Table 8.

2 Risk Factors for Mental and Developmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Infancy and early School-age
Life-long Preconception Prenatal and perinatal childhood children Adolescence
Natural disasters Unwanted Inadequate prenatal care Maternal mental Family, peer, or Family, peers, or
pregnancy illness school problems inadequate parenting
Physical illness Inadequate spacing Complications during Early emotional Maternal mental Developmental and
of children pregnancy deprivation illness behavioral problems
Malnutrition Adolescent Maternal cigarette and Inadequate Bullying Maternal mental illness
pregnancy alcohol use stimulation

Illness or loss of Consanguinity In utero exposure to pes- Inadequate Inadequate Substance misuse
caregivers ticides and other toxins parenting parenting
Exposure to trauma, Birth hypoxia and other Developmental Inadequacies Early sexual activity
adversity, violence, obstetric complications and behavioral of schools or
or conflict problems teachers
Genetic background Maternal difficulties Developmental Risk-taking behaviors
adapting to pregnancy or and behavioral
arrival of newborn problems
Toxins Perinatal maternal Risk-taking School problems
mortality behaviors
Immigrant status
Source: Kieling and others 2011.