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Ketiga, ramai rakyat jelata mempunyai persepsi berhubung peningkatan kos sara
hidup. Sebenarnya, punca utama menyebabkan tekanan terhadap kos sara hidup
yang dirasai umum adalah pendapatan yang rendah berbanding peningkatan kos.
Peningkatan kos sebenarnya terkawal seperti ditunjukkan oleh kadar inflasi yang
agak rendah. Jika dibandingkan dengan negara maju, nilai tambah yang dijana oleh
ekonomi kebanyakannya diraih oleh pekerja berbanding Malaysia yang
kebanyakannya diraih oleh pemilik modal.
Oleh kerana permintaan untuk eksport Malaysia merosot contohnya, maka jentera
pertumbuhan ekonomi perlu dijana oleh permintaan domestik. Bajet perlu menjurus
kepada penjanaan permintaan domestik. Bajet juga perlu mengatasi masalah
sentimen pengguna dan keyakinan perniagaan yang merosot.
Insentif untuk pertumbuhan perusahaan kecil dan sederhana (PKS) juga perlu
diwujudkan, terutama yang berasaskan sumber seperti pertanian. Insentif untuk
menggalakkan rantaian antara PKS dan syarikat gergasi domestik dan
antarabangsa juga perlu diwujudkan.
Pembangunan infrastruktur perlu diteruskan dengan dua objektif umum, iaitu untuk
peningkatan kapasiti pengeluaran dan untuk kesejahteraan rakyat. Peningkatan
kapasiti bukan sahaja tertumpu kepada pembangunan infrastruktur fizikal tetapi juga
termasuk penambahbaikan sistem dan seumpamanya. Tumpuan yang lebih juga
perlu diberi kepada pembangunan pengangkutan awam, terutama di bandar besar.
Matlamat utama adalah untuk menggalakkan penggunaan pengangkutan awam,
yang seterusnya mampu mengurangkan kos sara hidup di kalangan rakyat jelata.
Dalam pada itu, sesetengah konsesi lebuh raya mungkin boleh ditamatkan lebih
awal dengan memberi pampasan yang munasabah di dalam usaha kerajaan untuk
membantu mengurangkan kos sara hidup rakyat.
ANSWER 3
An externality is a cost or benefit caused by a producer that is not financially
incurred or received by that producer. An externality can be both positive or negative
and can stem from either the production or consumption of a good or service. The
costs and benefits can be both private—to an individual or an organization—or
social, meaning it can affect society. Externalities by nature are generally
environmental, such as natural resources or public health. For example, a negative
externality is a business that causes pollution that diminishes the property values or
health of people in the surrounding area. A positive externality includes actions that
reduce transmission of disease or avoids the use of lawn treatments that runoff to
rivers and thus contribute to excess plant growth in lakes. Externalities are different
from donations of parkland or open-source software.
Externalities occur in an economy when the production or consumption of a
specific good or service impacts a third party that is not directly related to the
production or consumption of that good or service. Almost all externalities are
technical externalities. Technical externalities have an impact on the consumption
and production opportunities of unrelated third parties, but the price of consumption
does not include the externalities. This exclusion creates a gap between the gain or
loss of private individuals and the aggregate gain or loss of society. The action of an
individual or organization often results in positive private gains but detracts from the
overall economy. Many economists consider technical externalities to be market
deficiencies, and this is the reason people advocate for government intervention to
curb negative externalities through taxation and regulation.
Externalities were once the responsibility of local governments and those
affected by them. So, for instance, municipalities were responsible for paying for the
effects of pollution from a factory in the area while the residents were responsible for
their healthcare costs because of the pollution. After the late 1990s, governments
enacted legislation imposing the cost of externalities on the producer. This legislation
increased costs, which many corporations passed on to the consumer, making their
goods and services more expensive.
Taxes are a solution to the external. To help reduce certain external negative
effects such as pollution, the government can impose a tax on goods that cause
externalities. The tax, called the Pigovian tax — named after economist Arthur C.
Pigou, sometimes called the Pigouvian tax — is considered the same as the value of
negative externalities. This tax is intended to discourage activities that charge net
costs to unrelated third parties. This means that the imposition of this type of tax will
reduce external market revenue to an amount deemed efficient.
Subsidies can also overcome negative externalities by encouraging positive
external consumption. An example is subsidizing orchards that plant fruit trees to
provide a positive external impact to beekeepers.
The government can also implement regulations to offset the external impact.
Rules are considered the most common solution. The public often turns to the
government to pass and enact laws and regulations to curb external negative effects.
Some examples include environmental regulations or health -related legislation.
Setiap tahun kerajaan akan membentangkan belanjawan.
Setiap kali Menteri Kewangan membentangkan belanjawan
pasti kita akan mendengar perkataan ‘fiskal’ disebut berulang
kali. Apakah sebenarnya ‘fiskal’ itu? Belanjawan sesebuah
negara mengandungi perancangan kerajaan terhadap
perbelanjaan yang akan dilakukan oleh kerajaan dan dari mana
kerajaan akan mendapat sumber untuk membiayai
perbelanjaan yang ingin dibuat itu.
Dasar fiskal sering digunakan bersama dasar monetari, yang melibatkan sistem
perbankan, pengurusan kadar faedah dan bekalan wang dalam edaran. Matlamat utama
dasar fiskal ialah untuk mencapai dan mengekalkan guna tenaga penuh,
mencapai kadar pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi, dan memastikan harga dan
gaji stabil.