International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

Fault Analysis in Unbalanced radial distribution system without and with Distributed
Generator
P.Tejaswi G.Sujatha
Electrical Engineering Department G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science
G.Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science Hyderabad, India
Hyderabad, India Sujathagautham08@gmail.com
Tejaswetha.011@gmail.com

Abstract— The short circuit currents are playing a vital no direct mathematical relationship between the system
role in the design of bus systems, grounding systems, condition and network topology can be established.
circuit breakers, substation equipment, rotating Distributed Generator Placement and Sizing in Unbalanced
machines and indeed in planning and operation of Radial Distribution System have been proposed in [17]
distribution system. This paper employs the unbalanced II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
three phase models to handle different short circuit
faults and is developed based on the predefined matrices Unbalanced Three Phase Line Model
of distribution systems. Two matrices BIBC and BCBV,
namely the bus injection to branch current matrix and
the branch current to bus voltage mismatch matrix,
constructed from the topological characteristics of
distribution networks, were used to resolve the power
flow solutions. In this proposed fault analysis the impact
of distributed generators will be studied, as distributed
generators are part of distribution systems. The results
of this short circuit fault analysis without DG and with
DG can be used for distribution adaptive relay
coordination.The proposed fault analysis will be Fig 1. Three phase line section model
implemented for IEEE 19 bus unbalanced distribution A 4 X 4 matrix, which consider the self and mutual
systems by using MATLAB software. coupling effects of the unbalanced three-phase line
Keywords-Unbalanced Radial Distribution System, Short section, can be formulated as
circuit faults, Faults currents, Distributed Generator
I. Introduction 𝑍𝑎𝑎 𝑍𝑎𝑏 𝑍𝑎𝑐 𝑍𝑎𝑛
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑛
[𝑍𝑝𝑞 ]= [ 𝑏𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑛 ] (1)
The real-time fault analysis is aligned towards applications 𝑍𝑐𝑎 𝑍𝑐𝑏 𝑍𝑐𝑐 𝑍𝑐𝑛
in the operation area rather than the planning analysis. A 𝑍𝑛𝑎 𝑍𝑛𝑏 𝑍𝑛𝑐 𝑍𝑛𝑛
strong and effective fault analysis program is required to After Kron’s reduction is applied, the effects of the
solve large-scale distribution networks. Most conventional neutral or ground wire are still included in this
short circuit fault analysis programs used the symmetrical model and eq (1) can be rewritten as
component method for balanced electric power networks 𝑍𝑎𝑎 𝑍𝑎𝑏 𝑍𝑎𝑐
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑛
[1–4]. Since most distribution networks are inherently [𝑍𝑝𝑞 ]=[ 𝑍𝑏𝑎 𝑍𝑏𝑏 𝑍𝑏𝑐 ] (2)
unbalanced this method is not suited to do the distribution 𝑍𝑐𝑎 𝑍𝑐𝑏 𝑍𝑐𝑐
fault analysis due to mutual coupling between phase leads to The relation between branch voltages and branch
mutual coupling between sequence networks. Various short currents in Fig.1 can be expressed as
circuit analysis methods based on the phase coordinates 𝑉𝑝𝑎 𝑉𝑞𝑎 𝑍𝑎𝑎 𝑍𝑎𝑏 𝑍𝑎𝑐 𝐼𝑝𝑞
𝑎

have been proposed [5–9]. An iterative compensation 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏

[𝑉𝑝 ] − [𝑉𝑞 ] = [𝑍𝑏𝑎 𝑍𝑏𝑏 𝑍𝑏𝑐 ] [𝐼𝑝𝑞 ] (3)
method, which uses the tri-factorisation of the bus 𝑉𝑝𝑐 𝑉𝑞𝑐 𝑍𝑐𝑎 𝑍𝑐𝑏 𝑍𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝑝𝑞𝑐
admittance matrix to do the fault conditions, was proposed
For any phases fail to present, the corresponding
in [6, 7]. Berman and Wilsun [8] conferred a method using
row and column in this matrix will consist of null
phase coordinates to determine the faulted power system.
entries. The general forms of exhibiting the branch
The backward and forward sweeps of the short-circuit fault
voltage and branch current are
analysis algorithm for distribution systems were proposed in 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
[𝑉𝑝𝑞 ] = [𝑍𝑝𝑞 ][𝐼𝑝𝑞 ] (4)
[9, 10, 11]. Xiaofeng used a hybrid-compensation method
which have taken the advantage of the network features, but 𝑎𝑏𝑐
[𝐼𝑝𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑐
] = [𝑌𝑝𝑞 𝑎𝑏𝑐
][𝑉𝑝𝑞 ] (5)

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International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

A. Formulation of BIBC and BCBV Matrices By employing this method for all buses in fig 2, the
In the past, networks were evaluated by impedance relationship between bus voltages and branch
and admittance matrices. In contradiction, the work currents is changed as
required to formulate an impedance matrix is much 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑍12 0 0 0 0 0 𝐵1
greater than that for the admittance matrix since the 𝑉1 𝑉3 𝑍12 𝑍23 0 0 0 0 𝐵2
impedance matrix has more information. With 𝑉1 𝑉4 𝑍12 𝑍23 𝑍34 0 0 0 𝐵3
respect to radial or weakly meshed structures of − = (13)
𝑉1 𝑉5 𝑍12 𝑍23 𝑍34 𝑍45 0 0 𝐵4
distribution feeders, two relationship matrices, the 𝑉1 𝑉6 𝑍12 𝑍23 0 0 𝑍36 0 𝐵5
bus-current-injection-to-branch-current matrix [𝑉1 ] [𝑉7 ] [ 𝑍12 𝑍23 0 0 𝑍36 𝑍67 ] [𝐵6 ]
(BIBC) and branch-current-to-bus-voltage matrix
(BCBV) were derived and used to interpret the The equation (13) is also written as
network. [∆𝑉] = ⟦𝐵𝐶𝐵𝑉⟧⌊𝐵⌋ (14)
A model distribution network is shown in Fig 2.
Where [BCBV] is the relating matrix among bus
voltages and branch currents
B. Algorithm for BIBC and BCBV matrices
BIBC matrix:
1. For a distribution system consists of k branches
and l bus, the dimension of BIBC matrix is k x l.
2. If a new branch current 𝐵𝑞 is added to buses 𝑝
and 𝑞, copy pth column of the BIBC matrix to the
qth column of the bus and fill a ‘1’ to the position of
the 𝑞𝑡ℎ row and 𝑞𝑡ℎ column
Repeat step 2 until all branch currents are included
Fig 2. The model of a distribution network in the BIBC matrix
BCBV matrix:
The injection of power to each bus is converted to 1. For a distribution system consists of k branches
bus current injection by the formula and l bus, the dimension of BIBC matrix is l x k.
𝑃𝑝 +𝑗𝑄𝑝 2. If the branch impedance 𝑍𝑝𝑞 is added between
𝐼𝑝 = ( ) (6) buses 𝑝 and𝑞, copy 𝑝𝑡ℎrow of the BCBV matrix to
𝑉𝑝
the 𝑞𝑡ℎ row and fill the impedance ‘ 𝑍𝑝𝑞 ’ to the
The relationship between bus currents injection and branch
position of the qth row and 𝑞𝑡ℎcolumn.
currents can be resolved by using above equation and KCL.
The branch currents in the Fig 2.can be framed based on the
Repeat step 2 until all branch impedances are
bus current injections as below
inserted in the BCBV matrix.
𝐵1 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝐼2
𝐵2 0 1 1 1 1 1 𝐼3 This algorithm can also be employed for multi
𝐵3 0 0 1 1 0 0 𝐼4
= (7) phase networks. Each phase is expressed as an
𝐵4 0 0 0 1 0 0 𝐼5 independent network and these procedures are then
𝐵5 0 0 0 0 1 1 𝐼6 applied. In a three-phase network, at first matrices
[𝐵6 ] [ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ] [𝐼7 ] are constructed for phase a, then b and at the end c,
The above equation can be written as so BIBC and BCBV matrices will be extracted
from the combination of a, b and c. Therefore, the
[𝐵] = [BIBC][𝐼] (8) numbering method for buses is identical to original
The matrix BIBC is an upper triangular matrix numbering for single-phase mode and lines
consists of 0 and 1 entries. The contribution of bus numbering form is line-to-line in expansion of buses
voltages and bus currents for bus numbers 2, 3 and numbering.This algorithm is used in fault analysis
4 is shown as of unbalanced radial distribution sytem without DG
V2=V1-B1Z12 (9) and with DG.
V3=V2-B2Z23 (10) By Combining equations (8) and (14), the relationship
V4=V3-B3Z34 (11) Among bus current injections and bus correction
By substituting the equations (9) and (10) in voltages can be written as
equation (11) then [ΔV] = [BCBV] [BIBC] [I] (15)
V4= V1-B1Z12-B2Z23-B3Z34 (12)

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International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Most of the faults occur in distribution networks,

comes from unsymmetrical type of faults. For
different short circuit faults, appropriate fault
boundary conditions were obtained, and the
BIBC,BCBV matrices for the LG,LLG,LLLG,LL
faults are presented in [18] can be used to determine
their effects on the branch currents and bus
correction voltages.The input data for the proposed
method included line parameters for unbalanced
three-line sections, feeder data with line length, line
Fig 5. LLG fault at 7th bus of phase-A, phase-B
type, etc data with load type, load model etc. and
various fault types with their locations.

The proposed fault analysis was implemented on

IEEE 19bus URDS system without and with DG
using MATLAB.

C. Voltage profile of pre-fault and post-fault

Condition of different short circuit faults of
IEEE 19 bus URDS System without DG.

Fig 6. LLLG fault at 7th bus of all phases

Fig 3. Pre-fault Voltage profile

Fig7. LL fault at 7th bus of phase-A, phase-B

D. Distributed Generator placement and Sizing
The location of DG is selected as the one that
contributes the optimum voltage profile. This could
be done by injecting the 20% of the DG at each
node calculating the voltage index by using
equation given below. The optimum location is
chosen as the node with minimum voltage
index.Voltage index ( Vindex) is defined as

Fig 4. LG fault at 7th bus of phase-A Vindex   (1  V ) q

2
/n
(16)
Where 𝑉𝑞 is the voltage at 𝑞𝑡ℎ node and n is the
number of nodes.

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International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

Fig 8. Voltage index plot for 19 bus URDS Fig 10. LG fault at 7th bus of phase-A including DG
E. Algorithm for DG placement and Sizing at 15th bus
Step 1: Run the base case unbalanced radial
distribution load flow.
Step 2: Find the voltage index at each node using
eqn. (16) by penetrating the 20%
DG value at respective node and rank the
sensitivities of all nodes in ascending order to form
priority list.
Step 3: Select the bus with lowest priority and place
DG at that bus.
Step 4: Change the size of DG in ‘‘small’’ steps and
calculate power loss for each by running
Unbalanced Radial distribution load flow.
Step 5: Store the size of DG that gives minimum Fig 11. LLG fault at 7th bus of phase-A including DG at
loss. 15th bus
Step 6: Compare the loss with the previous solution.
If loss is less than previous Solution, store this new
solution and discard previous solution.
Step 7: Repeat Step 4 to Step 6 for all buses in the
priority list.
Step 8: End
F. Voltage profile of pre-fault and post-fault
Condition of different short circuit faults of
IEEE 19 bus URDS System with DG

Fig 12. LLLG fault at 7th bus of all phases including

DG at 15th bus

Fig 9. Pre-fault Voltage profile including DG at 15th

bus
Fig 13. LL fault at 7th bus of phase-A, phase-B including
DG at 15th bus

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International Journal of Research
G. Table 1. Fault Voltages at 7th bus without and
with DG
Fau Without DG With DG
lt
volt LG LL LL LL LG L LL LLL
age G LG L G G [3]Bergen, R., Vittal, V.: „Power systems analysis‟
s(
𝑝. 𝑢
) methods’ (JohnWiley and Sons, New York, 1985)
𝑉𝑓𝑎 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 0. 0.8 0.84
00 93 00 00 30 88 493 479
02 64 02 00 55 26 7
𝑉𝑓𝑏 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 0. 0.8 0.85
87 93 00 00 32 88 557 513
04 62 02 00 01 08 1
𝑉𝑓𝑐 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.0 1.0 0. 1.0 0.84
86 87 34 00 37 99 411 145
66 41 22 00 41 83 5
The above table shows the Fault voltages at 7th bus of
different short circuit faults of IEEE 19 bus URDS system.
The LG fault occurs on 7th bus of phase-A, the voltage
profile of A phase decreases to very low value and the
voltage in other phases increases intolerably. The voltage
increase on other phases depends on the R/X ratio. If we
consider LG fault with DG the voltage profiles of all
phases are restored to safe value. Similarly in LL, LLG,
LLLG faults the voltage profiles of faulty phase’s
decreases and voltage profile of healthy phases increases
enormously, if we include DG at 15th bus then voltage
profiles of all phases are restored to a safe value
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper two relationship matrices Bus injection to
branch current matrix and Branch current to Bus voltage
correction matrix were constructed from topological
characteristics of distribution networks to do fault
calculations. BIBC ,BCBV matrices are used to solve
various types of faults such as LG,LLG,LLLG,LL faults
without and with DG. The Branch Fault current, total
Branch fault current, bus correction voltages and bus
voltages are obtained in the solving process. The results of
this fault analysis showed that the proposed method was
effective in decreasing computation time, with lower
memory concern . The results of this Fault analysis can be
used for distribution adaptive relay coordination and
settings, Single phase switching and power system stability
studies. The proposed work can be extended to Complex
Bus systems where Transformers and Regulators are
included. The proposed work is limited to the placement of
single DG in the distribution system network, which can be
extended to the placement of multiple DG.
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ISSN NO:2236-6124
V. REFERENCES
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[18]P.Tejaswi.:”Fault analysis with Hybrid

compensation approach in Unbalanced Distribution
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