An Alternative Approach to Analyze Un-symmetrical

Faults in Power Systems

Daming Zhang
Nanyang Technological University
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
Email: edmzhang@ntu.edu.sg

Abstract— In this paper an alternative method is provided to
analyze typical un-symmetrical faults in a power system. It uses
equivalent sequence current sources to represent the faulty point
currents. Then superposition principle is introduced to
decompose the three-phase power system with an un-symmetrical
fault into three sequence networks with respective equivalent
sequence current source connected. The advantage of this
approach over conventional method is to make the analysis of
three typical un-symmetrical faults, namely single-line-to-ground
fault, line-to-line fault and double-line-to-ground fault more
unified. That is, there is only one step different for analyzing
these three un-symmetrical faults, which is to calculate three
sequence components I(1) (2) (0)
fa , I fa and I fa of the phase-a faulty-point-
symmetrical faults, namely single-line-to-ground fault, line-to-
line fault and double-line-to-ground fault. This new method
allows the analysis of three typical un-symmetrical faults to
share all steps except one. The only different step is how to
calculate the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence
components of phase-a-to-ground fault current at faulty point.
It also makes impedance matrix approach more
understandable when used to calculate the sequence voltages
at each bus.
II. INSERTION OF EQUIVALENT CURRENT SOURCE IN
SIMPLE CIRCUITS [1]

to-ground fault current. Other steps are exactly the same. So it is The time-domain source voltage in Figure 1 is expressed
unnecessary to cumbersomely connect three sequence networks as vs (t ) = 10 2 sin(2π 50t ) (V).
when calculating the fault voltages at each bus and fault currents
flowing from one bus to its neighboring bus. This alternative By using phasor analysis, one can see that currents in each
method also makes impedance matrix approach more branch and voltages at each node are as follows (node 0 is
understandable when used to compute sequence voltages at each
bus.
taken as reference):
I1 = 2.5∠ − 900 (A) ,
Keywords- Fault analysis, current source, impedance matrix I 2 = 1.25∠ − 900 (A) ,

I. INTRODUCTION I3 = 1.25∠ − 900 (A) ,

Fault analysis of a power system is a crucial step to ensure and V1 = 5∠00 (V) , V2 = 1.25∠00 (V) .
safety operation of each power apparatus and proper setting of I1 1 j3(Ω) 2

protective devices thereby a proper operation of circuit

I2 I3
breakers to clear a fault under each kind of contingency. j 2(Ω)
To analyze un-symmetrical faults, one needs to develop j 4(Ω) j1(Ω)
positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence networks of the power Vs = 10∠00
system under study, based on which one further needs to work
0
out the impedance of three Thevenin equivalent circuits as
Figure 1 Phasor-domain circuit under study
viewed from faulty point. Then the positive-, negative- and
zero-sequence components of phase-a faulty-point-to-ground Once the current flowing from the impedance j 4(Ω) is
current can be calculated. To calculate three-phase currents known, one can insert a current source with a value equal to
flowing from one bus to its neighboring bus and three-phase
I 2 = 1.25∠ − 900 (A) , as shown below.
voltages at each bus, one needs to connect three sequence
j 3(Ω)
networks uniquely for each type of fault. This may make I1

circuit drawing very cumbersome. Furthermore by using the I2 I3

j 2(Ω )
network with three sequence networks connected, it is Is2 :1.25∠ − 900 (A)
j1(Ω)
impossible to appreciate the impedance matrix approach to Vs = 10∠00 (V) j 4(Ω )
calculate the sequence voltage at each bus when fault occurs.
To overcome these two drawbacks, this paper introduces a
new approach to unify the analysis of three typical un- Figure 2 Circuit obtained by modifying the one in Figure 1

978-1-4244-4547-9/09/$26.00 ©2009 IEEE TENCON 2009

1
 (a)
Circuit in Figure 2 is equivalent to the original circuit in I1b − j1.25(A)

terms of node’s voltages and branch’s currents. One can prove

that the voltage drop across the introduced current source is j 2(Ω)
zero. j 4(Ω) j1(Ω)

Further manipulation can be made as shown in the

following figure.
j 3(Ω) (b)
I1
I1c
I2 I3
j 2(Ω) − j1.25(A)
1.25∠ − 900 (A) j 2(Ω)
j1(Ω)
j 4(Ω) j1(Ω)
Vs = 10∠00 (V)

Figure 3 Circuit obtained by modifying the one in Figure 2 (c)

Figure 6 (a)+(b)+(c) equivalent to the one in Figure 5
In the above circuit, the impedance j 4(Ω) is removed.
20 0
This change does not result in any difference in terms of One can check that V1a = ∠0 (V) , V2a = 0 ,
node’s voltages and branch’s currents between circuits in 3
Figures 2 and 3. Now the current source, instead of j 4(Ω) , 5
I1a = ∠ − 900 (A) ,and V1b = − 5 ∠00 (V) , V2b = 0 ,
carries the voltage drop between node 1 and reference. 3 3
5 0
Further change is made in the circuit of Figure 3 to suit I1b = ∠ − 900 (A) and V1c = 0 , V2c = 1.25∠0 (V) , I1c = 0 .
circuit analysis by node equations in matrix form or by 6
admittance matrix and impedance matrix approach, as shown Thus V1a + V1b + V1c = 5∠00 (V)=V1
in Figure 4, where the direction of equivalent current source is V2a + V2b + V2c = 1.25∠00 (V)=V2
reversed. One can prove that the circuit in Figure 4 is
equivalent to that in Figure 1. I1a + I1b + I1c = 2.5∠ − 900 =I1 .
I1 j 3(Ω)
This proves that the circuit in Figure 5 is equivalent to that
10∠00 I2 I3 in Figure 1.
Is =
j2 j 2(Ω) 1.25∠900 (A)
= 5∠ − 900 (A)
j1(Ω) III. EQUIVALENT CURRENT SOURCES IN FAULT ANALYSIS
[1,2]
Figure 7 shows the circuit diagram of a single-line-to-
Figure 4 Circuit that is equivalent to the one in Figure 3 ground fault. Using equivalence between circuits in Figures 1
and 3, one can obtain its equivalent circuit as shown in Figure
To explain the modification done to line-to-line fault in the 8.
next section, Figure 1 is modified to obtain the circuit in
Figure 5. One will see that the circuit in Figure 5 is equivalent Figure 9 shows the circuit diagram of a line-to-line fault.
to that in Figure 1. Using equivalence between circuits in Figures 1 and 5, one
I1 − j1.25(A) can obtain its equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 10.
I2 − j1.25(A) I3 Figure 11 shows the circuit diagram of a double-line-to-
j 2(Ω) ground fault. Using equivalence between circuits in Figures 1
j 4(Ω) j1(Ω) and 3, one can obtain its equivalent circuit as shown in Figure
12.
Vs = 10∠00
a
Figure 5 Circuit obtained by modifying the one in Figure 1
Ifa
Using superposition principle, the circuit in Figure 5 can be Zf
decomposed into three sub-circuits as shown in Figure 6. b
I1a Ifb

c
j 2(Ω)
Ifc
j 4(Ω) j1(Ω)
Figure 7 Circuit diagram of single-line-to-ground fault
Vs = 10∠00

2
 k
a a
Ifa Ifa
k
b b
Ifb Ifb

k
c c
Ifc Ifc

I (0) (1) ( 2)
fc I fc I fc
I (0) (1) ( 2) (0) (1) ( 2)
fb I fb I fb I fa I fa I fa I (1) (2)
I (1) (2)
I (1) (2)
fc I fc fb I fb fa I fa

Ifc = 0 Ifb = 0 Ifa Ifa = 0

Zf I=0
(Ifb = − Ifc )
(a) (b)
Figure 10 Circuits that are equivalent to the one in Figure 9

a k
Ifa a
Ifa
b k
Ifb b
Ifb
c k
Ifc c
Ifc

I (0) (1) (2)

fc I fc I fc
I (0) (1) (2) (0) (1) (2)
fb I fb I fb I fa I fa I fa I fb + I fc Zf
Ifc = 0 Ifb = 0 Ifa
Figure 11 Circuit diagram of double-line-to-ground fault
k
(b) a
Figure 8 Circuit that is equivalent to the one in Figure 7 Ifa
k
b
a Ifb
I fa k
c
Ifc
b
I fb
I (0) (1) (2)
fc I fc I fc
I (0) (1) (2) (0) (1) (2)
fb I fb I fb I fa I fa I fa
Zf
c Ifb + Ifc Zf Ifa = 0
I fc

Figure 9 The circuit diagram of line-to-line fault (a)

k
a
a Ifa
Ifa k
b
Ifb
b k
Ifb c
Ifc
I(0) (0) (0)
fa = I fb = I fc = 0
c
Ifc I (0) (1) (2)
fc I fc I fc
I (0) (1) (2) (0) (1) (2)
fb I fb I fb I fa I fa I fa

Ifb + Ifc Ifa = 0

I (0) (1) ( 2)
fc I fc I fc I (0) (1) ( 2) (0) (1) ( 2)
fb I fb I fb I fa I fa I fa

Ifa = 0 (b)
Zf Figure 12 Circuits that are equivalent to the one in Figure 11
(a)

3
 By generalizing the networks in Figures 8(b), 10(b) and
12(b), one can work out a universal representation of all three
V3f(1) Vnf(1)
typical un-symmetrical faults, as shown in Figure 13. This (1)
V
representation is valid with the imposition of different fault 2f
Vkf(1)
conditions for each typical un-symmetrical fault, such as for V (1)
1f

the single-line-to-ground fault, the fault conditions being

-I (1)
Vka =Zf Ifa , Ifb = Ifc = 0 . fa

(b) Positive-sequence networks

I fa
Three-phase representation
I fb
Bus k
I fc a
Part A Part B
(negative- b (negative-
I (0) (1) (2)
fc I fc I fc
I (0) (1) (2)
fb I fb I fb I(0) (1) (2)
fa I fa I fa
sequence sequence
circuits) circuits)
c

Figure 13 A generalized three-phase representation of either single-line-to-

I (2) I (2) I (2)
ground fault, or line-to-line fault or double-line-to-ground fault fc fb fa

By using superposition principle, one can decompose the

network in Figure 13 into three sub-networks as shown in
Figure 14. V3f(2) Vnf(2)
(2)
V 2f
Vkf(2)
V1f(2)

-I(2)
fa

(c) Negative-sequence networks

Figure 14 Three sequence networks derived from the one in Figure 13
I (0) I (0) I (0)
fc fb fa
In the following formulation, per-unit system is adopted.
Zero-sequence voltage at each bus contributed by
equivalent current source in Figure 14 (a) is determined by
V3f(0) Vnf(0) ⎡Y11(0) Y12(0) " Y1(0)
k " Y1(0)
n
⎤ ⎡ V1f(0) ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ (0) ⎥ ⎢ (0) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
V2f(0) ⎢Y21 Y22(0) " Y2(0)
k " Y2(0)
n ⎥ ⎢ V2f ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
Vkf(0)
(0)
⎢ # # % # " " ⎥⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥
V 1f ⎢ (0) ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ (1)
⎢Yk1 Yk(0)
2 " Ykk(0) " Ykn(0) ⎥ ⎢ Vkf(0) ⎥ ⎢-I(0)
fa ⎥
-I (0)
fa ⎢ # # # # # # ⎥⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣Yn(0)
1 Yn 2 " Ynk " Ynn(0) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Vnf(0) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
(0) (0)

(a) Zero-sequence networks ⎡Y11(0) Y12(0) " Y1(0) " Y1(0) ⎤

k n
⎢ (0) (0) (0) (0) ⎥
⎢Y21 Y22 " Y2 k " Y2 n ⎥
⎢ # # % # " "⎥
where Y(0) = ⎢ (0) ⎥ is the admittance
⎢Yk1 Yk(0)
2 " Ykk(0) " Ykn(0) ⎥
⎢ # # # # # # ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣Yn(0)
1 Yn 2 " Ynk " Ynn(0) ⎥⎦
(0) (0)

matrix for the sub-transient or transient zero-sequence

I (1)
fc
I (1)
fb I (1)
fa network.

4
 Then In a similar way, the negative-sequence voltage at each bus
⎡ V ⎤ ⎡Y
(0) (0)
Y (0)
" Y (0)
" Y ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
(0)
−1
⎡ 0 ⎤ can be computed by
1f 11 12 1k 1n
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ V1f(2) ⎤ ⎡ − Z1(2) (2)
⎤
k I fa
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
⎢ V ⎥ ⎢Y Y " Y " Y ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
2f 21 22 2k 2n ⎢ (2) ⎥ ⎢ (2) (2) ⎥
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # # % # " "⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ V −
⎢ 2f ⎥ ⎢ 2 k fa ⎥ Z I
⎢ (0) ⎥ = ⎢ (0) ⎥ ⎢ (0) ⎥ = Z(0) ⎢ (0) ⎥ (2) ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥
⎢ Vkf ⎥ ⎢Yk 1 Yk(0)
2 " Ykk(0) (0)
" Ykn ⎥ ⎢ -Ifa ⎥ ⎢ -Ifa ⎥ ⎢ (2) ⎥ = ⎢ (2) (2) ⎥ (7)
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # # # # # # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ Vkf ⎥ ⎢ − Z kk Ifa ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥
⎣⎢ Vnf ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢Yn1 " Ynn ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
(0) (0)
Yn(0)
2 " Ynk(0) (0)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
where ⎢⎣ Vnf(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − Z nk(2) I(2)
fa ⎦
⎥

⎡ Z11(0) Z12(0) " Z1(0) " Z1(0) ⎤ where Z1(k2) , Z 2( 2)k , " and Z nk( 2) are obtained from the kth
k n
⎢ (0) ⎥ column of the admittance matrix for the negative-sequence
⎢ Z 21 Z 22 " Z 2 k " Z 2(0)n ⎥
(0) (0)

⎢ # # % # " "⎥ network, as shown in the following matrix:

Z(0) = ⎢ (0) ⎥.
⎢ Z k1 Z k(0)2 " Z kk(0) " Z kn(0) ⎥ ⎡ Z11(2) Z12(2) " Z1(2) k " Z1(2)n
⎤
⎢ # ⎢ (2) ⎥
# ⎥ Z 22 " Z 2 k " Z 2(2)n ⎥
(2) (2)
⎢
# # # #
⎥ ⎢ Z 21
⎢ # # % # " "⎥
⎣⎢ Z n1 ⎦⎥
(0)
Z n(0)2 " Z nk(0) " Z nn
(0)
Z (2) = ⎢ (2) ⎥. (8)
⎢ Z k1 Z k(2)2 " Z kk(2) " Z kn(2) ⎥
⎢ # # ⎥
So, ⎢
# # # #
⎥
⎡ V1f(0) ⎤ ⎡ − Z1(0) (0)
⎤ ⎢⎣ Z n(2) (2) (2)
Z n 2 " Z nk " Z nn (2)
⎥⎦
k I fa 1
⎢ (0) ⎥ ⎢ (0) (0) ⎥
V − Z
⎢ 2f ⎥ ⎢ 2 k fa ⎥ I
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ IV. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES [1,3]
⎢ (0) ⎥ = ⎢ (0) (0) ⎥ . (3)
⎢ Vkf ⎥ ⎢ − Z kk Ifa ⎥ The one-line diagram of a power system is shown in Figure
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ 15. The neutral of each generator is grounded through a
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ Vnf ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ − Z nk Ifa ⎦⎥
(0) (0) (0) current-limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a 100-MVA and
20-kV base. The system data expressed in per unit on a
In a similar way, positive-sequence voltage at each bus
common 100-MVA base is tabulated below. The generators
contributed by equivalent current source as indicated in Figure
are running on no-load at their rated voltage and rated
14(b) is determined by
frequency. The system base values are 100MVA and 20 kV in
⎡Y11(1) Y12(1) " Y1(1)
k " Y1(1)
n
⎤ ⎡ ΔV1f(1) ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ G1. Assume that the pre-fault voltage at bus 3 on phase-a is
⎢ (1) (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢Y21 Y22 " Y2 k " Y2 n ⎥ ⎢ ΔV2f(1) ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
(1) (1)
1∠00 per unit. A single-line-to-ground fault occurs at bus 3
⎢ # # % # " " ⎥⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥
⎢ (1) ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ (4) through a fault impedance Z f = j 0.10 per unit.
⎢Yk1 Yk(1)2 " Ykk(1) " Ykn(1) ⎥ ⎢ΔVkf(1) ⎥ ⎢ -I(1)fa ⎥
⎢ # # # # # # ⎥⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ Item Base Voltage X1 X2 X0
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ MVA Rating
⎢⎣Yn(1)
1 Yn(1)2 " Ynk(1) " Ynn(1) ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ΔVnf(1) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 ⎦⎥ G1 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20 kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
⎡ ΔV1f(1) ⎤ ⎡ Z11(1) Z12(1) " Z1(1)k " Z1(1)n ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ − Z1(1)k I(1) fa
⎤ T1 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ (1) (1) (1) (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (1) (1) ⎥ T2 100 20/220 kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
⎢ ΔV2f ⎥ ⎢ Z 21 Z 22 " Z 2 k " Z 2 n ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ − Z 2 k Ifa ⎥
L12 100 220 kV 0.125 0.125 0.30
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # # % # " " ⎥⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ L13 100 220 kV 0.15 0.15 0.35
⇒ ⎢ (1) ⎥ = ⎢ (1) ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ (1) (1) ⎥ (5) L23 100 220 kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125
⎢ΔVkf ⎥ ⎢ Z k 1 Z k(1)2 " Z kk(1) " Z kn(1) ⎥ ⎢-I(1)
fa ⎥ ⎢ − Z kk Ifa ⎥
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # # # # # # ⎥⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ΔVnf(1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Z n(1)1 Z n(1)2 " Z nk(1) " Z nn
(1)
⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − Z nk(1) Ifa(1) ⎥⎦

If pre-fault current is ignored, then the pre-fault voltage at

each bus is the same and equal to that at fault bus k before
fault occurs, which is assumed to be Vf . So the positive
sequence voltage at each bus when fault occurs can be written
as follows.
⎡ V1f(1) ⎤ ⎡ V1(1) ⎤ ⎡ ΔV1f(1) ⎤ ⎡ Vf ⎤ ⎡ − Z1(1)k I(1) ⎤ ⎡ Vf − Z1(1)k I(1) ⎤ Figure 15 Single-line diagram of the power system under study
fa fa
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (1) (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ V2f ⎥ ⎢ V2 ⎥ ⎢ ΔV2f ⎥ ⎢ Vf −
⎥ ⎢ 2 k fa ⎥ ⎢ Vf
Z I − Z 2(1)k Ifa(1) ⎥ The positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence networks with
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ (6)
⎢ (1) ⎥ = ⎢ (1) ⎥ + ⎢ (1) ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ (1) (1) ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ respective equivalent sequence current source connected are
⎢ Vkf ⎥ ⎢ Vk ⎥ ⎢ ΔVkf ⎥ ⎢ Vf ⎥ ⎢ − Z kk Ifa ⎥ ⎢ Vf − Z kk(1) Ifa(1) ⎥ shown in Figure 16(a), (b) and (c).
⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥ ⎢ # ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ Vnf(1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Vn(1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ΔVnf(1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Vf ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − Z nk(1) I(1) ⎥ ⎢⎣ Vf
fa ⎦ − Z nk Ifa ⎥⎦
(1) (1)

5
 When the single-line-to-ground fault occurs, one has
1∠00 1∠00
1∠00
j 0.15 j 0.15 I(1) (2) (0)
fa = I fa = I fa = (1)
Z 33 + Z + Z 33(0) + 3Z f
( 2)
33
j 0.10
j 0.125
j 0.10 (13)
1∠00
= = − j 0.9174 p.u.
2 × j 0.22 + j 0.35 + 3 × j 0.1
j 0.15 j 0.25
According to the circuit diagram shown in Figure 16(a),
− I (1)
fa
one has
⎡ V1f(1) ⎤ ⎡ Vf ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ Vf − Z13(1) I(1) fa
⎤ ⎡0.8807 ⎤
⎢ (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ (1) ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (1) (1) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ p.u. (14)
(a) ⎢ V2f ⎥ = ⎢ Vf ⎥ + Z ⎢ 0 =
⎥ ⎢ Vf − Z 23 I fa ⎥ = ⎢ 0.8899 ⎥
⎢ V (1) ⎥ ⎢ V ⎥ ⎢⎣ − Ifa ⎥⎦
(1) ⎢ (1) (1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3f ⎦ ⎣ f ⎦ ⎣ Vf − Z 33 Ifa ⎦ ⎣ 0.7981⎦
j 0.15 j 0.15

j 0.10 j 0.10
From Figure 16(b), one can obtain
j 0.125 ⎡ V1f(2) ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ − Z13(2) I(2) ⎤ ⎡ −0.1193⎤
fa
⎢ (2) ⎥ (2) ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (2) (2) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ p.u. (15)
V
⎢ 2f ⎥ = Z ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 23 fa ⎥ = ⎢ −0.1101⎥
= − Z I
⎢V ⎥(2)
⎢⎣ − Ifa ⎥⎦ ⎢ − Z 33 Ifa ⎥ ⎢⎣ −0.2018⎥⎦
(2) (2) (2)
j 0.15 j 0.25 ⎣ 3f ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

From Figure 16(c), one can obtain

−I (2)
⎡ V1f(0) ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ − Z13(0) Ifa(0) ⎤ ⎡ −0.1284⎤
fa

⎢ (0) ⎥ (0) ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (0) (0) ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ p.u. (16)

(b) ⎢ V2f ⎥ = Z ⎢ 0 ⎥ = ⎢ − Z 23 Ifa ⎥ = ⎢ −0.0596⎥
⎢ V (0) ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ (0) (0) ⎥
⎣ − Ifa ⎦ ⎣ − Z 33 Ifa ⎦ ⎣ −0.3211⎥⎦
⎥ ⎢
(0)
⎣ 3f ⎦
j 0.25 j 0.25
j 0.05 j 0.05 Thus three-phase voltages at each bus and three-phase
currents flowing from one bus to its neighboring bus can be
j 0.10
j 0.30 j 0.10 determined readily.
If the power system under study is a radial system, one can
j 0.35 j 0.7125 envision that it is more convenient to use current divider rule
to find branch current if I(1) (2) (0)
fa ,I fa and I fa are connected to
−I (0)
fa
respective sequence network as equivalent current source.
(c) V. CONCLUSION
Figure 16 Sequence networks with equivalent sequence current sources
connected This paper presents an alternative method to tackle three
typical un-symmetrical faults. Equivalent sequence current
Admittance and impedance matrices for the positive-, sources are introduced and connected to respective sequence
negative-and zero-sequence networks are shown below: network. Instead of connecting three sequence networks
⎡ − j18.667 j8 j 6.667 ⎤ according to each specific fault when calculating three-phase
⎢ ⎥ voltages at each bus and three-phase fault currents flowing
Y (1)
=Y (2)
=⎢ j8 − j16 j4 ⎥ (9)
⎢⎣ j 6.667 from one bus to its neighboring bus, a set of three sequence
j 4 − j10.667 ⎥⎦
networks with respective equivalent sequence current source
⎡ − j8.690 j3.3333 j 2.8571 ⎤ connected are developed. This same set of sequence networks
⎢ ⎥ is applicable for analyzing single-line-to-ground fault, line-to-
Y(0) = ⎢ j 3.3333 − j14.7368 j1.4035 ⎥ (10)
line fault and double-line-to-ground fault, thus making fault
⎢⎣ j 2.8571 j1.4035 − j 4.2607 ⎥⎦ analysis more unified. The proposed approach has another
advantage over traditional method that it is more intuitive
⎡ j 0.1450 j 0.1050 j 0.1300 ⎤ when matrix approach is adopted to tackle a fault problem.
⎢ ⎥
Z(1) = Z(2) = ⎢ j 0.1050 j 0.1450 j 0.1200 ⎥ (11)
⎢⎣ j 0.1300 j 0.1200 j 0.2200 ⎥⎦ REFERENCES
[1] Daming Zhang, Lecture notes on Power Apparatus and System
⎡ j 0.1820 j 0.0545 j 0.1400 ⎤ Protection, Nanyang Technological University.
⎢ ⎥ [2] Arthur R. Bergen and Vijay Vittal, Power system analysis, published by
Z(0) = ⎢ j 0.0545 j 0.0864 j 0.0650 ⎥ (12) Prentice Hall, 2000.
⎣⎢ j 0.1400 j 0.0650 j 0.3500 ⎥⎦ [3] Hadi Saadat, Power system analysis,published by Mc Graw Hill, 2004.