2021 International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (ICAECT) | 978-1-7281-5791-7/20/$31.
00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAECT49130.2021.9392433
Artificial Neural Network based Fault Detection
System for 11 kV Transmission Line
Aditya Pandey, Paritosh S. Gadekar and Chetan B. Khadse
School of Electrical Engineering, MIT World Peace Univeristy Pune, Pune, India
adityapandeyp10@gmail.com, paritosh.gadekar@gmail.com, chetan.khadse07@gmail.com
Abstract : In this paper, a fault identification system based
on the artificial neural network is proposed. An 11 KV
transmission line model is developed in MATLAB simulink
model. The faults under considerations are line to ground,
line to line, double line to ground, triple line and triple line
to ground. These faults are created with the help of fault
creation block. The duration as well as magnitude of faults
are changed for producing the datasets for training the
neural network. The scaled conjugate gradient descent
backpropagation algorithm is used as a learning algorithm.
The inputs to the neural network are the current dataset
under normal as well as fault conditions. The target matrix
is prepared by considering the time duration of fault in a
considered current signal. The pattern recognition tool in
MATLAB is used as a training platform for neural network.
A trained model is generated after training. This model is
used in transmission line model for testing the fault
conditions with the different magnitude and duration than
training fault conditions. In this way the monitoring of faults
is done in online mode. The obtained results of fault testings
are presented in the paper
Index Terms—Power system protection, neural network,
backpropagation, online monitoring.
I. INTRODUCTION
The generation, transfer and distribution among mankind
of electrical energy is done with the help of entire power
system. The transmission lines are the main component
which transfers the electrical energy from generation
station to the substation or consumer. The transmission
line is subjected to risk of collapse with different
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. These faults
should be cleared in a particular time to maintain the
harmony of power system. The monitoring of currents
and voltages is necessary to monitor the fault conditions
in transmission line. The proper and accurate monitoring
will lead to the fast identification of faults thus fast
clearing. The current transformers and potential
transformers are used to monitor the current and voltage
signals of transmission line. These monitored current and
voltages are the important dataset for the fault
identification system.
Several methods are used for detection and classification
of faults occurred in transmission lines. Some methods
are based on data and signal analysis. Some are
knowledge based methods. Alienation Coefficient based
fault identification technique is proposed in [1] for the
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transmission line faults. The spatial profile of the
impedance and conductance parameters based fault
presence and location method is proposed in [2]. The
estimation of faults using measurement errors based
system is proposed in [3]. Only current based fast
detection of transmission line faults is proposed in [4].
The transmission line fault detection with the use of
symmetrical components of reactive power is proposed in
[5].
The artificial neural network is proved to be the best AI
techniques among many intelligent techniques. The
digital signal processors and softwares like LabVIEW can
be used for the implementation of neural networks for real
time monitoring as per explained in [6] and [7]. The deep
neural network based fault detection and classification
system is proposed in [8]. The artificial neural network
not only used for fault detection in transmission line but
also in fault detection of spacecraft altitude [9]. Along
with engineering applications, the neural networks are
used in various applications like medical imaging, speech
recognition, face recognition, character recognition etc.
The backpropagation algorithms are widely used learning
algorithm in the field of supervised learning of
feedforward neural networks. The gradient of the function
is calculated with weights updation to minimum loss or
maximise accuracy. On the basis of that, the scaled
conjugate gradient backpropagation (SCGB) algorithm is
developed for the training of neural networks. In this
paper, SCGB based backpropagation algorithm is used to
train the network. The input matrix to the neural network
is developed by considering various fault conditions
based on magnitude and time duration. The faults are
created in the MATLAB simulink model. The training
performance and testing results of the proposed system
are presented in the paper.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system is a fault detection and classification
system based on neural network. The block diagram of
the proposed system is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of
source, load, fault creation block and neural network
block. The source voltage is kept at 11 KV and X/R ratio
8 as mentioned in [10]. The fault creation block is
available in MATLAB with the help of which line to
ground (L-G), line to line (L-L), double line to ground
(LL-G), triple line (L-L-L) and triple line to ground (LLL-
G) fault can be created. The duration of fault as well as
magnitude of fault is changed with the fault creation
block. The values of currents are changed in the duration
of existence of the fault. These values are used for the
training of neural network. The scaled conjugate gradient
descent backpropagation algorithm is used as a learning
algorithm. As the training is completed, a simulink model
of neural network is generated which can be used in
transmission line model to test with different fault
conditions.
Fig. 1. Blockdiagram of proposed system
(a) Rphase to Ground
(b) Yphase to Bphase Fault
(c) Three phase fault
Fig. 2. Different fault conditions
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III. NEURAL NETWORK BASED PROTECTION SYSTEM
The nprtool is the pattern recognition tool available in
deep learning toolbox in MATLAB. This toolbox is used
for training the neural network with the various signal
patterns. In the proposed system, the pattern of signal is
varied from the normal condition to the fault condition to
again normal condition. This change of pattern is
considered for training the neural network.
A. Fault data generation
Fig. 2(a) shows the generated R phase to ground fault.
The magnitude of the R phase current is changed for 0.4
to 0.8 second while other two phases are unharmed. Fig.
2(b) shows the Y phase to B phase fault i.e line to line
fault. In this casethe magnitude of R phase remains
unharmed while current in Y and B phase is changed than
normal for 0.6 to 0.8 second. Fig. 2(c) shows the three
phase fault for the duration of 0.4 to 0.6 second. In this
case all the current magnitudes are deviated than normal
for the time period of 0.4 to 0.6 second. Similarly, other
faults such as R phase-B phase to ground and triple line
faults are created to train the network. The simout block is
used to take the graph values to the workspace of
MATLAB. The sampling rate of each fault is taken as
10000 samples per second.
B. Training of the neural network
The training of the artificial neural network is done with
the help of input and target matrix. The input matrix is
obtained from the current data which is acquired from the
simulink model. All types of mentioned faults are created
and the current data of each fault is acquired. The hundred
cases are considered with different fault conditions,
magnitude of fault and duration of fault. Some of the
cases considered for the training are shown in Fig. 2. It
shows the current waveform under R phase to ground
fault, Yphase to B phase fault and three phase fault. The
sampling rate of each case is taken as 10000 samples per
second. Hence input matrix to the neural network is made
up of 100 by 10000 dimension. Accordingly the target
matrix is constructed in the excel file with dimension 100
by 10000. This target matrix is constructed such that the
zero is assigned to the normal condition and the one is
assigned for the fault condition. The number of neurons is
taken as 1 initially and then incremented by one until the
desired crossentropy value and plot confusion value is
reached. In this paper the desired result is reached at 48
neurons with plot confusion 98.6 percent. The neural
network learning algorithms are considered as an
optimization algorithm. The function called an objective
function is used for the optimization of an algorithm. This
objective function can be minimized or maximized. The
objective function is also referred to as a cost function or
a loss function. The neural networks are to be used to
minimize the errors. There are many functions that could
be used to estimate the error of a set of weights in a neural
network. Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is the
best statistical estimation of parameter. Under MLE, the
difference between the models probability distribution can
be minimized [11]. This is called Cross Entropy. It is
simply referred to a logarithmic loss.
IV. TESTING RESULTS AND COMPARISON
The simulink model of the trained network is generated
after the training in MATLAB. This model is used to test
the neural network under different fault conditions. Fig. 5
shows the test result of neural network for the R phase to
ground fault. As per given in the target matrix, the neural
network output remains at 0 value under normal
condition. Once the fault is created at a particular time
instant, the neural network output reached to 1 value until
the fault remains. Once the fault is cleared, the neural
network output again reached to the 0 value. The 50 cases
of each fault are considered for the testing of the neural
network. The cases are created on the basis of fault
magnitude, time duration and type of fault. The testing
results are presented in the Table I.

Fig. 3. Training graphic user interface

Fig. 5. Testing result of R phase to ground fault

Table I Percentage Accuracy of Ann Under Different

Algorithms

Fig. 4. Performance of the training

It is used to estimate the difference between an estimated

and predicted probability distribution. The cross entropy
is positive, and it tends towards zero as the neuron gets
better at computing the desired output. In the proposed
work cross entropy is considered as a parameter of the
performance. The training graphic user interface is shown
in Fig. 3. It shows that the data division is random under
three way data split up. The data is divided into 70
percent training, 15 percent testing and 15 percent random
samples. The training algorithm and performance
parameter cross entropy is shown in Fig. 3. The
performance of the training with cross entropy is shown
in Fig. 4. The best validation performance is 6:3151x
The SCGB algorithm based neural network is compared
exp-05. The activation function used is logsigmoid
with other two backpropagation algorithm based neural
function for the proposed application. The neural network
network. The conjugate gradient descent backpropagation
have parts like process input, layer I, layer II and process
(CGB) algorithm and gradient descent with momentum
output. The input vector have to go through each block to
(GDM) are the two algorithms with which neural
get the desired output.
networks are trained. The conditions for training are kept
as that of SCGB. The training command for CGB
algorithm is traincgb and for GDM is traingdm. The

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SCGB based neural network is proved to be the best
neural network for detecting the transmission line fault.
For most of the cases, the percentage accuracy of SCGB
based neural network is above 95 percent. The percentage
accuracy of the GDM based neural network is the lowest
for all type of fault conditions. The accuracy is calculated
by the formula accurate cases upon total cases.
V. CONCLUSION
An artificial intelligence based fault detection system for
11 KV transmission line is proposed in this paper. The
artificial neural network is used for the detection of faults.
The fault data is generated from the MATLAB simulink
model. A simulink model of 11 KV transmission line with
fault creation block is used to generate the fault data.
Faults like line to ground, line to line, double line to
ground, triple line and triple line to ground are created for
required duration and fault magnitude. This fault data is
used for the training of the neural network as well as
testing of the neural network. The testing results of the
proposed system is presented in the paper. The proposed
system have above 95 percent accuracy in identifying the
faults. The proposed system is compared with other two
backpropagation algorithms namely CGB and GDM. The
GDM based neural network did not perform well with
least accuracy. The CGB based neural network detects
most of the fault cases but it is outperformed by the neural
network trained with SCGB algorithm.
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