia's tree, which guards the borders of the camp, is poisoned and slowly begins to die.
In order to save the tree and the camp, someone must recover the Golden Fleece, which is somewhere in the Sea of Monsters,
the Bermuda Triangle. At the same time, Percy finds out that Grover, who has left on a quest to find the missing god Pan, has
been captured by the Cyclops Polyphemus and that the Fleece is on Polyphemus' island. Together with Annabeth and his half-
brother Tyson, a cyclops who just arrived at the camp, Percy sets out to rescue Grover, even though Tantalus, who had
replaced Chiron, prohibited him from doing so. Meanwhile, Clarisse La Rue, daughter of Ares, is sent on an official quest by
Camp Half-Blood to retrieve the Fleece. The trip to the Sea of Monsters is long and hazardous and along the way the heroes
encounter several dangers including Scylla and Charybdis, the sorceress Circe, the Sirens and their former friend Luke Castellan.
Percy also learns about a prophecy from the Oracle about a child of one of the three most important gods
(Zeus, Poseidon and Hades), also called "the Big Three", playing a vital part in the success or failure of the resurrection
of Kronos the Titan-King and saving Olympus. The heroes eventually retrieve the Fleece and restore Thalia's tree but also
17
unknowingly revive Thalia herself, daughter of Zeus, who had been turned into the tree by her father when she sacrificed herself
for Annabeth and Luke to get safely to Camp Half-Blood years earlier.
The book was adapted into a film by Thor Freudenthal and 20th Century Fox, under the title Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, and
was released on August 7, 2013.
The Titan's Curse[edit]
Main article: The Titan's Curse
The Titan's Curse is the third installment in the series. It was released on May 11, 2007.[17]
On a mission to rescue the half-bloods Bianca and Nico di Angelo; Percy, Annabeth, Thalia and Grover are attacked by
a Manticore and rescued by the goddess Artemis and her Hunters. However, Annabeth falls off a cliff while fighting the manticore
and is said to be captured. Later, Artemis is captured by Luke's army while on the hunt for the Ophiotaurus, a cow-serpent
monster that was foretold to bring the downfall of Olympus when its entrails are sacrificed to a fire. Her lieutenant Zoë
Nightshade, daughter of Atlas and a sister of the Hesperides leads Bianca, Thalia, and Grover on a quest to save her. Percy, who
was not invited to join the party, follows them on behalf of Nico di Angelo, promising that he will do his best to protect his sister,
Bianca. The others eventually find Percy, and he joins their group.
They become the prey of skeletons, who chase them across the country. Bianca is able to kill one, which leaves the others
mystified. Bianca later dies as they make their way across a godly junkyard, and thus, Percy's promise to Nico is effectively
broken. They find Annabeth with Luke and Artemis, who is holding up the sky. Percy then takes it from Artemis and they trick
Atlas into his original position under the sky. Thalia replaces Zoë, who dies, as Artemis' lieutenant. Thalia's induction as a
lieutenant of Artemis ensures that she will become immortal, never aging to 16, thus escaping the Great Prophecy and leaving
Percy to fulfill it. They return to camp and Percy informs Nico about Bianca's death during the journey. Nico blames Percy for
failing to protect her and runs away, only after causing skeletal warriors that invade the camp to fall into the dark void of
the Underworld, thus alerting Percy to the fact that Hades is Nico and Bianca's father.
The Battle of the Labyrinth[edit]
Main article: The Battle of the Labyrinth
The Battle of the Labyrinth, the fourth installment in the series, was released on May 6,
2008. Percy, Annabeth, Grover and Tyson go on a quest to find Daedalus's workshop and (maybe) Ariadne's string, which Luke
Castellan and his army are looking for too. A swordsman named Quintus is subbing for Mr. D, who is on a mission to get the
minor gods to be on the gods' side of the war. The questers go on a journey inside the labyrinth, facing many monsters. Once they
find the workshop, they find out that Quintus is actually Daedalus in his 5th body. Daedalus dies and then they go back to camp
and have a battle with Luke's army. Casualties include Castor and Lee Fletcher. After the battle, they prepare for the Battle
of Manhattan, since Lord Kronos has risen to obliterate Olympus, in the body of Luke Castellan. They only get through the
labryinth and away from Kronos by Rachel Elisibeth Dare, who throws a plastic blue hairbrush at Kronos, which according to
Percy, earns Rachel infinite respect.
The Last Olympian[edit]
Main article: The Last Olympian
The Last Olympian, the fifth and final book in the Percy Jackson series, was released on May 5, 2009.[18]
Percy Jackson learns that Kronos' forces are preparing to attack Olympus. Poseidon, Percy's father, decides that it is time for Percy
to now fulfill the Great Prophecy. Seeking a way to defeat Kronos, Nico di Angelo tells Percy his plan, though Percy doesn't like
it. Percy bathes in the River Styx, making his body invulnerable except one small chosen part of his body (the small of his back).
Kronos leads a siege of New York City and puts its citizens to sleep. Percy leads the campers, Hunters, nature spirits,
and centaurs to protect Mount Olympus from Kronos and his forces. While they protect Olympus, the gods hold down the
monster Typhon as he makes his way to New York. Kronos, possessing Luke's body, forces his way into Olympus and battles
Percy in Olympus' throne room. Typhon reaches New York but is defeated after the arrival of Poseidon's forces, led by Tyson.
Annabeth is able to make Luke come back to his senses, and Percy gives him Annabeth's knife. Luke stabs himself in his mortal
spot, his armpit (as he also was invulnerable from bathing in the River Styx) to destroy Kronos and save Mount Olympus, dying
heroically. The gods reward Percy and his friends and offer him immortality. He rejects the offer but instead requests the gods to
claim all their children and to have cabins for all the gods, including the minor ones. The Curse of the Oracle was bestowed
by Hades when Zeus took his wife, and Rachel Elizabeth Dare becomes the next Oracle and recites the next Great Prophecy. The
book finishes with Percy and Annabeth becoming an official couple, and ominous clouds looming over Rachel's next Great
Prophecy. There are other series after this one called The Heroes of Olympus and The Trials of Apollo.

Book Scavenger (2015), a contemporary mystery novel for middle-grade readers by Jennifer Chambliss Bertman,
follows a young girl on her quest to find books hidden all over San Francisco. The first book in the Book Scavenger  series, it
18
received numerous award nominations; it is an Amazon Best Book of the Year and an NCTE Notable Children’s Book.
Bertman is a New York Times  bestselling author; Book Scavenger was her debut novel. Before becoming a children’s author,
Bertman worked in publishing for more than a decade. She has an MFA in Creative Writing.

Twelve-year-old Emily lives with her parents and one older brother. She is quiet and loves books. When she is not reading
books, she is playing a game called Book Scavenger. The game involves reading a book, reviewing it, and hiding it somewhere
in the world. The player leaves clues for others to follow so they can find the book. It is a very popular game, and Emily is
obsessed with it.

For Emily, Book Scavenger is the only constant in her life. She is always moving, and she doesn’t stay in one state for long.
Her parents’ dream is to live in every state, and they won’t stop until they complete their mission. Consequently, Emily finds it
very difficult to make friends. The only friends she has are through the game, and she never meets these people in person.
Emily wishes she had a real friend, but she knows that won’t happen while she moves so often.
As the book opens, Emily moves to San Francisco for yet another new start. The only good thing about moving to San
Francisco is that it is where Garrison Griswold, Book Scavenger’s creator, lives. Emily prays that she will one day get to meet
him. In the meantime, she is determined to win the game while playing it in Garrison’s city. Winning the game means earning
the coveted title of “Sherlock Holmes.” Players only win this title once they have found a certain number of books. Emily
won’t rest until she wins.

Emily meets her new neighbor, James. The same age as Emily, he also loves books. He plays Book Scavenger regularly. For
once, Emily is happy. However, she devastated when she learns that someone has attacked Garrison and put him in a coma.
Garrison was about to launch a new version of the game; Emily suspects that someone didn’t want Garrison to go ahead with
the upgrade.

Together, Emily and James puzzle over what has happened to Garrison. What they don’t know is that two boys, Barry and
Clyde, shot Garrison. Barry and Clyde watch Emily’s progress closely; they want to win the game before she does and will do
anything to achieve their goal. Emily doesn’t realize that she is in danger.

Emily and James soon make a compelling discovery. They find a special book called Gold Bug. The Gold Bug is a unique
bound edition of one of Poe’s most famous stories. Emily and James find the Gold Bug close to where Barry and Clyde
attacked Garrison. The Gold Bug must be very important; Emily reasons it is probably part of Garrison’s new game.

Meanwhile, Barry and Clyde stalk Emily around San Francisco. They desperately want the Gold Bug, although their motives
are unclear. They find out everything from where she goes to school to where she lives. Before long, Emily finally becomes
aware that she is being watched. She confides in James; they agree that they must stick together to stay safe from Barry and
Clyde.

Emily decides that they should figure out the puzzle behind the Gold Bug quickly. Garrison has left clues for them to follow. If
Emily and James solve the puzzle, they will understand why Barry and Clyde want the book so badly. Obsessively, Emily
looks for signs and codes everywhere to take her one step closer to winning the game.

In the meantime, James observes that Emily is taking advantage of him. He sees that Emily is only friends with him because he
is helping her solve the mystery of the Gold Bug. James confronts her and Emily sees that she is not being a good friend. The
problem is that, because Emily isn’t used to having friends, she doesn’t know how to treat them. Emily and James decide to
spend some time apart making new friends.

Emily feels lost without James. She didn’t mean to make him feel bad. She confides in her older brother, Matthew. Matthew
doesn’t have much time for Emily because he makes friends easily and she’s too young for him. However, Matthew sees that
Emily is hurting, and he does what he can to support her. Emily feels close to Matthew for the first time in years.

Emily returns to solving the Gold Bug. A book expert called Hollister helps her figure out the clues hidden inside the book. He
realizes that Emily is in danger and he watches her back. Emily finally reconciles with James and together they solve the Gold
Bug puzzle. Emily has learned how to make friends, keep them, and cherish them.

19
From the creators of the Blue Peter award-winning Funniest Book with Pictures Raven Mysteries team, the third in this
six book series for readers of 8+ about Elf Girl and Raven Boy’s magical, humorous and creepy adventures as they battle
to save the world.

A third hilarious adventure for Elf Girl and Raven Boy as they continue their quest to save their world in Scream Sea.
Elf Girl and Raven Boy have survived Monster Mountains and arrived on the shores of Scream Sea. Kidnapped by Scrim, pirate
captain of the Naughty Porpoise, they’re held prisoner below decks as the ship sets sail. But Captain Scrim and his crew are even
more interested in mermaids than in bird boys and pointy-eared girls, and when they capture one they throw the pirate party of a
lifetime. Our daring duo, plus Rat and mermaid Molo, escape and go their separate ways, but not before Molo has given Raven
Boy a tiny shell on a silver chain and told him to call on her for help. They continue their search for the Goblin King with
adventures on a desert island, an ‘invisible’ spell, encounters with an even worse pirate called Blackblood on the stormy high seas,
and then below the waves with the many scary beasts and monsters that roam the deep. No one said saving the world was easy!

Want to Read
Rate this book
1 of 5 stars2 of 5 stars3 of 5 stars4 of 5 stars5 of 5 stars
Scream Sea
(Elf Girl and Raven Boy #3)
by 
Marcus Sedgwick (Goodreads Author),
 
Pete Williamson (Illustrator)
 3.92  ·   Rating details ·  37 ratings  ·  5 reviews

Elf Girl and Raven Boy have survived Monster Mountains and arrived on the shores of Scream Sea. Kidnapped by Scrim, pirate
captain of the Naughty Porpoise, they're held prisoner below decks as the ship sets sail. But Captain Scrim and his crew are even
more interested in mermaids than in bird boys and pointy-eared girls, and when they capture one they throw the pirate party of a
lifetime. Our daring duo, plus Rat and mermaid Molo, escape and go their separate ways, but not before Molo has given Raven
Boy a tiny shell on a silver chain and told him to call on her for help. They continue their search for the Goblin King with
adventures on a desert island, an 'invisible' spell, encounters with an even worse pirate called Blackblood on the stormy high seas,
and then below the waves with the many scary beasts and monsters that roam the deep. No one said saving the world was
easy! (less)

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel by English

author Lewis Carroll (the pseudonym of Charles Dodgson).[1] It tells of a young girl named Alice, who falls through a rabbit hole
into a subterranean fantasy world populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. It is considered to be one of the best
examples of the literary nonsense genre.[2][3] The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as
with children.[2]
20
One of the best-known and most popular works of English-language fiction, its narrative, structure, characters and imagery have
been enormously influential in popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre.[3] The work has never been out of
print and has been translated into at least 97 languages.[4] Its ongoing legacy encompasses many adaptations for stage, screen,
radio, art, ballet, theme

Synopsis[edit]

The White Rabbit
Chapter One – Down the Rabbit Hole: Alice, a seven-year-old girl, is feeling bored and drowsy while sitting on the riverbank
with her elder sister. She notices a talking, clothed white rabbit with a pocket watch run past. She follows it down a rabbit hole
where she suddenly falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a little key to a door too small
for her to fit through, but through it, she sees an attractive garden. She then discovers a bottle on a table labelled "DRINK ME,"
the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key which she had left on the table. She subsequently eats a cake
labelled "EAT ME" in currants as the chapter closes.
Chapter Two – The Pool of Tears: The chapter opens with Alice growing to such a tremendous size that her head hits the
ceiling. Unhappy, Alice begins to cry and her tears literally flood the hallway. Shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked
up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a mouse, who is swimming as well. Alice, thinking he may be a French mouse,
tries to make small talk with him in elementary French. Her opening gambit "Où est ma chatte?" (transl. "Where is my cat?"),
however, offends the mouse, who then tries to escape her.
Chapter Three – The Caucus Race and a Long Tale: The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals and birds that have
been swept away by the rising waters. Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to
get dry again. Mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror. A dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off
would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner. Alice eventually frightens all the
animals away, unwittingly, by talking about her (moderately ferocious) cat.
Chapter Four – The Rabbit Sends a Little Bill: White Rabbit appears again in search of the Duchess's gloves and fan.
Mistaking her for his maidservant, Mary Ann, Rabbit orders Alice to go into the house and retrieve them. Inside the house she
finds another little bottle and drinks from it, immediately beginning to grow again. The horrified Rabbit orders his gardener, Bill
the Lizard, to climb on the roof and go down the chimney. Outside, Alice hears the voices of animals that have gathered to gawk
at her giant arm. The crowd hurls pebbles at her, which turn into little cakes. Alice eats them, and they reduce her again in size.
Chapter Five – Advice from a Caterpillar: Alice comes upon a mushroom and sitting on it is a blue caterpillar smoking
a hookah. Caterpillar questions Alice, who begins to admit to her current identity crisis, compounded by her inability to remember
a poem. Before crawling away, the caterpillar tells Alice that one side of the mushroom will make her taller and the other side will
make her shorter. She breaks off two pieces from the mushroom. One side makes her shrink smaller than ever, while another
causes her neck to grow high into the trees, where a pigeon mistakes her for a serpent. With some effort, Alice brings herself back
to her normal height. She stumbles upon a small estate and uses the mushroom to reach a more appropriate height.

The Cheshire Cat
Chapter Six – Pig and Pepper: A fish-footman has an invitation for the Duchess of the house, which he delivers to a frog-
footman. Alice observes this transaction and, after a perplexing conversation with the frog, lets herself into the house. The
Duchess's cook is throwing dishes and making a soup that has too much pepper, which causes Alice, the Duchess, and her baby
(but not the cook or grinning Cheshire Cat) to sneeze violently. Alice is given the baby by the Duchess and, to Alice's surprise, the
baby turns into a pig. The Cheshire Cat appears in a tree, directing her to the March Hare's house. He disappears but his grin
remains behind to float on its own in the air prompting Alice to remark that she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin
without a cat.
Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea-Party: Alice becomes a guest at a "mad" tea party along with the March Hare, the Hatter, and a
very tired Dormouse, who falls asleep frequently only to be violently awakened moments later by the March Hare and the Hatter.
The characters give Alice many riddles and stories, including the famous "why is a raven like a writing desk?." The Hatter reveals
that they have tea all day because Time has punished him by eternally standing still at 6 PM (tea time). Alice becomes insulted
and tired of being bombarded with riddles and she leaves claiming that it was the stupidest tea party that she had ever been to.

21
Alice trying to play croquet with a Flamingo
Chapter Eight – The Queen's Croquet Ground: Alice leaves the tea party and enters the garden where she comes upon three
living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because The Queen of Hearts hates white roses. A procession of
more cards, kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden. Alice then meets the King and Queen. The Queen, a
figure difficult to please, introduces her signature phrase "Off with his head!" which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with
a subject. Alice is invited (or some might say ordered) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects but
the game quickly descends into chaos. Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls and Alice once again meets the
Cheshire Cat. The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded, only to have her executioner complain that this is
impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him. Because the cat belongs to the Duchess, the Queen is prompted to release
the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter.
Chapter Nine – The Mock Turtle's Story: The Duchess is brought to the croquet ground at Alice's request. She ruminates on
finding morals in everything around her. The Queen of Hearts dismisses her on the threat of execution and she introduces Alice to
the Gryphon, who takes her to the Mock Turtle. The Mock Turtle is very sad, even though he has no sorrow. He tries to tell his
story about how he used to be a real turtle in school, which the Gryphon interrupts so they can play a game.
Chapter Ten – Lobster Quadrille: The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon dance to the Lobster Quadrille, while Alice recites (rather
incorrectly) "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". The Mock Turtle sings them "Beautiful Soup" during which the Gryphon drags Alice
away for an impending trial.

The Queen of Hearts glaring at Alice, screaming "Off with her head! Off—". "Nonsense!" said Alice, very loudly and decidedly,
and the Queen was silent.
Chapter Eleven – Who Stole the Tarts?: Alice attends a trial whereby the Knave of Hearts is accused of stealing the Queen's
tarts. The jury is composed of various animals, including Bill the Lizard, the White Rabbit is the court's trumpeter, and the judge
is the King of Hearts. During the proceedings, Alice finds that she is steadily growing larger. The dormouse scolds Alice and tells
her she has no right to grow at such a rapid pace and take up all the air. Alice scoffs and calls the dormouse's accusation ridiculous
because everyone grows and she cannot help it. Meanwhile, witnesses at the trial include the Hatter, who displeases and frustrates
the King through his indirect answers to the questioning, and the Duchess's cook.
Chapter Twelve – Alice's Evidence: Alice is then called up as a witness. She accidentally knocks over the jury box with the
animals inside them and the King orders the animals be placed back into their seats before the trial continues. The King and
Queen order Alice to be gone, citing Rule 42 ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court"), but Alice disputes their
judgement and refuses to leave. She argues with the King and Queen of Hearts over the ridiculous proceedings, eventually
refusing to hold her tongue, only to say, "It's not that I was the one who stole the tarts in the first place", in the process. Finally,
the Queen confirms that Alice was the culprit responsible of stealing the tarts after all (which automatically pardons the Knave of
Hearts of his charges), and shouts, "Off with her head!", but Alice is unafraid, calling them just a pack of cards; although Alice
holds her own for a time, the card guards soon gang up and start to swarm all over her. Alice's sister wakes her up from a dream,
brushing what turns out to be some leaves and not a shower of playing cards from Alice's face. Alice leaves her sister on the bank
to imagine all the curious happenings for herself.

Characters[edit]
The main characters in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland are the following:

 Alice  The Mouse

 The White Rabbit  The Dodo
22
 The Lory  The Hatter
 The Eaglet  The March Hare
 The Duck  The Dormouse
 Pat  The Queen of Hearts
 Bill the Lizard  The King of Hearts
 Puppy  The Knave of Hearts
 The Caterpillar  The Gryphon
 The Duchess  The Mock Turtle
 The Cheshire Cat
Mad tea party. Theophilus Carter, an Oxford furniture dealer, has been suggested as a model for The Hatter
In The Annotated Alice, Martin Gardner provides background information for the characters. The members of the boating party
that first heard Carroll's tale show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale"). Alice Liddell herself is there, while
Carroll is caricatured as the Dodo (because Dodgson stuttered when he spoke, he sometimes pronounced his last name as Dodo-
Dodgson). The Duck refers to Canon Duckworth, and the Lory and Eaglet to Alice Liddell's sisters Lorina and Edith.[13]:27
Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.[15] One of Tenniel's illustrations
in Through the Looking-Glass—the 1871 sequel to Alice—depicts the character referred to as the "Man in White Paper" (whom
Alice meets as a fellow passenger riding on the train with her) as a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat.[13]:172 The
illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn (also in Looking-Glass) bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's Punch illustrations
of Gladstone and Disraeli as well.[13]:226
Gardner has suggested that the Hatter is a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in Oxford, and that Tenniel
apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's.[13]:69 The Dormouse tells a story about three little
sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte); Tillie is Edith (her family
nickname is Matilda); and Lacie is an anagram of Alice.[13]:75
The Mock Turtle speaks of a drawling-master, "an old conger eel," who came once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and
Fainting in Coils." This is a reference to the art critic John Ruskin, who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the
children drawing, sketching, and painting in oils. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number
of skilful watercolours.)[13]:98
The Mock Turtle also sings "Turtle Soup." This is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star", which was
performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he
first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground.[16]

The Chronicles of Narnia

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"Narnia" redirects here. For other uses, see Narnia (disambiguation).
This article is about the book series. For the film series, see The Chronicles of Narnia (film series).

The Chronicles of Narnia

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 The Chronicles of Narnia boxed set

 (in publication order)

 The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – 1950
 Prince Caspian – 1951
 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader – 1952
 The Silver Chair – 1953
 The Horse and His Boy – 1954
 The Magician's Nephew – 1955
 The Last Battle – 1956

Author C. S. Lewis

Illustrator Pauline Baynes

Country United Kingdom

Genre Fantasy
Children's literature

The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels by British author C. S. Lewis. Illustrated by Pauline Baynes and
originally published between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted for radio, television, the stage, film and
computer games. The series is set in the fictional realm of Narnia, a fantasy world of magic, mythical beasts and talking animals.
It narrates the adventures of various children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the Narnian world. Except in The
Horse and His Boy, the protagonists are all children from the real world who are magically transported to Narnia, where they are
sometimes called upon by the lion Aslan to protect Narnia from evil. The books span the entire history of Narnia, from its creation
in The Magician's Nephew to its eventual destruction in The Last Battle.

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The Chronicles of Narnia is considered a classic of children's literature and is Lewis's best-selling work, having sold over 100
million copies in 47 languages.

Books[edit]
The seven books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia are presented here in order of original publication date:
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)[edit]
Main article: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, completed by the end of March 1949[16] and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16
October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie, who have been evacuated to the English
countryside from London following the outbreak of World War II. They discover a wardrobe in Professor Digory Kirke's house that leads to the
magical land of Narnia. The Pevensie children help Aslan, a talking lion, save Narnia from the evil White Witch, who has reigned over the land
of Narnia for a century of perpetual winter with no Christmas. The children become kings and queens of this new-found land and establish the
Golden Age of Narnia, leaving a legacy to be rediscovered in later books.
Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia (1951)[edit]
Main article: Prince Caspian
Completed after Christmas 1949[17] and published on 15 October 1951, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia tells the story of the Pevensie
children's second trip to Narnia, a year after their first. They are drawn back by the power of Susan's horn, blown by Prince Caspian to summon
help in his hour of need. Narnia as they knew it is no more, as 1,300 years have passed, their castle is in ruins, and all Narnians have retreated so
far within themselves that only Aslan's magic can wake them. Caspian has fled into the woods to escape his uncle, Miraz, who has usurped the
throne. The children set out once again to save Narnia.
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)[edit]
Main article: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
Written between January and February 1950[18] and published on 15 September 1952, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader sees Edmund and Lucy
Pevensie, along with their priggish cousin, Eustace Scrubb, return to Narnia, three years after their last departure. Once there, they join Caspian's
voyage on the ship Dawn Treader to find the seven lords who were banished when Miraz took over the throne. This perilous journey brings
them face to face with many wonders and dangers as they sail toward Aslan's country at the edge of the world.
The Silver Chair (1953)[edit]
Main article: The Silver Chair
Completed at the beginning of March 1951[18] and published 7 September 1953, The Silver Chair is the first Narnia book not involving the
Pevensie children, focusing instead on Eustace. Several months after The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Aslan calls Eustace back to Narnia along
with his classmate Jill Pole. They are given four signs to aid them in the search for Prince Caspian's son Rilian, who disappeared ten years earlier
on a quest to avenge his mother's death. Fifty years have passed in Narnia since the events from The Voyage of the Dawn Treader; Eustace is
still a child, but Caspian, barely an adult in the previous book, is now an old man. Eustace and Jill, with the help of Puddleglum the Marsh-
wiggle, face danger and betrayal on their quest to find Rilian.
The Horse and His Boy (1954)[edit]
Main article: The Horse and His Boy
Begun in March and completed at the end of July 1950,[18] The Horse and His Boy was published on 6 September 1954. The story takes place
during the reign of the Pevensies in Narnia, an era which begins and ends in the last chapter of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. The
protagonists, a young boy named Shasta and a talking horse named Bree, both begin in bondage in the country of Calormen. By "chance", they
meet and plan their return to Narnia and freedom. Along the way they meet Aravis and her talking horse Hwin, who are also fleeing to Narnia.
The Magician's Nephew (1955)[edit]
Main article: The Magician's Nephew
Completed in February 1954[19] and published by Bodley Head in London on 2 May 1955, The Magician's Nephew serves as a prequel and
presents Narnia's origin story: how Aslan created the world and how evil first entered it. Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer stumble into
different worlds by experimenting with magic rings given to them by Digory's uncle. In the dying world of Charn they awaken Queen Jadis, and
another world turns out to be the beginnings of the Narnian world (where Jadis later becomes the White Witch). The story is set in 1900, when
Digory was a 12-year-old boy. He is a middle-aged professor by the time he hosts the Pevensie children in The Lion, the Witch and the
Wardrobe 40 years later.
The Last Battle (1956)[edit]
Main article: The Last Battle
Completed in March 1953[20] and published 4 September 1956, The Last Battle chronicles the end of the world of Narnia. Jill and Eustace return
to save Narnia from the ape Shift, who tricks Puzzle the donkey into impersonating the lion Aslan, thereby precipitating a showdown between
the Calormenes and King Tirian. This leads to the end of Narnia as it is known throughout the series, but allows Aslan to lead the characters to
the "true" Narnia

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Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

26
 First US edition

Joseph Schindelman (first and revised US

Illustrator
editions)
Faith Jaques (first UK edition)
Michael Foreman (1985 edition)
Quentin Blake (1995 edition)

Country United Kingdom

Language English

Series None

Genre Children's fantasy novel

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 1964 children's novel by British author Roald Dahl. The story features the adventures of
young Charlie Bucket inside the chocolate factory of eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka.
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964 and in the United
Kingdom by George Allen & Unwin 11 months later. The book has been adapted into two major motion pictures: Willy Wonka &
the Chocolate Factory in 1971, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005. The book's sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass
Elevator, was written by Roald Dahl in 1971 and published in 1972. Dahl had also planned to write a third book in the series but
never finished it.[1]
The story was originally inspired by Roald Dahl's experience of chocolate companies during his schooldays. Cadbury would often
send test packages to the schoolchildren in exchange for their opinions on the new products.[2] At that time (around the 1920s),
Cadbury and Rowntree's were England's two largest chocolate makers and they each often tried to steal trade secrets by
sending spies, posing as employees, into the other's factory. Because of this, both companies became highly protective of their
chocolate-making processes. It was a combination of this secrecy and the elaborate, often gigantic, machines in the factory that
inspired Dahl to write the story.[3]

Contents

Plot[edit]
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Eleven-year-old Charlie Bucket, his parents, and four grandparents all live in poverty in a small house outside a town which is
home to a large chocolate factory. One day, Charlie's Grandpa Joe tells him about the legendary and eccentric chocolatier Willy
Wonka, who owns the town's chocolate factory, and all the wonderful sweets he made until the other chocolatiers sent in spies to
steal his secret recipes, forcing Wonka to close the factory to outsiders. He reopened the factory three years later but the gates
remained locked and nobody is sure who is providing the factory with its workforce.
The next day, the newspaper announces that Wonka is re-opening the factory to the public and has invited five lucky children to
come on a tour, with the passport to the factory being one of five Golden Tickets in a Wonka Bar. The first four golden tickets are
found by gluttonous Augustus Gloop, spoiled Veruca Salt, chewing gum-addicted Violet Beauregarde, and television addict Mike
Teavee. After the fourth ticket is found, Charlie's father loses his job in a toothpaste factory, and the family begins to starve, as the
only job he can find is shoveling snow from the streets during a severe winter. An emaciated Charlie is returning home from
school one day during this harsh weather when he sees a fifty-pence piece (a dollar bill in the US version) buried in the snow. He
buys two Wonka Bars and miraculously finds the last Golden Ticket in the second. The ticket says he can bring one or two family
members with him, and Grandpa Joe agrees to go, suddenly regaining his mobility at the age of 96 after years of being bedridden.
On the day of the tour, Wonka welcomes the five children and their parents inside the factory, a wonderland of confectionery
creations that defy logic. They also meet the Oompa-Loompas, a race of little people who help him operate the factory. During the
tour, the other four children give in to their impulses and are ejected from the tour in darkly comical ways: Augustus gets sucked
into the pipe to the Fudge Room after drinking from the Chocolate River; Violet blows up into a giant blueberry after chewing an
experimental stick of three-course-dinner gum; Veruca and her parents are thrown down the garbage chute after she tries to
capture one of the nut-testing squirrels, who deem the Salts "Bad Nuts"; and finally Mike gets shrunk down to the size of a
chocolate bar after misusing the Wonkavision device despite Wonka's warnings, causing him to be "sent by television". The
Oompa-Loompas sing about the children's poor behaviour each time disaster strikes.
With only Charlie remaining, Wonka congratulates him for "winning" the factory. Wonka explains that the whole tour was
designed to help him secure a good person to serve as an heir to his business, and Charlie was the only child whose inherent
goodness allowed him to pass the test. They ride the Great Glass Elevator and watch the other four children leave the factory
before flying to Charlie's house, where Wonka then invites Charlie's entire family to come and live with him in the factory.

George's Marvellous Medicine

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George's Marvellous Medicine

28
 British first edition hardback

Author Roald Dahl

Illustrator Quentin Blake

Country United Kingdom

Language English

Genre Children's novel

Publication date 10 January 1981

Pages 96

George's Marvellous Medicine (known as George's Marvelous Medicine in the US) is a book written by Roald Dahl and
illustrated by Quentin Blake. First published in 1981, it was praised for its humour, but was also criticised for its underdeveloped
plot and offbeat ending. It is one of Dahl's shorter children's books.
Being a medical expert was one of what Dahl called his "dreams of glory": he had huge respect for doctors and particularly those
who pioneered new treatments. He dedicated the book to "doctors everywhere".[1] An audio reading of it was released with the
actor Richard E. Grant narrating. In 2003, the book was listed at number 134 on the BBC's The Big Read poll.[2]

While eight-year old George Kranky's parents are out grocery shopping, his elderly grandmother bosses him around and bullies
him. She intimidates George by saying that she likes to eat insects and he wonders briefly if she's a witch. To punish her for her
regular abuse, George decides to make a magic medicine to replace her old one. He collects a variety of ingredients from around
the family farm including deodorant and shampoo from the bathroom, floor polish from the laundry room, horseradish sauce
and gin from the kitchen, animal medicines, engine oil and anti-freeze from the garage, and brown paint to mimic the colour of the
original medicine.

29
After cooking the ingredients in the kitchen, George gives it as medicine to his grandmother, who grows as tall as the house,
bursting through the roof. When his grandmother doesn't believe it was George who made her grow so tall, he proves it by feeding
the medicine to one of his father's chickens, which grows ten times its original size. As they return home, George's parents can't
believe their eyes when they see the fattest chicken ever and the grandmother. George's father grows very excited at the thought of
rearing giant animals. He has George feed the medicine to the rest of the farm's animals, causing them to become giants as well.
However, his grandmother begins complaining about being ignored and stuck in the roof, so Mr. Kranky hires a crane to remove
her from the house. Her extreme height has her sleeping in the barn for the next few nights.
The following morning, Mr. Kranky is still excited about George's medicine and announces that he and George shall make gallons
of it to sell to farmers around the world, which would make his family rich. George attempts to recreate it, but is unable to
remember all the ingredients. The second version makes a chicken's legs grow extremely long, and the third elongates a chicken's
neck to bizarre proportions. The fourth has the opposite effect of the first and makes animals shrink. George's grandmother, now
even more angry she's sleeping in the barn, storms over and starts complaining loudly that she's once again sick of being ignored.
She sees the cup of medicine in George's hand and erroneously mistakes it for tea. Much to his and Mrs. Kranky's horror, and Mr.
Kranky's delight, she drinks the entire cup and shrinks so much that she vanishes completely. At first, Mrs. Kranky is shocked,
confused and distraught about the sudden, and very strange disappearance of her mother, but soon accepts that she was becoming
a nuisance anyway. In the last page, George is left to think about the implications of his actions, feeling as though they had
granted him access to the edge of a magic world.

Safety concerns[edit]
Though it was a popular book for reading to children in primary school, great care was taken by teachers to warn children to not
try and recreate the medicine at home due to the hazardous nature of some of its ingredients.[3] There is a disclaimer warning
before the story stating "Warning to Readers: Do not try to make George's Marvellous Medicine yourselves at home. It
could be dangerous."[4][5] In 2020, a team of British researchers performed a toxicological investigation into the potion and all 34
of its ingredients. They reported in the BMJ that if ingested, it would cause vomiting, kidney injury, convulsions and other severe
health problems, including 'the most likely clinical outcome', death. 'The overall outcome for Grandma would be fatal catastrophic
physiological collapse,' they wrote.[6]

Ingredients[edit]
The original ingredients, which experts ADVISE AGAINST ingesting in combination for risk of death, are as follows:[7]

 Toothpaste
 Golden gloss hair shampoo
 Superfoam shaving soap
 Vitamin enriched face cream
 Scarlet nail varnish
 Hair remover
 Dishworth's dandruff cure
 Brillident false teeth cleaner
 Nevermore ponking deodorant
 Liquid paraffin
 Helga's hairset
 Perfume: 'Flower's of turnips'
 Pink plaster powder
 Lipsticks
 Superwhite washing powder
 Waxwell floor polish
 Flea powder for dogs
 Canary seed
 Dark tan shoe polish
 Curry powder
 Mustard powder
 'Extra hot' chilli sauce
 Black peppercorns
 Horseradish sauce
 Gin
 Fowl pest powder to mix with feed
 Purple pills for hoarse horses

30
 Thick yellowish liquid for cows
 Sheep dip
 Pig pills for swine sickness
 Engine oil
 Antifreeze
 Grease
 Dark brown gloss paint
In the cookbook Roald Dahl's Completely Revolting Recipes, collaborated on by Felicity Dahl and chefs Josie Fison and Lori-Ann
Newman, George's medicine was adapted into "George's Marvellous Medicine Chicken Soup", the ingredients of which included
chicken, onions, mushrooms, leeks and tarragon.

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